2019版高考英语二轮复习第1板块专题2阅读七选五第3节两大解题技法学案（含解析）.docx

第3节 两大解题技法技法一依据“行文逻辑”线索文章由段落组成，层次分明，错落有致，围绕中心话题展开。各段、句之间形成一定的语义逻辑关系，有总分、解释、例证、并列、层递、转折、对比、因果关系等。1总分关系典例(2016全国卷)There are three main types of cryptography. 37 For example，the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”EYou can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.思路分析空格前面的句子说总共有三种密码，是一个概括性句子，总述了全段的主要内容。空格内应是介绍第一种密码，是分述。由该空后的例句可知，此空选E “你可以拼写每个单词的第一个字母来隐藏信息”。2解释关系典例(2016四川高考)One important biological factor that helps women live longer is the difference in hormones between men and women. 37 Between the ages of about 12 and 50，women produce hormones that are involved in fertility (生育能力)These hormones also have a positive effect on the heart and the blood flow.In fact，women are less likely to have high blood pressure or to die from heart attacks.BThe biological factor plays an important part.GHormones are chemicals which are produced by the body to control various body functions.思路分析空格前面的句子首次提到了荷尔蒙，由此可推测该空应该是对hormones进行解释，G项“荷尔蒙是身体产生的控制人体功能的化学物质”符合题意，故选G项。易错提醒有些考生会根据前一句中的biological factor误选B项，读完空格后的句子就可以知道此处介绍荷尔蒙，因此我们不能想当然地进行选择。3例证关系典例(2017北京高考)Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right. 74 The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a period of sleep were 18 per cent smaller than those taken before sleep，showing that the connections between neurons weaken while sleeping.GTononis team measured the size of these connections，or synapses，in the brains of 12 mice.思路分析该段首句提出论点“现在我们有最直接的证据证明他的假设是对的”，那么接下来就应该给出具体的论据或实例来证明上述论点。此外，该空后面一句话解释了实验的结果和意义。综合看来，只有G项符合语境。4并列关系典例(2016全国卷)Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants，flowers，patterns and masses of color.Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers (肥料) 18 .However，there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.One of them comes from our earliest years.EStill others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants思路分析由本段中的第一句Some .，第二句的Others .，可锁定E项中的Still others .，它们之间为并列关系，故选E项。5层递关系典例(2017北京高考)Every animal sleeps，but the reason for this has remained foggy.When lab rats are not allowed to sleep，they die within a month. 71 CSimilarly，when people go for a few days without sleeping，they get sick.思路分析首句指出每种动物都要睡觉，但原因仍然是个谜。实验室的老鼠被剥夺了睡眠，一个月内就会死亡，C项“同样，如果人类连续几天不睡觉，就会生病”与前句是层递关系，故选C项。6转折关系典例(2016四川高考)Both men and women are living longer these days in industrialized countries. 36 In general，they can expect to live six or seven years more than men.One reason for this is biological.AHowever，women，on average，live longer.思路分析空格前说“工业化国家中的男人和女人寿命更长”，而空格后说“大致来说，她们比男人能多活六、七年”，根据逻辑推断，空格处应该选A项“然而，平均来说女人寿命更长”与前文形成转折关系。7对比关系典例(2016全国卷)Our model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood.Grandmas rose garden and Dads vegetable garden might be good or bad，but thats not whats important. 19 how being in those gardens made us feel.If youd like to build a powerful bond with your garden，start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your youth.20.For each of those gardens，write down the strongest memory you have.Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grown-up garden.Have fun.CIts our experience of the garden that matters思路分析空格前说“但那一点不重要”，空格处应与之相对，指出什么才是重要的，故选C项“我们做园艺工作的体验才是重要的”。8因果关系典例(2017北京高考)One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories. 72 We know that，while awake，fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing(加强)connections between brain cells，but the memory processes that take place while we sleep have been unclear.EThats why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.思路分析该段首句说睡眠能帮助人们增强记忆。而E项则给出了结果，学习后如有机会睡眠，那么学生在考试中就会表现更好，故选E项。技法二依据“词汇”线索1连接性词语连接性的词语可表明段落间、句际间的语义逻辑关系。承接关系：so，therefore，thus，consequently等；并列关系：first，second；firstly，secondly；first，next，then；in the first place，in the second place；for one thing，for another等；转折关系：however，though，yet，in spite of，in any case，whoever，whatever，on the contrary，otherwise等；对比关系：in contrast，in comparison，on the other hand等；层递关系：also，furthermore，similarly，in addition，whats more等。典例(2016北京高考)Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward，the risk seems worth taking. 71 Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us.Why? Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.FHowever，we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.思路分析空格前说“因为当我们权衡风险和回报时，风险好像是值得的”，由“weigh the risk and the reward”可锁定F项中的“weigh risks and rewards，”F项意为“然而，我们并不是都用同样的参考标准来衡量风险和回报”，符合上下文语境，为转折关系。2词汇复现复现是指作者在文章上下文的不同位置对同一概念进行重复描述。复现主要有同义词复现、近义词复现和反义词复现等。典例(2016全国卷)A code uses symbols to replace words，phrases，or sentences.To read the message of a real code，you must have a code book. 39 For example，“bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.” The message “Bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” 40 However，it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long.So codes must be changed frequently.AIt is very hard to break a code without the code book.FWith a code book，you might write down words that would stand for other words.思路分析本段解题关键是a code book和hard的复现。39空前说“要读取真正代码的信息，你必须要有一个密码本”，紧接着F项“有了密码本，你可以写下代表其他单词的单词”符合上下文语境，故选F项，其中a code book的复现也是一种依据。40空仍然在谈论密码本的事情，A项“没有密码本很难破解密码”，这与后一句“但是，长期保持密码本的秘密也很难”，除了code book外，hard的复现是关键，故选A项。3属相同范畴的词汇典例(2018全国卷)Your productivity is improved.Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day. 37 EYou can keep your head clear for 410 hours after exercise.思路分析空格前一句中的makes you more awake与E项中的keep your head clear意思一致，属于相同范畴的词汇，E项“你可以在运动后保持头脑清醒410个小时。”是对上句的进一步解释，故选E项。4属上下位包含关系的词汇典例(2016四川高考) 39 Scientists are still not exactly sure how genes influence aging，but they believe that they do.Some think that a womans body cells have a tendency(倾向)to age more slowly than a mans.Others think that a mans body cells have a tendency to age more quickly.40.Recent research seems to support both of these possibilities.CWomen are also helped by their female genes.思路分析由空格后的genes可锁定C项中的female genes，代入后，符合语境。genes包含female genes；body cells又包含genes，它们属上下位包含关系。5冠词和代词典例(2017北京高考)Support is growing for a theory that sleep evolved so that connections between neurons(神经元)in the brain can be weakened overnight，making room for fresh memories to form the next day. 73 Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right.74.Tononis team measured the size of these connections，or synapses，in the brains of 12 mice.The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a period of sleep were 18 percent smaller than those taken before sleep，showing that the connections between neurons weaken while sleeping.F“Sleep is the price we pay for learning，” says Giulio Tononi，who developed the idea.思路分析第二段首句中有he is right，其中的代词he应指上一段出现的一个人，而且，此人发表了某种观点，由此可锁定F项“Giulio Tononi说睡眠是我们为学习付出的代价”。典例(2016四川高考) 38 They help the body defend itself against some kinds of infections.This means that women generally get sick less often and less seriously than men.The common cold is a good example: women，on average，get fewer colds than men.DThe female hormones also protect the body in another way.GHormones are chemicals which are produced by the body to control various body functions.思路分析联系下文中的women generally get sick less often and less seriously than men可知，空格后的They应指代D项中的The female hormones，而不是指代G项中的Hormones。故选D项。选项中的The female hormones中的定冠词The也是一个解题的关键因素，此处是特指而非泛指。易错提醒有些考生会根据They与Hormones的对应直接选G项，这就要求我们把握段落主题，仔细分析后再得出结论。(2017全国卷)Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while youre trying to get work done. 36 ，there are several ways to handle things.Lets take a look at them now. 37 .Tell the person youre sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time.When people try to interrupt you，have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that youll find them then. 38 .It can help to eliminate(消除)future interruptions.When you need to talk to someone，dont do it in your own office. 39 ，its much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are.If you have a door to your office，make good use of it. 40 .If someone knocks and its not an important matter，excuse yourself and let the person know youre busy so they can get the hint(暗示)that when the door is closed，youre not to be disturbed.AIf youre busy，dont feel bad about saying noBWhen you want to avoid interruptions at workCSet boundaries for yourself as far a