人文知识 – 美国文学部分.ppt

人文知识 美国文学部分 2009 1 7 美国文学主要分为五个时期 TheLiteratureinColonialPeriodTheLiteratureAroundtheRevolutionofIndependenceAmericanRomanticismAmericanRealismAmericanModernism EarlyColonialLiterature 1607 1700TheLiteratureofColonialAmericaPuritanThoughts TheMayflowervoyage1620 Puritans namedafterthosewhowishedto purify thechurchofEngland TheFirstAmericanWriter CaptainJohnSmithAnneBradstreet 1612 1672 OneofthemostimportantfiguresinthehistoryofAmericanLiterature SheisconsideredbymanytobethefirstAmericanpoet Herfirstcollectionofpoems TheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica ThefirstbookwrittenbyawomantobepublishedintheUnitedStates EdwardTaylor 1642 1729 ThebestofthePuritanpoets THEEIGHTEENTHCENTURYTheliteratureofReasonAndRevolutionTheAgeofReasoninAmericaTheAgeofEnlightenment The18th centuryAmericanEnlightenmentwasamovementmarkedbyanemphasisonrationalityratherthantradition scientificinquiryinsteadofunquestioningreligiousdogma andrepresentativegovernmentinplaceofmonarchy Enlightenmentthinkersandwritersweredevotedtotheidealsofjustice liberty andequalityasthenaturalrightsofman BenjaminFranklin 1706 1790 America s firstgreatmanofletters HeembodiedtheEnlightenmentidealofhumanerationality Hewasthefirstgreatself mademaninAmerica Franklin sPoorRichard sAlmanac begunin1732andpublishedformanyyears madeFranklinprosperousandwell knownthroughoutthecolonies Godhelpsthemthathelpthemselves EarlytoBed andearlytorise makesaManhealthy wealthy andwise OneTo dayisworthtwotomorrow TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklinisaninspiringaccountofapoorboy srisetowealthandfameandthefulfillmentoftheAmericandream Itisabookontheartofself improvement ThomasPaine 1737 1809 ThomasPaine spamphletCommonSense Jan 10 1776 soldover100 000copiesinthefirstthreemonthsofitspublication CommonSenseisoftenregardedasthegreatestoftheRevolutionarypamphlet TheAmericanCrisis 1776 1783 ThomasJefferson 1743 1826 TheDeclarationofIndependence POETOFTHEAMERICANREVOLUTION PhilipFreneau 1752 1832 PoetoftheAmericanRevolution FatherofAmericanPoetry Amonghisbestlyricsare TheWildHoneySuckle 1786 onmoralityand TheIndiaBuryingGround 1788 ontheimaginedafterlife HebecameoneofthemostoutstandingrepresentativesofdawningnationalisminAmericanliterature NoahWebster 1758 1843 1786 theindependenceofpoliticsaswellasliteratureSamuelJohnson firstcombineanEnglishdictionary lastneoclassicistenlightenerADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage TheliteratureofRomanticism美国文学的第一次繁荣 WashingtonIrving 1789 1859 FatherofAmericanliteratureThecentralfigureintheAmericanliteraryworldbetween1809andtheCivilWar esp afterthepublicationofhisSketchBook ThefirstprosestylistofAmericanRomanticism averygoodexampleofanAmericanromantic Hewroteforpleasureandtoproducepleasure HewasthefirstAmericanmanofletterstosupporthimselfasaprofessionalwriter HewasthefirstAmericanauthortowininternationalrecognition andwasextremepopularinEurope TheSketchBookofGeoffryeCrayon Irving spseudonym containshistwobestrememberedstories RipVanWinkle 瑞普 凡 温克尔 and TheLegendofSleepyHollow JamesFenimoreCooper 1789 1851 CooperwasthefirstimportantwritertobecriticaloftheUnitedSates ThefirstsuccessfulAmericannovelistHestandsratherastheoriginatorofthenovelofadventureinAmericanliterature andisfrequentlytermed theAmericanScott TheLeather StockingTalestheDeerslayer 1841 theLastoftheMohicans 1826 thePathfinder 1840 thePioneers 1823 ThePrairie 1823 TheLeather StockingTalesisthelifeofNattyBumppo NattyBumppo Cooper srenownedliterarycharacter embodieshisvisionofthefrontiersmanasagentleman aJeffersonian naturalaristocrat TheessentialAmericansoul D H LawrenceThefirstAmericanheroofthistype NattyisthefirstfamousfrontiersmaninAmericanliteratureandtheliteraryforerunnerofcountlesscowboyandbackwoodsheroes WilliamCullenBryant firstofourAmericanclassicpoetsOneofAmerica searliestnaturalistpoetsTheAmericanWordsworthHewritesthepoem Thanatopsis in1811 ToaWaterfowl Thevaguenessandreligiousambiguitiesofthepoemwerethemajorthemes EdgarAllanPoe 1809 1849 TheFalloftheHouseofUsherTheRavenAnnabelLeeToHellenThePurloinedLetter 被窃的信件 Thefirstliterarycritic ThePhilosophyofCompositionThePoeticPrincipleGothicstyleFatherofDetectivenovelsThemes1 death predominantthemeinPoe swriting Poeisnotinterestedinanythingalive EverythinginPoe swritingsisdead 2 disintegration separation oflife3 horror RalphWaldoEmerson 1803 1882 Thetoweringfigureofhisera hadareligioussenseofmission Hewasoneofthegreatestessayistsinthecountry Nature 1836 hasbeencalled themanifestoofAmericantranscendentalism TheAmericanScholar 1837 hasbeencalled America sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence Self Reliance HenryDavidThoreau 1817 1862 Thoreau smasterpiece Walden orLifeintheWoods 1854 istheresultoftwoyears twomonths andtwodays from1845to1847 hespentlivinginacabinhebuiltatWaldenPondonpropertyownedbyEmerson Waldenisaspiritualbook It sseenasaclassicofAmericanprose abookofessaysputtogether exploringsubjectsconcernedwithNature withthemeaningoflife andwithmorality NathanielHawthorne 1804 1864 ManyofHawthorne sstoriesaresetinPuritanNewEngland GothicnovelsHisgreatestnovel TheScarletLetter 1850 hasbecometheclassicportrayalofPuritanAmerica Hawthorne sreputationrestsonhisothernovelsandtalesaswell InTheHouseoftheSevenGables 1851 heagainreturnstoNewEngland shistory MyKinsman MajorMolineux YoungGoodmanBrown HermanMelville 1819 1891 Moby Dick or TheWhale Melville smasterpiece istheepicstoryofthewhalingshipPequodandits ungodly god likeman CaptainAhab whoseobsessivequestforthewhitewhaleMoby Dickleadstheshipanditsmentodestruction Moby Dickhasbeencalleda naturalepic amagnificentdramatizationofthehumanspiritsetinprimitivenatureBillyBudd HenryWadsworthLongfellow 1807 1882 ThemostimportantBostonBrahmin 婆罗门 poetswereHenryWadsworthLongfellow OliverWendellHolmes andJamesRussellLowell Longfellow professorofmodernlanguagesatHarvard wasthebest knownAmericanpoetofhisday HewastheonlyAmericanpoettobehonoredbyhavinghisbustplacedinthePoet sCornerofWestminsterAbbey HewrotethreelongnarrativepoemspopularizingnativelegendsinEuropeanmeters Evangeline 1847 TheSongofHiawatha 1855 thefirstAmericanepicinblankverseabouttheAmericanIndians TheCourtshipofMilesStandish 1858 WaltWhitman 1819 1892 HisLeavesofGrass 1855 whichherewroteandrevisedthroughouthislife contains SongofMyself themoststunninglyoriginalpoemeverwrittenbyanAmerican LeavesofGrassisasvast energetic andnaturalastheAmericancontinent itwastheepicgenerationsofAmericancriticshadbeencallingfor althoughtheydidnotrecognizeit OCaptain MyCaptain IhearAmericaSinging freeverse 1 nofixedrhymeorscheme 2 parallelism arhythmofthought 3 phoneticrecurrence 4 thehabitofusingsnapshots 5 theuseofacertainpronoun I 6 sentences cataloguetechnique longlistofnames longpoemlines EmilyDickinson 1830 1886 nunofAmherst BecauseICan tStopforDeathIHeardaFlyBuzz WhenIdiedTheme friendship loveandmarriage lifeanddeathstyle 1 poemswithouttitles 2 severeeconomyofexpression 3 directness brevity 4 musicaldevicetocreatecadence rhythm 5 capitalletters emphasis 6 shortpoems mainlytwostanzas 7 rhetorictechniques personification makesomeofabstractideasvivid HarrietBeecherStowe 1811 1896 HarrietBeecherStowe snovelUncleTom sCabin or LifeAmongtheLowlywasthemostpopularAmericanbookofthe19thcentury ReasonsforthesuccessofUncleTom sCabinareobvious ItreflectedtheideathatslaveryintheUnitedStates thenationthatpurportedlyembodieddemocracyandequalityforall wasaninjusticeofcolossalproportions TheliteratureofRealism 1865 1918 TheCivilWar TheFirstWorldWar LocalColorists NewEngland SarahOrneJewett 1849 1909 South JoelChandlerHarris 1848 1908 KateChopin 1851 1904 TheAwakeningWestfrontiers BretHarte TheLuckofRoaringCamp Realists 1 ThemeHowells middleclassJames upperclassTwain lowerclass2 TechniqueHowells smiling genteelrealismJames psychologicalrealismTwain localcolorismandcolloquialism WilliamDeanHowells 1837 1920 DeanofAmericanRealismoptimisticrealismInterpretingsympatheticallythe commonfeelingsofcommonplacepeople wasbestsuitedasatechniquetoexpressthespiritofAmerica TheRiseofSilasLapham HenryJames 1843 1916 Novelofmanners世态小说Psychologicalanalysis forefatherofstreamofconsciousnessPsychologicalrealismDaisyMillerThePortraitofaLady sTheWingsoftheDoveTheGoldenBowl SAMUELCLEMENS MARKTWAIN 1835 1910 ErnestHemingway sfamousstatementthatallofAmericanliteraturecomesfromonegreatbook Twain sAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn indicatesthisauthor stoweringplaceinthetradition Twainwasthefirstmajorauthortocomefromtheinteriorofthecountry andhecaptureditsdistinctive humorousslangandiconoclasm Themostwell knownexampleisHuckFinn apoorboywhodecidestofollowthevoiceofhisconscienceandhelpaNegroslaveescapetofreedom eventhoughHuckthinksthismeansthathewillbedamnedtohellforbreakingthelaw Twain smasterpiece whichappearedin1884 issetintheMississippiRivervillageofSt Petersburg TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnTheAdventuresofTomSawyerLifeontheMississippiTheInnocentsAbroadThePrinceandthePauper Naturalists StephenCraneJackLondonFrankNorrisTheodoreDreiserUptonSinclair muckrakers黑幕揭发者TheJungle Chicago屠场 StephenCrane 1871 1900 Crane sMaggie AGirloftheStreets 1893 isoneofthebestTheRedBadgeofCourage JackLondon 1876 1916 Otherofhisbest sellers includingTheCalloftheWild 1903 andTheSea Wolf 1904 madehimthehighestpaidwriterintheUnitedStatesofhistime TheautobiographicalnovelMartinEden 1909 depictstheinnerstressesoftheAmericandreamasLondonexperiencedthemduringhismeteoricrisefromobscurepovertytowealthandfame TheodoreDreiser 1871 1945 SisterCarrieThe1925workAnAmericanTragedybyTheodoreDreiserexploresthedangersoftheAmericandream thegreatestnovelinAmericaAnAmericanTragedyisareflectionofthedissatisfaction envy anddespairthatafflictedmanypoorandworkingpeopleinAmerica scompetitive success drivensociety TheLiteratureofModernism 1918 1945 afloweringperiodofAmericanliterature thesecondrenaissanceofAmericanliterature TheRoaringTwenties DollarDecade JazzAgeTheGreatDepressionWorldWarII ChicagoPoets CarlSandburg 1879 1967 AmericanSongbagChicagoPoemsThePeople YesHartCrane 1899 1932 TheBridge Imagists EzraPound 1885 1972 fatherofmodernAmericanpoetry TheCantosAmyLowellWilliamCarlosWilliams 1883 1963 RedWheelbarrow红色手推车WallaceStevens NewEnglandPoets RobertFrost 1874 1938 ABoy sWish NorthofBoston MendingWall AfterApple picking MountainInterval 成熟阶段 TheRoadNottaken EdwardArlingtonRobinsonMiniverCheevy comicRichardCory tragic O Henry WilliamSydneyPorter 1862 1910 O HENRYO HenryisthepennameofWilliamSydneyPorter ThemasterofthesurpriseendingwasaprolificAmericanshort storywriterwroteaboutthelifeofordinarypeopleinNewYorkCity Atwistofplot whichturnsonanironicorcoincidentalcircumstance istypicalofO Henry sstories TheGiftoftheMagi WillaCather 1873 1947 Alexander sBridgeMyAntoniaOPioneers TheProfessor sHouseTheSongoftheLark BackgroundInformationabouttheperiodbetweenthetwoworldwarsManyhistorianshavecharacterizedtheperiodbetweenthetwoworldwarsastheUnitedStates traumatic comingofage Despiteoutwardgaiety modernity andunparalleledmaterialprosperity youngAmericansofthe1920swere thelostgeneration sonamedbyliteraryportraitistGertrudeStein F ScottFitzgerald 1896 1940 Hisfirstnovel ThisSideofParadise 1920 becameabest sellerFitzgerald ssecureplaceinAmericanliteraturerestsprimarilyonhisnovelTheGreatGatsby 1925 abrilliantlywritten economicallystructuredstoryabouttheAmericandreamoftheself mademan Theprotagonist themysteriousJayGatsby discoversthedevastatingcostofsuccessintermsofpersonalfulfillmentandlove TenderIstheNight 1934 TalesoftheJazzAge 1922 AlltheSadYoungMen 1926 ErnestHemingway 1899 1961 HemingwayisarguablythemostpopularAmericannovelistofthiscentury LikeFitzgerald Hemingwaybecameaspokespersonforhisgeneration the lostgeneration ofcynicalsurvivors TheSunAlsoRises aboutthedemoralizedlifeofexpatriatesafterWorldWarI broughthimfameAFarewelltoArms aboutthetragicloveaffairofanAmericansoldierandanEnglishnurseduringthewar ForWhomtheBellTolls 1940 setduringtheSpanishCivilWarTheOldManandtheSea 1952 ashortpoeticnovelaboutapoor oldfishermanwhoheroicallycatchesahugefishdevouredbysharks wonhimthePulitzerPrizein1953 thenextyearhereceivedtheNobelPrize codeheroes graceunderpressure icebergprinciple WilliamFaulkner 1897 1962 TheSoundandtheFuryAsILayDying ARoseforEmily SherwoodAnderson 1876 1941 Winesburg Ohio TheTriumphoftheEgg southernwomenwriters KatherineAnnePorterEudoraWeltyFlanneryO Connor JohnSteinbeck 1902 1968 HereceivedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1963andtheinternationalfameitconfers HisbestknownworkisthePulitzerPrize winningnovelTheGrapesofWrath 1939 whichfollowsthetravailsofapoorOklahomafamilythatlosesitsfarmduringtheDepressionandtravelstoCaliforniatoseekwork Familymemberssufferconditionsoffeudaloppressionbyrichlandowners OfMiceandMen 1937 andEastofEden 1952 SinclairLewis 1885 1951 MainStreetBabbitt EugeneO Neill 1888 1953 BeyondtheHorizonLongDay sJourneyIntoNightMourningBecomesElectraTheIcemanComethDesireUndertheElmsTheHairyApe TennesseeWilliams 1911 1983 TheGlassMenagerieAStreetcarNamedDesireCatonaHotTinRoof ArthurMiller 1915 AllMySonsDeathofaSalesmanTheCrucibleEdwardAlbeea ZooStoryb Who sAfraidofVirginiaWoolf BlackHumor JosephHeller 1923 Catch 22根据第二十二条军规 既然是疯子就可以获准免于飞行 但必须由本人提出申请 不过 第二十二条军规同时又规定 凡能意识到飞行有危险而提出免飞申请的 属头脑清醒者 应继续执行飞行任务 第二十二条军舰还规定 飞满三十二驾次的人可以不再执行任务 当尤索林满怀期望地飞满三十二架次时 卡思卡特上校又把规定任务改为四十次 五十次 你还必须服从 否则就不准回国 最后 尤索林终于明白了 第二十二条军规原来是一个永远摆脱不掉的圈套 是一个无法逾越的障碍 整个世界都由这个可以随意解释的第二十二条军规统治着 就象天罗地网一样 把你牢牢罩住 BlackAmericanLiteratu