甘蔗翻译词汇 Sugarcane words.docx

Parts & Growth of SugarcaneIn planting ratoon sugarcane, four early: ploughing soil so as to loose sugarcane sprout, applying fertilizer during seedling so as to provide necessary nutrition for growing early and rapidly, early thinning out and singling seedling with shelling sear l 中文意思：宿根蔗突出“四早”管理，即早破垄松蔸，促进蔗蔸萌发；早施苗肥，促进蔗苗早生快发，保证养分有效供给；早间苗、定苗，及时剥除枯脚叶，确保甘蔗有效群体和田间通透性；早防治病虫，保证苗齐、苗全、苗匀、苗壮。 株高：plant height 茎径：stalk diameter 径重：stalk weight 侧芽：lateral bud 蔗表：cane top 生长点（鸡蛋黄）：growing point ；natural breaking point 出苗：germination 苗期：seedling stage 分蘖：tiller 伸长期：elongation stage 拔节：jointing 脱壳：self-trashing 节间：internode 芽段：Sett 有效茎（有效分蘖苗）：millable stalk 蔗种：cane seed 新植蔗：plant crop 宿根蔗：ratoon cane 宿根性：ratoonability II. Pests & Diseases 宿根矮化病：ratoon stunting disease RSD is caused by a small bacterium, Clavibacter xyli f.sp.xyli. The bacterium lives in the vascular tissue of the cane plant, and is highly infectious . Transmission is principally through diseased planting material and by cutting implements (planters, cane knives, chain saws, harvesters etc). The disease tends to give an up and down appearance to diseased fields, a result of variation in stunting in diseased stools. The only symptoms which can be associated with the disease are a discoloration of vascular bundles in the nodal region. 黑穗病：Sugarcane smut Sugarcane smut is a fungal disease of sugar cane caused by the fungus Sporisorium scitamineum. It is sometimes known as culmicolous, which describes the outgrowth of fungus of the stalk of the cane. The fungus grows within the meristematic tissue and induces formation of flowering structures which it colonises to produce its teliopores. The flowering structures, usually typical grass arrows, are transformed into a whip like sori that grows out between the leaf sheaths. At first it is covered by a thin silvery peridium (this is the host tissue) which easily peels back when desiccated to expose the sooty black-brown teliospores. 锈病：Sugarcane rust Sugarcane rust is caused by the fungus Puccinia melanocephela. An obligate parasite, the pathogen incites new infections only on living host tissue. Changes in varietal susceptibility to rust have been observed over the years, suggesting the existence of fungal variants. Sugarcane rust is mainly a disease of the leaf. The earliest symptoms are small, elongated yellowish spots that are visible on both leaf surfaces. The spots increase in length, turn brown to orange-brown or red-brown in color. 赤腐病：Red rot Red rot disease is caused by the fungus Glomerella tucumanensis. An older name, Colletotrichum falcatum, is still preferred by some pathologists. The infected tissues have a dull red color interrupted by occasional whitish patches across the stalk .These white patches are specific to the disease and are of significance in distinguishing red rot from other stalk rots. 凤梨病：pineapple disease Pineapple disease is an economically important sugarcane disease that occurs in almost all countries where sugarcane is grown. The disease is caused by the fungus Ceratocystis paradoxa which induces seed piece decay following planting. The disease derives its name from the scent produced by rotting seed pieces, which is similar to that of ripe pineapples. Shortly after infection, the internal tissue of the seed piece turns red and eventually black .The black coloration results from the production of fungal spores within the seed piece. Nodes act as partial barriers to the spread of rotting, but with susceptible varieties, entire seed pieces may become colonized by the fungus. 螟虫(钻心虫）：Stem Borer 黄螟 (Aryroploce schistaceana) and 二点螟Chilo.infuscatellus Cane stem borers are the larvae of Sawflies and Carpenter Bees and some Wasps. The caterpillar feeds within the stem of growing canes and may cause enough damage to kill the growing point, resulting in browning of the upper leaves. Other signs are holes in the stem。 霜霉病: Downy mildew 烟煤病：Dark mildew 梢腐病：Top rot 眼斑病：Eye spot disease 花叶病毒：Mosaic virus 蔗茎空心：Pitchiness Pesticides & Antiseptic 呋喃丹：Furadan；Cavbofuran 特丁硫磷：Terbufos 辛硫磷：phoxim 氧化乐果：Folimat; omethoate 敌敌畏：DDVP (dimethyl-dichloro-vinyl-phosphate) 杀螟丹：cartap 杀虫双：bisultap 杀虫单：Monosultap 多菌灵：carbendazim 烯啶虫胺：nitenpyram 吡虫啉：imidacloprid 草甘膦：glyphosate 二嗪磷：Diazinon 乙酰甲胺磷：acephate 六六六： HCH，BHC 林丹：lindane IV. Cultural ManagementA. 整地：land preparation1. 深松: sub soiling 2. Sub-soiling is a process by which the plough pan or compacted layer of the soil is broken without turning over the infertile subsoil to the top;3. This process is usually done with the use of a tractor drawn sub-soiler(深松犁）to a depth of at least 45cm.B. Depending on the soil type and the degree of compaction, one or two passing is necessary with the last passing criss-crossing the first and if possible, slightly overlapping each other to allow easier and deeper root penetration;C. The best time to carry out sub-soiling is when the soil is relatively dry so that the plough pan will shatter or crack;D. Plough pan犁底层: a layer of hard soil cemented by almost insoluble materials that restrict the downward movement of water and roots.2. 犁地：ploughing 犁plough-a kind of tractor-mounted-implement Moldboard plough(有壁犁 )and disc plough(圆盘犁 ) 3. 耙地：rotovating (rotovator)4. 开行：furrowing (furrower)B. 蔗种处理：Handling of seed cane1. Selection of Seed Cane2. Should contain three well-developed and viable buds or eyes;3. Must come from a healthy plant and be disease and pest free;4. Must be about 30 cm long and prepared in such a way that there is about three to five cm clearance from the nodes at both ends.2. 浸种：soaking soak the setts in water for 24-36 hours to boost germination; some farmers prefer to soak the setts in fungicide solution to protect them from fungal infection .C. 种植 Planting 施足基肥：basal fertilization 杀虫：pesticide application （use furadan呋喃丹 or terbufos特丁磷 to kill underground insects and ensure a high germination rate） 下种：sowing （double-setts distribution双行摆种; buds pointing flat outside; 10-12 buds every meter; covered with one-third decimeter of soil） 土壤压实：soil compacting （retain moisture in the soil） 盖膜：Plastic film covering （retain moisture in the soil）培土：Hilling up Hilling up refers to placing of the soil around the plants and is carried out in two or three stages during sugarcane crop growing period. Hilling up checks late tillering, provides sufficient soil volume for root proliferation, controls weeds, promotes better soil aeration and provides a sound anchorage or support to the crop and thus prevents lodging.( 抑制后期分蘖，促进基部茎节长出新根，扩展根群，抑制杂草生长，改善土壤通气状况，防止倒伏) 开排水沟：dredge irrigation ditch （open ditches in the paddy fields to channel the surface water off after heavy rain ） 除草（打封闭）：Weeding （One or two days after planting, pre-emergence herbicide application is required. 阿特拉津Atrazine）V. 苗期护理Husbandry in seedling stage 追肥：top dressing 草后除草：post-emergence pesticide 杀虫：pesticide application 人工收割：manual harvesting harvesting tools: hand knives or hand axes Usually in these tools, the cutting blades is heavier than the handle so that cane cutting is easier and efficient;VI. HarvestingProper harvesting should ensure: Ground level ha