黑龙江大学跨文化交际英语复习总结(超全).doc

跨文化考试总结考试构成：一、单选1*10=10分。（Choosetheonethat）其中有一部分是书中的概念。二、判断1*10=10分。（Atrue,Bfalse)课后习题第二大题，其中某些题是变动的。要注重理解。三、搭配1*20=20分。matching四组搭配，概念的对应，每一章课后的summary中的黑体字。四、阅读理解1*20=20分。四篇。与课文中的专有词有关。五、完型填空1*10=10分。六、案例分析3*5=15分。五个案例。书中案例有四个，课外一个。七、写作15分。150+words。可以准备一些跨文化、交际的文章。四十分钟的写作时间。8:008:40.作文提前收！注：前六大题是客观题即选择，只有写作是主观题。课后题：（课后题第一第二大题老师也让多多关注，我这里就不多写啦，除了课后第一第二大题，我这里都全啦）1、P28P302、P58P613、P95P974、P124P1265、P159P1626、P194P1977、P237P2408、P270P2729、P304P306所有概念关键词+考试范围内的CASE：Chapter1CultureKeywords(1)Culture(fromintellectualperspective):Cultureis“theartsandothermanifestationsofhumanintellectualachievementregardedcollectively”（从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现。）(2)Culture(fromanthropologicperspective):Cultureconsistsofpatterns,explicitandimplicit,ofandforbehavioracquiredandtransmittedbysymbols,constitutingthedistinctiveachievementofhumangroups,includingtheirembodimentsinartifacts;theessentialcoreofcultureconsistsoftraditionalideasandespeciallytheirattachedvalues”.（从人类学角度定义文化：文化由清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号由人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。）(3)Culture(frompsychologicalperspective):cultureisthecollectiveprogrammingofhemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategoryofpeoplefromanother。（从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。）(4)Culture(fromsocialogicalperspective):Cultureisdefinedasapatternoflearned,group-relatedperceptionincludingbothverbalandnonverballanguage,attitudes,values,beliefsystem,disbeliefsystems,andbehavior.(从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的、基于群体的认知模式包括言语与非言语符号、态度、价值观、信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。)(5)Culture(frominterculturalcommunicationperspective):isthedepositofknowledge,experience,belief,values,actions,attitudes,hierarchies,religions,notionsoftime,roles,spatialrelations,conceptsoftheuniverse,andartifactsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving.（从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。）(6)CultureIdentity:referstoonessenseofbelongingtoaparticularcultureorethnicgroup.（文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。）(7)Subculture：referstoaculturethatexistswithindominantculture,andisoftenbasedoneconomicorsocialclass,ethnicity,race,orgeographicregion.（亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域。）Subculturesexistwithindominantculture,andareoftenbasedoneconomicorsocialclass,ethnicity,race,orgeographicregion.(8)Co-culture:referstogroupsorsocialcommunitiesexhibitingcommunicationcharacteristics,perceptions,values,beliefs,andpracticesthataresignificantlydifferentenoughtodistinguishthemfromtheothergroups,communities,andthedominantculture.（共文化：指具有独特的交际特征、感知特点、价值观、信仰和行为，区别于其他群体、社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。）(9)Subgroup:usuallydoesnotinvolvethesamelargenumberofpeopleandisnotnecessarilythoughtofasaccumulatingvaluesandpatternsofbehaviorovergenerationsinthesamewayasculturesdo.（亚群体：相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。）Case2:WhiteDressCaseanalysis:TheIndianwomenmightthinktheweddingceremonyisafuneraliftheyseethewesternbrideinwhitegown.Thecasereflectsthesimilesandmetaphorsinthetext.Cultureislikeaniceberg:wecanidentifythecolorofthedresswornbywomenindifferentcultures,butwedonotknowthevaluesunderneath.Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin:peopleweardressofdifferentcolorsfordifferentcontextbuttheyusuallytakeitforgrantedandneveraskwhy.(6)CultureIdentity:referstoonessenseofbelongingtoaparticularcultureorethnicgroup.（文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。）Case4:Coconut-skating（用椰油保养地板的方法）Caseanalysis:Thecasereflectsthecharacteristicsofculture.Wecantellfromthecasethatcultureispervasiveanditslearned.Peoplemayinventdifferentwaysforthingsevenassimpleastheissueoffloormoping.ThePhilippinewomanmusthavelearnedthiswayofmoppingfromherownculture.Chapter2CommunicationandInterculturalCommunicationKeywords(1)Sender/Source:Asender/sourceisthepersonwhotransmitsamessage.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。）(2)Message:Amessageisanysignalthattriggerstheresponseofareceiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。）(3)Encoding:Itreferstotheactivityduringwhichthesendermustchoosecertainwordsornonverbalmethodstosendanintentionalmessage.（编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。）(4)Channel/Medium：Itisthemethodusedtodeliveramessage.（渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。）(5)Receiver:Areceiverisanypersonwhonoticesandgivessomemeaningtoamessage.(信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人。)(6)Decoding:Itistheactivityduringwhichthereceiverattachesmeaningtothewordsorsymbolshe/shehasreceived.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。）(7)Feedback:Theresponseofareceivertoasendersmessageiscalledfeedback.（反馈：反馈指信息接收者对信息源信息所做出的反应。）(8)Noise:Itisatermusedforfactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages,includingexternalnoisephysiologicalnoise,psychologicalnoiseandsemanticnoise.（干扰：干扰指妨碍信息交流的各种因素。包括外界干扰，生理干扰，心理干扰和语义干扰。）(9)Context:Acontextisthesettingorsituationwithinwhichcommunicationtakesplace,includingphysicalcontext,socialcontextandinterpersonalcontext.（语境：语境指交际发生的环境，包括自然语境，社会语境和人际语境。）(10)Interculturalcommunication:Itisthecommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionandsymbolsystemaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.(跨文化交际：跨文化交际指的是那些在文化认知和符号系统上存在差异的人们之间的交际。这些差异足以改变整个交际事件。)(11)Internationalcommunication:ittakesplacebetweennationsandgovernmentsratherthanindividuals;itisquiteformalandritualized.(国际交流：国际交流是指发生在国家和政府之间而非发生在个人之间的交际；此种交际非常正式和仪式化。)(12)Interracialcommunication:Itoccurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentraces.(跨种族交际：跨种族交际是指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者来自不同的种族的交际。)(13)Interethniccommunication:Itisthecommunicationbetweenoramongpeoplefromdifferentethnicgroupsinacountryorculture.（跨民族交际：跨民族交际是指来自一个国家或文化内部的不同民族群体的人们之间的交际。）(14)Intraculturalcommunication:itisdefinedascommunicationbetweenoramongmembersofthesameculture.（文化内交际：文化内交际是指同一文化内部的成员之间的交际。）(15)Communication:isderivedfromtheLatinwordcommunicare,meaningtosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherpartorshareofyourthoughts,hopes,andknowledge.Case12:WhyDontYouEatthePizza?Thiscasecanreflecttheproblemsappearingduringinterculturalcommunicationandhowignoringculturaldifferencescanaffectcommunication.InMalaysia,wheremostpeopleareMuslims,peoplethinkthelefthandisusedonlyforcleaningthebodyandthusitisdirtyandcannotbeusedtopassfood.Knowingnothingabouttheculturaldifference,theAmericanstudentputshimselfinanembarrassingsituation.Chapter3CulturesInfluenceonPerceptionKeywords(1)Sensation:Itistheneurologicalprocessbywhichpeoplebecomeawareoftheirenvironment.（感觉：感觉是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。)(2)Perception:Itistheprocessbywhichwebecomeawareofobjects,events,andespeciallypeopleandtheirbehaviorsthroughourvarioussensesandinvolveshigher-ordercognitionintheinterpretationofthesensoryinformation.(知觉：知觉是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物、事件、人和人的行为的过程。它是解释感觉信息更为高阶的认知过程。)(3)Selection:Itisaprocessinwhichwescreenoutwhatweneedfromallthestimuliandinformationaroundus.（选择：选择是从周围选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程。)(4)Organization:Itistheprocessduringwhichweneedtoorganizeandimposestructureonwhatweobserveinameaningfulway.（组织：组织是把从周围选择的刺激信息，以一种有意义的方式整理，组合的过程。）(5)Interpretation:Itreferstoattachingmeaningtosensedataandissynonymouswithdecoding.（释义：释义是赋予感觉信息意义的过程，类似于解码过程。）Case16:DifferentResponsestoNoiseThiscasecanreflectdifferentculturecangivedifferentinfluencesonhumansensation.Notwoofpeoplecanassumethattheirsensationsarethesame,especiallywhentheycomefromdifferentcultures.Differentsocialrealityandlivingconditionscanequipthemwithdifferentwaytosensetheworld.Soitisverycommonforthemtohavetotallydifferentsensationseventowardsthesamecondition.Inthiscase,theGermanprofessorandJapaneseprofessorhaveverydifferentresponsetothenoiseproducedbythesamemotorfortheheatingsystembecauseoftheirculturesandlivinghabits.Chapter4InterculturalCommunicationBarriersKeywords(1)Anxiety:Itoccursbecauseofnotknowingwhatoneisexpectedtodo,andfocusingonthatfeelingandnotbetotallypresentinthecommunicationtransaction.（焦虑：当人们不知道如何迎合他人对自己的期待，过多的关注自己情绪以至不能全心投入到交际事物中去时，就会产生焦虑。）(2)Uncertainty:Itreferstoourcognitiveinabilitytoexplainourownorothersfeelingsandbehaviorsininteractionsbecauseofanambiguoussituationthatevokesanxiety.(不确定：不确定是指人们无法从认知的角度去解释交际活动中自己或他人的感觉及行为，这种认知角度解释能力的欠缺是某种引起焦虑的含糊情境导致的。)(3)Assumingsimilarityinsteadofdifference:Itreferstotheideathatpeoplecomingfromanotherculturearemoresimilartoyouthantheyactuallyareorthatanotherpersonssituationismoresimilartoyoursthanitinfactis.（假定一致性：假定一致性是指认为来自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的处境与自己的处境相似，而事实上却并非如此。）(4)Ethnocentrism:Itreferstonegativelyjudgingaspectsofanotherculturebythestandardsofonesownculture.（种族或民主中心主义：是指从本国文化的标准出发，消极地审视另一文化。）(5)Stereotypes:Theyrefertonegativeorpositivejudgmentsmadeaboutindividualsbasedonanyobservableorbelievedgroupmembership.（文化定势：文化定势指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。）(6)Prejudice:Itreferstotheirrationaldislike,suspicion,orhatredofaparticulargroup,race,religion,orsexualorientation.（偏见：偏见是指对于某一特定群体、种族、宗教、或性取向的无端地憎恶和怀疑。）(7)Racism:Itreferstoanypolicy,practice,belief,orattitudethatattributescharacteristicsorstatustoindividualsbasedontheirrace.（种族主义：种族主义是指基于种族把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任一政策、做法、信仰或态度。）Case21:ADanishWomaninNewYorkThiscasecanreflectassumingsimilarityinsteadofdifference.Whencommunicatingwithpeoplefromanotherculture,oneislikelytoregardandtreatotherpeopleas“hispeople”andtoassumetheremustbeonlyonewayofdoingthings:thatis“hisway”.Inthiscase,theDanishwomanassumesthatherbehaviorofleavingthebabyalone,whichiscommoninDenmark,isalsoappropriateinNewYork.Here,sheassumeswhatissuitableinherowncultureisalsoindisputableinanotherculture.Thatiswhythesmallconflicthappens.Case23:Girl-nessThiscasecanreflectoneofthetranslationproblems:thelackofconceptualequivalence,whichreferstoabstractideasthatmaynotexistinthesamefashionindifferentlanguages.Differentculturesmayattachdifferentmeaningstothesamethingorperson.Concerningthiscase,weshouldknowwhatyoungfemalescallthemselvesisverydifferentinChinafromtheStates.InChina,girlmeanssomeonewhoisyoungandsingle.Inaway,itmakesafemalesoundmoredesirabletobecalledagirlratherthanawoman.Formostpeople,womanmeanssomeonewhoismarriedandwhoprobablyisnotyoung.Infact,mostsingleChinesefemales,suchasuniversitystudents,wouldbeinsultedtobecalledwomen.WhileintheWest,informal,publicsettings,itiscustomarytocallanywomanwhoispastpubertyawoman,eventhoughshemaynotbelegallyoldenoughtovote,marry,purchasealcoholicbeverages,driveacar,orsignacontract.Thisterminologybecamewidespreadduringthewomensliberationmovementinthe1960s.Thetermgirlissometimesinterpretedtobedemeaningordisrespectful.Case24:AnUnfairDecisionThiscasereflectsprejudice,whichinvolvesanunfair,biased,orintolerantattitudetowardsanothergroupofpeople.Inthiscase,Mr.Biasdecidedtoselectsomeoneelse,insteadofapplicantfromthecountryLevadel,fortheposition.ThatisjustbecauseheholdsprejudicetowardspeoplefromthecountryLevadel.Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunicationKeywords(1)Verbalinterculturalcommunicationhappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicatewitheachotherbyusinglanguage.来自不同文化背景的人用言语进行的交际即言语跨文化交际(2)Dialectisaformoflanguagepeculiartoagroupofpeople,asdistinguishedfromtheliterarylanguageofthewholepeople.方言是某一群体特有的语言，与整个群体的言语不同。(3)Sociolectreferstovariationintermsofsocialclassorstyle.（社会方言指由于社会阶级或言语风格不同而产生的方言。）(4)Pidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorlendslanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.洋泾浜，是一种特殊的语言变体，指为贸易等目的将两种或几种语言混合使用。(5)Whenapidginlanguagebeginstoacquirenativespeakersandbecomesthepermanentlanguageofaregion,itiscalledaCreole.当有人以洋泾浜为母语，并成为某一地区永久的语言是，它就成为克里奥耳语或混合语(6)Linguafrancareferstoaspecificlanguagethatisusedasaninternationalmeansofcommunication.通用语指作为国际间交流手段的一种特殊语言。(7)Tabooreferstoprohibitionofasetofbehaviorsthatshouldbeavoidedbecausetheyareoffensiveandimpolite.禁忌语指被禁止或避免的具有冒犯性的不礼貌行为。(8)EuphemismisTabooslinguisticcounterpartbecauseitsubstitutestheoffensiveanddisturbingvocabulary.委婉语是替代具有冒犯性的不礼貌的禁忌语词语。（9）Jargonreferstothespecialortechnicalvocabulariesdevelopedtomeetthespecialneedsofparticularprofessionssuchasmedicineandlaw.行话指演变而来的专门的或科技词汇，用以满足特殊职业的特殊需要，例如医药和法律。Case25:SuccessStoryOneofthesourcesofthefrustrationandmisunderstandingsthatoccurredinthiscasewasdifferentnotionsofwhatwasverballyrelevant.Inthiscase,Marywasexpectingamuchmoredirectresponsetoherquestion.Ms.Goshima,however,wasuncomfortablewiththequestionandfeltherresponseshouldbeveryindirectandestablishapropersenseofmodestybeforerevealingtheanswertothequestion.IfMaryhadbeenmorepatient,shewouldhaveeventuallyheardtheanswertoherquestion,butshewasnotreallypayingattentionwhenitfinallycamebecauseshefeltthatMs.Goshimascommentswerentreallyrelevanttoherquery.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationKeywords(1)Nonverbalcommunication:Itreferstothemessagessentwithoutusingwords.（非言语交际：不运用言语语言传递信息被称为非言语交际。)(2)Proxemics:Itreferstothestudyofspatialrelations.（时空行为：时空行为对空间关系的研究。）(3)Kinesics:Itreferstogestures,facialexpressions,eyecontact,bodypositions,bodymovement,andformsofgreetingandtheirrelationtocommunication.（身势语行为：身势语（也称体态语），指手势、面目表情、眼神交流、身体姿势、肢体运动和问候方式以及和他们与交际的关系。）(4)Chronemics:Itisthestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.（时间行为：对于人们如何理解和利用时间的研究。）(5)Paralanguage:Itisthesetofaudiblesoundsthataccompanyorallanguagetoaugmentitsmeaning.（辅助语行为：为增强其含义，伴随言语语言产生的可听到的声音符号系统。）(6)Haptics:Itreferstocommunicatingthroughtheuseofbodilycontact.（触觉行为：指通过身体接触来交流。）(7)Chromatics:Itreferstothestudyofcoloruseinaffectingpeoplesperceptions,behaviorsandimpressionsofothers.（色彩学：色彩学指对于影响人们认知、行为和他人印象的色彩的研究。）(8)Olfactics:Itisthestudyofcommunicationviasmell.（气味行为：研究气味对于交流的影响的学科。）(9)Oculesics:Itisthestudyofcommunicationssentbytheeyes.（目光语：对于由眼睛所传达的信息的研究。不同的文化对于交际时眼神的接触有不同的要求。）(10)Silencecuesaffectinterpersonalcommunicationbyprovidinganintervalinanongoinginteractionduringwhichtheparticipantshavetimetothink,checkorsuppressanemotion,encodealengthyresponse,orinaugurateanotherlineofthought.(11)Attirereferstoclothingandphysicalappearance.italsoservesasnonverbalsymbols.Case33:AreAmericansIndifferent?Thiscasecanreflectdifferentnonverbalcommunicationpatternsexistintheactualinterculturalcommunication,especiallyfacialexpressiondifferaccordingtodifferentcultures.ComparedtomostChinese,Americansliketosmilealotandtohavecausalandrichfacialexpressionsintheirdailylives,eventhoughtheyhavesomemisfortune.Inthiscase,becauseofthedifferentopinionsaboutfacialexpressionsininterculturalcommunication,theAmericanladytalkedaboutherfatherssicknessanddeathinasmilingwaytoshowshestillhastheoptimisticwaytotreatthefuturelife,whichismisunderstoodasbeingindifferentandselfishbytheChinese.Case36:DontPutYourHandonMyArmThiscasecanreflectdifferentcultureshavedifferentopinionstospatialrelations.Differentcultureshaveverydifferentopinionsaboutanindividualsunconsciouslystructuringthemicrospaceimmediatelysurroundingthephysicalbody.Someculturescanhaverelativelyclosedistancewhencommunicatingwhileotherculturescannot.Somewesternculturesconsiderbodytouchbetweenpeopleofthesamegendertobeculturaltabooandasymbolofbeinghomosexual.Inthiscase,Samisfromwesternculturesandknowsthesocialtabooofbodytouchveryclearly,sohewouldntletothersmisunderstandMarksclosebodydistanceandtouchwithhim,eventhoughMarkfromChiledoesntknowtheculturaltabooatall.Chapter7CulturalPatternsKeywords(1)Culturalpattern:Sharedbeliefs,values,norms,andsocialpracticesthatarestableovertimeandthatleadtoroughlysimilarbehaviorsacrosssimilarsituationsareknownasculturalpatterns.(文化模式是指在相对稳定的共有的信仰、价值观、标准和社会实践，这些文化模式在相似的情形下会使人产生相似的行为。)(2)Context：Itistheinformationthatsurroundsanevent,andisinextricablyboundupwiththemeaningoftheevent.（语境是指事件发生时周围的信息，对事件的意义解读具有重要参考价值。）(3)Highcontextcommunication:isoneinwhichmostoftheinformationisalreadyintheperson,whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicitlytransmittedpartofthemessage.（高语境交际是指在交际过程中大部分的信息靠交际人本身传递，只有少量信息被明确地用语言的形式传递。）(4)Lowconte