农村公共服务毕业论文的英文文献翻译.doc

精品文档在社会主义新农村建设中公共产品供给问题的对策摘要：农村公共产品供给的在中国农业发展和社会主义新农村建设中起着决定性的作用。针对农村地区农村公共产品供给不足的现状，本文阐述了加强农村公共产品供给制度的建设意义，分析了农村公共产品供给短缺的原因，并提出了解决农村公共产品供给问题的对策，致力于加强和改进农村公共产品供给的效率，具有一定的理论价值和现实意义。关键词：社会主义新农村建设，农村公共产品，供给系统 绪论社会主义新农村建设是中国全面建设小康社会的全面建设和实现现代化进程中的重大历史任务；是解决城乡差距、建设和谐社会的必然要求；是扩大国内需求长足发展的重要保障。2005年十二月，党中央，国务院在社会主义新农村建设意见强调社会主义新农村建设是中国现代化进程中的重大历史任务。社会主义新农村建设意见的内容和目标包括生产发展，生活富裕，乡风文明，村容整洁，管理民主等方面。为了实现这些目标，涉及农村农业生产和农民生活水平的农村公共产品和农村公共服务需要改善。农村公共物品是指满足农村农业、农村和农民需要，其具有不可分割性，具有非竞争和非排它性。一方面，它包括农村的交通，电力，水利设施，卫生和教育设施等“硬”的公共产品；另一方面，包括信息技术服务，技能培训，维护公共秩序，制度安排等“软”农村公共产品。农村公共服务供给制度是农村经济社会发展的重要基础。从某种意义上说，社会主义新农村建设过程是指农村公共产品供给效率的提高和供给结构的优化过程。因此，通过扩大农村公共产品供给渠道的多样性，全面构建农村公共物品制度的科学体系在促进城乡和谐发展和社会主义新农村的建设具有重要的现实意义。1、加强农村公共产品制度建设的意义面对目前中国城乡二元结构失衡和农村公共产品和服务供给不均衡的状况，加强农村公共产品和服务供给的建设对促进社会主义新农村建设具有重要的现实意义。1.1推进社会主义新农村建设，为农村经济发展提供保障社会主义新农村建设是中国在社会主义初级阶段的主要战略，但城乡差距日益增长的经济发展背景下，农村“三农”问题被提出。如果中国能够实现现代化过程中的总体发展，缩小城乡差距，构建在政治，经济，文化，和新农村建设协调发展的社会方面，那么我们国家才能真正全面实现现代化。很长一段时间，城乡非均衡的二元体制，导致农村公共设施供给和公共服务的实际供给不能满足农村对农村公共服务的需求，制约了农村经济的进一步发展，突出反映公共事业的严重不足如教育，卫生，文化和其他方面，对农业和农村的发展产生严重的负面影响。因此，农村公共产品的供给情况直接影响到中国农业经济的发展和中国社会主义新农村建设，必须大力加强农村基础设施建设和发展农村社会事业。1.2提高农村居民的消费需求和消费能力在农村地区，农村公共产品供给水平直接影响农民消费需求和消费能力，因为绝大多数农村公共产品是在农业生产和农民生活所必需的。一旦政府或其他公共单位不能提供足够的公共物品以满足农民的需求，农民不得不为自己提供，这造成了农村公共产品供给的部分低效率和增加了农民的负担，同时降低农民的消费需求，从而对刺激消费和扩大国内需求产生了负面影响。另一方面，公共物品和私人物品有密切的互补性。公共产品和服务的供给不足将严重制约了农民对消费产品的需求。因此，在农村公共产品和服务供给不充分，机制不健全，公共服务缺失的情况下，这会严重影响农村消费市场的扩大和农村经济发展的现代化。通过对农村公共物品的供给，增加农民收入和扩大农村消费市场，这将对解决现有的投资和消费结构严重不合理的情况发挥重要作用。1.3促进农村经济可持续发展农村公共产品和公共服务作为农村经济发展的基础和必要前提，为农村经济可持续发展提供了重要保障。我国许多农村地区存在着老旧的农业水利设施，道路不畅和交通不便，昂贵的电费价格，破旧的学校建筑，公共卫生条件落后，缺乏社会条件，公共安全和公共服务缺位等情况。这种供应不足状况很大程度上制约了农村社会经济的可持续发展。特别是农村教育的落后与公共产品的不足对农村地区产生了直接的影响，如对农村人力资源的质量和水平的影响，致使农村地区缺乏农村科学家和技术人员，影响了科技兴农的有效实施，在制约了农村经济的发展方面产生了重大影响。因此，提供公共产品和提高农村劳动力的综合素质，在长时间内为农村经济的持续增长的提供一定的劳动力。1.4促进社会政治的稳定和发展解决农村公共产品供给不足的问题，有利于消除社会重要方面的矛盾和全面转型时期的社会危机。中国是个具有大片耕地领域和众多的农业人口一个农业大国，农村的稳定和发展，对整个国家和社会发展有着重要影响重要影响。建国以来，为了加快经济发展尽快实现产业化，中国一直实行城乡二元体制，制定公共产品供给的政策以满足最低的公共产品的需要为目标，长时间以来重城市轻农村，这种在公共产品的供给上城乡不同的政策造成农村公共产品在一定程度上是一个严重的缺陷。2、农村公共服务供给不均衡的原因在当前中国农村公共产品和服务供给严重不平衡的情况下，特别是随着农村税费改革，取消农业税政策后，导致了农村公共物品供给失衡的问题越来越突出。具体表现是农村基础设施和公共服务机构的不完善，如健康系统的不足，教育落后；农民缺乏基本生活条件如社会保障，水、电设施落后等。公共产品和服务的每个水平都是供给不足的。我国农村公共产品供给产生不平衡的原因是多样的，唯一的供应主体是农村公共物品供给不足的主要原因。第一，对农村公共产品供给制度的主体是政府。长期以来，中国农村公共产品供给机制系统是单一的以政府为主体，特别是较低的农村管理组织乡镇政府。但乡镇政府，其财务能力和治理是不对称的，很小的财政权力，但却有很大治理责任。如果农村基础教育，计划生育，水、电设施，道路交通等公共产品和服务供给主要由农村乡镇政府以及村民负责，由于乡镇农村的基层政府，其政府的财政资源有限，不能提供足量的公共产品，造成农村公共产品和公共服务的缺位。第二，农村基层政府职能的错位。农村基层乡镇政府通过国家权力组织和计划的农村公共事业和公共设施的建设，为农村提供公共产品和公共服务，但由于乡镇政府职能错位的状况，不能有效的提供基本的公共服务，造成农村公共产品制度供给不足。从目前乡镇政府职能运行看，相当多的乡镇政府把重点放在经济发展的工作上，并对大力建设迎合上级“政绩工程”，基层政府最初是以为农村提供公共产品及其服务为主体责任的，却将以提供公共产品和公共服务的财政收入大量投资经济发展。因此，农村乡镇政府财政的不足，不仅造成乡镇政府公共产品供给能力大为减弱，而且公共服务责任弱化，造成农村公共产品制度严重匮乏，农村公共资源配置的效率低下。第三，缺乏激发农民参与公共物品投资的机制。家庭联产承包责任制动摇了集体化时期的农村公共产品制度，使农村公共产品制度失去了经济基础。由于有限的统一供应系统，过多的依赖于政府的投资，没有建立带动农民适应市场经济，没有建立个人和企业投入公共产品建设的机制。同时，随着市场经济体制的发展，农民群体意识逐渐暗淡，个体主义首先发生在人们的心中生根。市场经济条件下的理性人造成只做对自己有利的事情，每个人都按照对自己有利的方式去行动，但对于某些农村公共事务和公共事业却不愿意做。由于公共产品的不可分割性造成了公众“搭便车”的可能性。公众不愿意承担成本，普遍存在的“搭便车”的心理。此外，公共产品和公共服务有一定的外溢效益，农民从自己的利益出发，不在乎也不愿意投资非营利组织。第四，税费改革后影响了农村公共产品制度。由于我国农村实行单一制的公共产品的供给制度，政府作为供应主体。因此，在实施农村税费改革取消农业税后，县乡财政状况更不平衡，削弱了农村公共产品供给的能力。此外，农村税费改革后采取“一事一议”的农村公共设施制度不能够彻底解决农村公共产品制度的问题。3、解决农村公共服务制度问题的对策面对农村公共产品和公共服务供给的困境，加强政府在农村公共服务体系中的能力和的责任，加强农村基层管理组织的职能改革，提高公共产品供给能力，在统筹城市和农村地区的基础上采用多元化公共服务的供给方式。3.1、提高政府在农村公共服务体系中的能力和的责任在发展中国家，政府是推动现代化的重要力量，作为公共权力的执行者，提供公共服务的状况是衡量政府能力的重要标志。从世界上一些发达国家和发展中国家的经验，向农村提供公共产品方面，政府应该承担去全部的责任和义务，同时使城市和农村基本公共服务均等化。目前我国政府的财政支出仍低于财政收入的增长，并对支农支出占财政支出的比例是上下波动。2000年至2003年，财政支农支出年均增长14%，而财政收入年均增长17.4%，财政支农支出比财政收入低3.4%，此外，金融支农支出占总支出的比例在7.12-7.75之间。Alpha因此，政府必须增加在农村公共服务提供的责任，继续加大财政对农业的投入力度，提高政府财政支出的增长率，保证农村公共服务体系的资金总量稳定的增长。3.2、加强对农村基层政府管理职能的转变，提高公共产品供给能力目前，农村公共服务的供给不足和农村公共服务体系不健全，农村基层政府应进行积极的角色和职能定位，突出公共产品供给和服务功能和意识。基层政府作为面向农村，为农村提供公共服务和服务的组织，在转变政府职能的过程中，实现由管理型政府向服务型政府的转变，必须明确农村基层政府治理的重点，实施财权和事权统一的原则，在农村基层政府的财政困境的情况下，加大中央和省级政府的财政支持力度，提高农村基层政府公共服务供给的的能力，变革基层政府职能提供更多农村公共服务。3.3、公共产品供给体系的一体化和多元化所谓一体化指的是城乡公共服务的均衡化；所谓的多元化是指农村公共服务的供给主体多元化，供给方式和筹资渠道。一体化主要是双供给机制问题的解决，提供公平的政策环境，为城市和农村公共服务的供给制度，使城市和农村地区得到同样的待遇，统筹城乡农村公共服务的供给。政府为供给主体，承担农村公共服务体系的主要责任，加大农村公共服务的金融投资服务，使农村与城市共享现代文明。在此基础上，对单一供给体制改革，促进农村公共服务体系供给多元化，具体体现在以下几个方面：3.3.1多元化农村公共服务体系的主体由于农村基层政府的财政和政府供给效率的固有的局限性，使单一的政府供给不适应农村社区发展的需求。因此，应根据农村公共服务的水平和性质构建多元化的农村公共服务体系。农村公共服务的供给主体大致可分为政府供给，个人供给和第三部门供给。代表公共利益的政府，政府有责任要承担农村公共服务体系主体责任义务。在此基础上，发挥个人供给和第三部门供给主力量，形成多元化的供给主体机制。3.3.2农村公共服务多元化的资金筹集机制税费改革后，农村公共服务供给不足的一个重要原因是提供农村公共服务的供给资金主要依靠政府，当政府不能筹集足够的资金，必然会影响公共产品供给。因此，应该建设多元化筹资渠道以解决供应短缺的矛盾。筹集资金的渠道主要有政府的财政转移支付；个人，企业资金；农村社区的集体基金；国内外非政府组织的筹资等。政府的财政资金应作为提供公共产品和公共服务资金的主要渠道，尤其是公共财政体系的建立后，将为农村公共产品和公共服务的供给在筹款方面提供制度保障。市场经济条件下,个人和企业投资提供的公共产品,由于公共产品供给在收费方面的可能性，基于等价交换和支付原则，可以通过市场向社会收费。翻译Countermeasures of Rural Public Product Supply Problems in New Socialist Rural ConstructionZHANG Jing1, 2, and JIANG Hua3*1 Post-doctoral Mobile Center on History and Cultural College, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China2 College of Liberal and Social Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China3 College of Philosophy, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150086, ChinaAbstract：The status of rural public goods supply plays a decisive role in China agricultural development and in new socialist rural construction. For the current situation of insufficient supply of public goods in rural areas, this article explained the significance of strengthening the construction of rural public goods supply system, analyzed the reasons for the shortage of rural public goods supply, and proposed strategies and measures to solve problems of rural public goods supply, which are of advantages to enhance and improve the efficiency of rural public goods, having certain practical and theoretical values.Key words：new socialist rural construction, rural public goods, supply systemCLC number: F323.9 Document code: A Article ID: 1006-8104(2010)-02-0078-07IntroductionNew socialist rural construction is the great historical task of a comprehensive construction of well-off society in China and implementing the process of modernization; the necessary requirement to solve the urban-rural gap and building a harmonious society; the important safeguards of expanding domestic substantial development of demand. In December 2005, the CPC Central Committee, State Council stressed in Advice on new socialist rural construction that New socialist rural construction is the major historic task in Chinas modernization process. Contents and objectives in new socialist rural construction include the production development, sufficient life, rural civilization, clean village, and democratic management and other aspects. In order to achieve these contents and objectives, the status of rural public goods supply to improve production and living standards of rural residents needs to be greatly improved. Rural public goods refers to relatively meet the needs of rural agriculture, rural areas or farmers, living together with sharing products or services, characterized of non-competition and non-exclusion. On the one hand, it is including rural transport, power grid, irrigation and water conservancy facilities, health and education facilities, mandatory for public goods; on the other hand, including information technology services, skills training, public order maintenance, institutional arrangements, public goods such as soft featured public goods. Rural public goods supply system is the important foundation for the rural economic social development. From a certain sense, the new socialist rural construction process refers to the improvement of the efficiency of the rural public goods supply and the optimization process of supply structure. Therefore, constructing a comprehensive systematic and scientific system of rural public goods by broadening the diversity of rural public goods supply channel has important practical significance in promoting the harmonious development of urban and rural areas and new socialist rural construction.Significance of strengthening the construction of Rural Public Goods systemAs Chinas existing current urban-rural dual structure and the imbalance of rural public goods and services supply, strengthening the construction of the supply of public goods and services in rural areas has the important practical significance in promoting the building of new socialist rural areas.Promoting the new socialist rural construction to provide security for the rural economic developmentThe new socialist rural construction strategic is at the primary stage of socialism in China, but urban rural gap growing modernization into the mid-stage of economic development background, as the rural three rural issues raised. If China can achieve the overall development in the process of modernization, narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas, constructing well into the political, economic, cultural, and social aspects of coordinating the development of new rural areas, if our country can achieve a truly comprehensive modernization. For a long time, as urban-rural dual system of nonsymmetrical, leading to the supply of rural public facilities and public services can not much of the actual meet rural needs, restricting the further development of rural economy, outstanding the reflect serious shortage of public utilities such as education, health, culture and other aspects, which has brought about a serious and negative impact on agricultural and rural development. Therefore, the public goods supply situation in rural areas directly affect the development of Chinas agricultural economy and the new socialist rural construction in China, with the need to greatly strengthen rural infrastructure and development of rural social undertaking.Advantages to improve the rural consumer demand and spending powerThe level of public goods supply in rural areas directly affected the level of spending power of farmers and consumption demand because the vast majority of public goods in rural areas are the necessity for peasants work in agricultural production and life. Once the government or other public units products cannot provide enough public goods to meet farmers demands, peasants have to provide for themselves, which makes up the low efficiency of part of the public goods supply and enhance the burden of the peasants, also lower the demand for peasants to consume and thus stimulate consumption and have a negative impact on expanding domestic demand. On the other hand, public goods and private goods have close complementarities. The inadequate supply of public goods and services will be seriously restricted in some peasants consumption demand for products. Therefore, the supply of public goods and services in rural areas is not sufficient, mechanism is not sound, the absence of public services, which would seriously affect the rural consumer market expansion and the development of modernization of the rural economy. Through the provision of public goods, increasing peasants income can greatly expand the rural consumption market, which will play an important role in solving the existing investment and seriously irrational consumption structure.Promoting substantial development rural economyThe rural public goods and the public services are taken as the foundation and the essential condition for the rural economic development, the premise and the guarantee for the rural economy and sustainable development. Many rural areas of our country exist obsolete agricultural water conservancy facilities, the inconvenient transportation, the expensive electricity price, the worn-out school building, the backward public health condition, lacking public conditions, safeguard, and public services vacancy and so on. This kind of insufficient supplies situation has restricted the rural social economy of sustainable development enormously. Especially the rural educations backwardness and public products insufficiency have the immediate influence in rural areas such as human resources quality and level, creating the lack of rural scientists and technicians, affecting the effective implementation of agriculture through science and technology, having restricted the substantial rural economy development. Therefore, providing the public products and enhancing the rural labor forces quality comprehensively, which provide the certain labor force for a long time for the rural economy of sustained growth.Promoting the stability and development of social politicsSolving the problem of insufficient rural public product supply is advantageous in eliminating the significant aspects of social contradiction and a social crisis in the social comprehensive reforming time. China is an agricultural nation of large size with big arable fields and numerous agricultural population, stability and advancement of rural areas, having the significant influence on the entire national and social development. Since the foundation of the nation, in order to accelerate the economic development to realize the industrialization as soon as possible, China has practiced the urban-rural dual system, formulating the policy of public product supplies has satisfied the lowest public product to need as the goal and the heavy urban light countryside, and this kind of difference policy of city and countryside in public product supplies caused the rural public product, to a certain extent, a serious deficiency.Unbalanced Reasons for Rural Public Product Supplement of ChinaChinas current rural public goods and service supplies presently are under serious unbalanced conditions, especially along with the reform of rural taxes and fees, after implementing cancellations of the agricultural tax policy, causing the rural public goods the unbalanced supplies question being more prominent. The concrete manifestation is not perfect in the rural infrastructure and the public services mechanism, such as the health system insufficiency, education backwardness; the farmers lack the condition such as the social security, water and electricity facility backwardness and so on. Each level of public goods and the service supplies are insufficient. Our rural public goods supplies produce unbalanced the reason is variety, and the sole supplies system is the primary cause of the rural public goods crisis. First, the main body of the rural public goods supply system is the government. Since long, the Chinese rural public goods system is unitary supplies mechanism with the government as the main body, particularly as lower rural management organizations villages and towns government. But the government of villages and towns, whose finical power and the governance are asymmetrical, has small property rights but big governance. If the rural elementary education, the birth control, the water and electricity facility, the road traffic and so on public products and the service supplies are mainly under-taken by the rural villages and towns government as well as the village, who are responsible, because the rural basic unit of villages and towns, whose governmental financial resource are limited, cannot provide full amount to the public product, causing the deficiency of the rural public goods and public services vacancy.Second, government function in rural basic unit is dislocated. The government of rural basic units villages and towns plans and organizes the village public utility and public utilitys construction by state powers status, providing the public goods and the public services for the countryside, but because the villages and towns government has the phenomenon of function dislocation, cannot provide the essential public services effectively to the countryside, causing the rural public goods system to be insufficient. Looking from the present villages and towns government function movement, quite many villages and towns governments place the key emphasis in work in the economic development, which does on large scale caters to the higher authority the achievements project, originally causing the use for the rural public goods and its service as the main body with placing basic unit of government, in order to provide the public product and the public services of financial revenue investing heavily to the economic development. And as a result of countryside villages and towns government finances insufficiency and crisis, not only causing the villages and towns government supplies public product ability to weaken greatly, but also the public services responsibility fainted, causing the rural public goods system serious deficient, and the rural public resource disposition in low efficiency. Third, mechanism of stimulating the farmers participation in the public goods investment is lack. The household undertake the responsibility system to vacillate the collectivization time rural public goods system gradually, causing the rural public goods system to lose the economic basis. As a result of limited an unitary and supplies system, too much relies on governments investment, having not established the drive of farmer who adapts with the market economy, personal, the enterprise to put into the public product construction the mechanism. Meanwhile, along with market economy systems development, farmers group consciousness is faint gradually, the individual firstly strikes root in the hearts of people. The market economy condition servants cause the advantage of point of view in the countryside to struggle oneself in advantageous matter that farmers are doing on, but regarding countryside in some public affairs, the public utility is actually not willing to do. The public goods has supplies association and is impossible to remove other people expense the characteristics, having provided the possibility for the vehicles phenomenons widespread existence. Public not to be willing to undertake the cost, universal existence w