重要语法.doc

名词不可数名词progress information advice baggage /luggage equipment news furniture fun weather produce既做可数又做不可数paper word work knowledge(a knowledge of) production 常做复数instructions supplies(daily supplies) means (by this means/one means of transportation)works series(a series of books) species surroundings conditions(living conditions)goods facilities 特例：rain /a heavy rain in the world/a peaceful world in China/a powerful Chinain the sky/a blue sky a big surprise 动词动词的种类：实义动词：work study read pass go come fly have do need dare系动词：be am is are was were feel （angry） come （true） go (bad) turn (green) taste (delicious) seem (to be happy) stand (still) remain (seated)情态动词：can may must need be able to dare would like had better have to+do助动词：do does did be going to will(do) have/has（done）had(done) be (doing)实义动词的形式：A谓语: come came come comes B非谓语: coming to come come go went gone goes going to go gone write wrote written writes writing to write written 名词前多个形容词排序 限 数 描 大（大小长短高低） 形 新 色 国 材 名 + 中心名词例如：these two nice big round old brown Chinese wooden writing desks 倍数表达法A is twice as long/wide/high/deep as B=A is twice longer/wider/higher/deeper than B.=A is twice the length/width/height/depth of B.=B is half as long as A.主谓一致谓语单数1 度量衡 Ten years is quite a long time.One million dollars is a large sum of money2. to do/doing/ that从句 To see is to believe.Its strange that he is so rude.3. 科目名称 Maths/Physics/Politics Polities is dull to learn.4. 国名、书名、报纸名The United States of America/The Times/Selected Poems by Du Fu5. each boy and (each) girl (each/many a/every/no)Each boy and girl is diligent.6. 山脉、群岛the Alps /the Philippines 7. One in/out of ten 就近原则8. there be /not onlybut also/neithernor/either or/notbut就后原则9 such/what/here Such is our plan. /Such are his words.What we need are teachers./What we need is fund.Here is my advice./Here are my suggestions.就前原则10. as well as /with/together with/ rather than/ but/ exceptTom, rather than you, is to blame for the accident.11. pair/kind/pieceThis kind of books sells easily./Books of this kind sell easily.谓语复数12. The Greens are 13. The poor/rich are14. the Chinese/the English/the Japanese areThe Chinese are a hard-working people.视情况而定15. Two in five/Two fifth/ Forty percent/some/The rest of the students areTwo in five/Two fifth/ Forty percent/Some/The rest of the land/soil/water is16. The/A writer and teacher is/The/A writer and the/A teacher are17. The population is80 percent of the population are farmers.18. The number of the desks isA number of desks are19. Tom is one of the boys who are intelligent.Tom is the only one of boys who is intelligent.20. A large quantity of water/workers is Large quantities of water/workers areA large/great number of workers are A great deal/amount of water isA good many students are简单句句子的结构（5）1. 主系表 SVP系词：be am is are was were 半系词：seem /appear /prove /look/ turn out to be/taste/ sound/smell/feel/turn/grow/ get/ go/ become/ feel （angry） come （true） go (bad) turn (green) taste (delicious) seem (to be happy) stand (still) remain (seated) eg: I feel happy. The desk feels smooth.2. 主谓（状）SV eg:Tom gets up at 6 every day. The material sells well. I go to school on foot. 常用动词：appear/go/come/die/dream/appear/fall/happen/take place3. 主谓宾SVO eg:I need to have a rest. The car needs washing. 常用动词：have/get/own/say/raise4. 主谓间宾直宾SVOiDi eg:Tom lent me a novel by Han Han. 常用动词：buy/show/pass/bring/give/send/tell/teach/lend5. 主谓宾宾补SVOC eg:Teachers encourage us students to work harder. 常用结构：have/make/let sb. do sth. see/ notice/ watch/observe/look at/hear/listen to/feel/help sb. do see/notice/watch/observe/lookat/hear/listento/feelsb.doing tell/ask/get/encourage/advise/allow/permit/forbid sb. to do sth. make oneself heard/understood have/get sth. done修饰成分：定状补句子的语气（4）陈述句2疑问句4 感叹句2祈使句2 句子的时态 （11/16）动词的十六种时态表：一般现在时Do, does am,is,are现在进行时Am, is ,are + doing现在完成时Havehas + done现在完成进行时Havehas +being done一般过去时Did was, were过去进行时Waswere + doing过去完成时Had + done 过去完成进行时Had been doing一般将来时Shallwill + do,be将来进行时Shallwill +be doing将来完成时Shallwill + have done将来完成进行时Shallwill+ have been doing过去将来时Shouldwould+ do过去将来进行时Shouldwould + be doing 过去将来完成时Shouldwould+ have done过去将来完成进行时Shouldwould+ have been doing一般现在时1、所有或任何时候都发生的动作或情况，即重复发生的动作。- How often does she visit her parents? - Twice a month.2、永恒的真理和客观事实。1. Summer follows spring.2. Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。3、在条件或时间状语从句中，经常使用一般现在时代替一般将来时。Ill let you know as soon as he gets there. 讨论计划和时间表或日程表时。We leave at 11:15 and arrive at 17:50 tomorrow. 4、固定词组如 I see(明白)、I hear(听说)、I think(认为、想)、I feel(感觉)以引出已经了解的情况。I see there is some trouble in London。 我知道伦敦方面有些麻烦。时间状语：often always usually seldom sometimes at times frequently regularly every day in spring on Sundays一般过去时1、过去已经完成的动作、结束的事情，或在过去重复发生的动作.When I was a child we always went to the seaside in August.2、used to :表示过去的习惯，现在不存在。I used to smoke, but I dont any more.3、用在its time, would rather, wish后面的从句中Its time you went home.I wish I had a better memory.Id rather you came tomorrow.4、在从句中用来说明现在还存在着“过去”的情况Im sorry we left Paris. It was such a nice place.5、could, might, would, should等“过去”的情态动词可用来指现在或者将来。Could you help me for a moment ? 你能帮我一会吗？（用委婉的语气表将来）I think it might rain soon. 我人为可能很快就下雨。Would you come this way, please ? 请这边走。 Alice should be here soon. Alice 一会就到。6、一般过去时与现在完成时在时间上的比较现在完成时所用的时间词: since, ever since, for, recently, lately, so far, yet, all this year, all my life, ever, never, already, before, just, in / during the last /past + 时间段, etc.一般过去时所用的时间词yesterday, last week, in 1999, when, years ago, then, just now, last year in 2000 in the past just now the other day ten years later=after ten years 一般将来时 1、用will, shall 表示将来。决定：谈及正在作出的一项决定时，常用Ill-I will，不能用be going to ,因为它表示事先就已经作出的决定-The phone is ringing. -Ill answer it.-Come to a party. -OK. Ill bring my friend.威胁和允诺：第一人称用will (ll);第二人称用shallIll hit you if you do that again.He shall have a gift for Christmas.提议和请求：用Shall I ?/Shall we?表示提议;用Will you?表示请求Shall I carry your bag? Will you give me a hand?I will/ We will 表示愿意做某事; 不能用shallI will stop smoking-I really will.2、用 be going to 表示已经决定要做的事情Were going to France next summer.现在肯定讲会发生的事情Look at those clouds-its going to rain.3、用be about to do sth 表示最近的将来，“正要”，“马上就要”I am about to leave when there is a knock at the door.4、用be to do sth表示预定要做的事情The French President is to visit Japan next week5、 be going to 与 will / shall 的对比都可以表示预言Do you think the car will start / is going to start?讲到条件时(即如果一事发生，另一事也就发生)，用will / shall 对将来进行预测，不用be going to ，即使条件没有说出来例. If I give you money youll only spend it on drink. -Come out for a drink.过去将来时1、从过去的观点来看未来，常用在宾语从句中或间接引语中Last week he promised that he would come today, but he has not arrived yet.2、过去将来时的其它主要形式was / were going towas / were about toWe were just going to ( about to ) leave when Tom fell and hurt his ankle.现在进行时1、说话时正进行的动作或情况Someones knocking at the door. Can you answer it?2、发展中的或正在改变的情况The weather is getting better and better.3、表示将来可用下列词：go, come, arrive, leave, startHes arriving tomorrow morning.通过一个表示将来的的时间状语What are you doing this evening?4、现在进行时与一般现在时的对比现在进行时用来谈论暂时的情况，一般现在时用来表示永久的情况，或经常发生的事情或习惯。Hes not working very hard at the moment. 目前工作不努力。He doesnt work very hard. 通常工作不努力。过去进行时1、过去某时正发生的事情。What were you doing yesterday at seven p. m. ?2、在一个句子里，过去进行时常与一般过去时连用，此时，进行时表示较长的正在进行的动作，而一般时表示较短暂的动作或事情。The phone rang while I was having my bath.When she arrived, I was telephoning Harry.When she arrived, I telephoned Harry. (到后做)The reporter said that the UFO was traveling to west when he saw it.3、可用while强调同时进行的两种或几种动作。While I was working in the garden, my wife was cooking dinner。现在完成时*1、开始于过去并将持续到现在的动作，常与下列词连用：for, since, recently, lately, so far, all this year, up till now, etc.例1.Ive planted 14 trees so far this morning.例2.-How are you today? -Oh, I as ill as I do now for a long time.A. didnt feel B. dont feel C. wasnt feeling D. havent felt2、在过去某个不确定的时间发生的动作，但与现在有某种联系，因为我们所关心的是“现在”还存在着“过去”发生某事的结果，常和下列词连用：ever(问句或肯定句)，already(肯定句), never(否定句),yet(问句或否定句),before例1. - my glasses? -Yes, I saw them on your bed a minute ago.A. Do you see B. Had you seen C. Would you see D. Have you seen例2. -Have you passed your test ? -Yes. -When did you pass it? -(I passed it) Last week.例3. Have you passed your test? -Not yet.-When will you pass it? - Next week.对比：Have you seen this film? (曾经经过) Did you see this film ? (某特定时间)3、可表示反复性或习惯性，常与often, three times 等词连用Ive watched him on TV several times.4、终止性动词可用完成时，但不能和for, how long 等时间词连用，此时常用替换词This film has begunHow long has this film been on?begin borrow come die join buy leave be on keep be here be dead be in have be away*5、其它和现在完成时连用的词: just, in (within) the past (last) + 时间段;对比：He has just fallen downstairs. He fell downstairs just now.6、特殊结构This is the first (most / only ) + n. + that-clauseThis is the best film I have ever seen.Its + 时间段+ since-clause (从句用过去时)Its two years since he died.He has been dead for two years.He died two years ago.*7、现在完成时与现在完成进行时的用法区别：现在完成进行时强调动作延续到未来或仍在进行.Ive written an article. (已完成)Ive been writing an article. (还在写)过去完成时1、过去发生的两个动作，先发生的用过去完成时With their help I realized that I had been wrong.2、过去某时以前发生的动作或情况He hasnt finished yet.He didnt finish yesterday evening.He hadnt finished by yesterday evening.3、常用过去完成时的情况No soonerthan. HardlywhenNo sooner had he begun his speech than he was interruptedexpect, hope, think, want, suppose等动词的过去完成时(或一般时)表示想做而未做的事I had planned to send him a telegram, but I didnt manage it.4、使用过去完成时的必要性和非必要性句意十分清楚时，可用一般时After I finished, I went home.常用一般过去时表示依次发生的动作I got out of the taxi, paid the fare(车费) and managed it.有时必须明确，特别是含when时When I arrived, Ann left.(同时见到)(见到Ann)When I arrived, Ann had left.(先后发生)(没见到)5、常用过去完成时的时间主状语by the end of +过去时间 ; by + 过去时间by the time + 过去时间;过去时间 + before比较：By the time he was 11, he had learned 3000 words .By the time he is 11, he will have learned 3000 words.By the time last week, I had learned 3000 words.By the time next week, I will have learned 3000 words.一般过去时：过去开始过去结束现在完成时：过去开始现在结束过去完成时：过去的过去被动语态结构：be done各时态被动结构： is/are done was/were done is/are going to be done will/shall be done is/are to be done have/has been done is/are being done had been done was/were being done can/may/must be done 非谓语被动结构：to do to be done to have done-to have been done doing-being done having done-having been done否定：cant be done not to do hasnt been done ones not having done特例：get changed get charged get paid get married get hurt get punished get refused Its said that /Its reported that /It is well known that used to do-used to be doneeg: You are wanted on the phone. A dog was seen to run away.主动表被动1. The desk feel cold.2. Her novel sells well.3. This door wont open.4. The library opens at 8.5. The question is easy to answer.6. English is easy to learn.7. Who is to blame?8. The room needs/wants/requires cleaning/to be cleaned. 9. The novel is well worth reading a second time.10. He deserved locking/to be locked in prison all his life. 被动表主动1. He is always dressed in blue.2. Dressed in white, he looks handsome.3. Seated in the front row, he can hear teachers clearly.4. He is seated in the front row, doing his homework.5. My keys are lost/missing/gone.6. Lost in thought, he almost knocked into the tree .无被动词（组）happen /occur/take place/belong to/have/hold/catch/own/know/get/enjoy doing/live a happy life/dream a good dream名词性从句（1）定义：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句在整个句子中所起的作用,相当于一个名词。因此,这四种从句通称为名词性从句。如： That he came back made us very happy.（主语从句）I wonder whether/if he is fit for the job.（宾语从句）The problem is who will be equal to the task.（表语从句）Word came that he would come to see us all.（同位语从句）（2）关联词：引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类: 连接词:that, whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分) 连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 连接副词:when, where, how, why（3）注意事项要正确运用名词性从句，必须注意以下几点： that和what都可以引导名词性从句，但that是连接词，本身无词义，仅起连接作用，不在从句中担任任何成份；what是连接代词，不仅引导名词性从句，而且在从句中充当一定的成份，如主语、宾语或表语。例如：That he stole a bike was true. 他偷了一部自行车是真的。The important thing is what you do, but not what you say. 重要的是你做什么，而不是说什么。 在名词性从句中一律用陈述句的语序，即使从句表达的是疑问含义。如：The problem is what he has done to the little boy. 问题是他对那个小男孩做了些什么。 连接代词whoever，whatever，whichever可引导名词性从句，相当于anyone who, anything that等。他们也可以引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter who/ what/ which。如：Whoever breaks the law should be punished. 任何违法的人都要受到惩罚。 whether和if均可引导动词后的宾语从句，常可互换。但从句中有or not时或介词宾语从句中只能用whether连接。其他名词性从句，如主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句只用whether连接，不用if。如：I dont care about whether you have money or not. 我并不在意你是否有钱。 doubt用于肯定结构时，后面用whether/ if引导名词性从句；用于否定结构或疑问结构时，后面用that引导名词性从句。be sure 用于肯定句或疑问句时，后接that引导的名词性从句；用于否定句时，后接whether/ if引导的名词性从句。如： We doubt whether/ if he can win the game.我们怀疑他是否能赢得这场比赛。 与“命令、要求、建议”等相关的名词性从句中通常用虚拟语气，虚拟语气的构成是“should动词原形”或省去should，直接用动词原形。如：She insisted that she not be sent to the countryside.她坚持不被派到农村去。但是，如果suggest作“表明、暗示”讲，insist作“坚持说、坚持认为”讲，则其后的宾语从句中应该用陈述语气。如：The smile on his face suggested that he had passed the examination. 他脸上的微笑表明他已经通过了考试。 具体说来，各种名词性从句又有各自的注意事项。如下： 主语从句 单个的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如果是两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。如： Where and when he was born has not been found. 他出生在何时何地还不知道。When the person was murdered and why he was murdered are still unknown. 那个人何时被谋杀，为什么被谋杀尚不知道。 连接词that引导的主语从句放在句首时，that不能省略。但为避免头重脚轻，可以用it作为形式主语，而把主语从句放到后面。如果that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，必须以it作形式主语而把主语从句后置。如：Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 那个科学家下个星期给我们作报告是真的吗？ 宾语从句 引导宾语从句的连接词that一般可以省略，但如果有二个或二个以上的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略。如：He said (that) the text was very difficult and that we had to work hard at it.他说课文很难，我们必须努力学习。 宾语从句的谓语动词时态受主句谓语动词的影响，如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句中的谓语动词可以用各种时态；如果主句中的谓语动词用了一般过去时，则从句中的谓语动只能用过去时的某种形式，但如果从句表达的是客观真理或客观存在则不受此影响。如：We believed that he had earned enough money to build a house.我们相信他已经挣够足够的钱来建造房屋。 当主句是I/ We think ( suppose, expect, believe, guess, imagine) 时，其后的宾语从句如果是否定形式，常把否定词not从从句中转移到主句中，成为否定的转移。如：We dont believe that he will win the game. 我们相信他不会赢得这场比赛。 如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则必须用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置，that不能省略。如：He has made it clear that he will not give in. 他清楚地表明他不会屈服。 介词后的宾语从句一般不用which和if引导，要用whether和what。that也很少引导介词宾语从句，只在except, but, besides等之后才用。如：I could say nothing but that I was angry.我无话可说，只是感到生气。 同位语从句同位语从句一般跟在某些表示抽象概念的名词后（如news, idea, information, fact, hope, thought, belief等），用来说明名词所表示的具体内容，引导同位语从句的连接词通常有that, whether和连接副词when, where, why, how；连接代词who，what，whose，which通常不能引导同位语从句。如：I have no idea when she will be back.我不知道他何时回来。Words came that she han been admitted into a key college. 表语从句if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句。如：All this was over 20 years ago, but its as if was only yesterday.这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。定语从句一、 概述在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词，用作定语的从句叫做定语从句(attributive clause)。被定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词(antecedent)。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词who、whom、whose、which、that和关系副词when、where、why等。二、关系代词和关系副词的功用能关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词可作定语从句的一个成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语；关系副词可作状语。1、作主语关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数应与先行词一致。All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需要的是大量的油。（引导词that在句中作主语）A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是会飞的机器。（引导词that在句中作主语）The foreigner who visited our class yesterday is from Canada.昨天到我班来访的外国人来自加拿大。（引导词who在句中作主语）They planted the trees which didnt need much water. 他们种植了需水不多的树木。（引导词which在句中作主语）2、作宾语在定语从句里作宾语的关系代词在口语中常被省去The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. 我煮的面条美味可口。（引导词that，可省略）The fish (which) we bought wes not fresh. 我们买的鱼不新鲜。（引导词which，可省略）The person to (whom) you just talked is Mr.Li. 刚才你与其交谈的人是李先生。（引导词whom，不可省略）3、作定语关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。 This is the boy whose mother is our Chinese teacher. 这就是那个男孩，他母亲是我们的语文老师。注意：关系代词whose在从句中与它所修饰的词一起作介词宾语时，可以跟介词放在主语和从句之间。 The boss in whose company Mr. Kang worked called at the hospital. 老板到医院拜访了康先生，康先生在他的公司里工作。4、作状语关系副词where, when和why在定语从句中分别作地点状语、时间状语和原因状语。Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm. 我将永远不会忘记我们在农场工作的那段日子。The factory where his father works is in the west of the city. 他父亲工作的那个工厂在城市的西部。This is the reason why he came late. 这就是他来晚的理由。三、关系代词的用法英语中的关系代词有who，whom，whose，which，that和as。它们的用法如下：1、who，whom的用法who和whom指人，who在定语从句中作主语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。In the beginning, people who bought the tomato often got angry. 起初，买到西红柿的人常常会生气。(作主语)The person (whom) you should write to is Mr. Ball. 你应该给他写信的人是波尔先生。(whom作宾语能省略)His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818. 他很爱你的母亲，她于1818年去世了。（whom引导非限制性定语从句，作宾语但不能省略）2、whose的用法whose 指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时常可用of which取代。I have a friend whose father is a mayor. 我有个朋友，他父亲是市长。We lived in a house whose window