Unit 1 School life Section Ⅱ 导学案.doc

Unit 1 School life Section Grammar导学案语法指南定语从句()1定语从句的定义定语从句是指在句子中起定语作用，修饰句中名词、代词或前面整个句子的从句。分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。2定语从句的几个术语先行词关系词被修饰的名词或代词，称为先行词。定语从句一般紧跟在被修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做关系词。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。引导定语从句的代词称为关系代词，而引导定语从句的副词称为关系副词。名词代词关系代词关系副词that指代人或物when指代时间which指代物who指代主格或宾格的人whom指代宾格的人where指代地点whose指代人或物的所有格as指代物或事情，表示“正如、正像那样”why指代原因 注意：(1)关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中要担任句子成分。(2)当关系代词在定语从句中担任主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词要与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。3关系代词的基本用法(1)who：先行词是表示人的词，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略。The woman who is speaking at the meeting is a famous lawyer.那个正在会上发言的女士是一位著名的律师。Do you know the girl who is standing over there？你认识站在那边的那个女孩吗？He is the man (who) you have been looking for.他就是你一直要找的那个人。(2)whom：先行词是表示人的词，在定语从句中作宾语，常可以省略。Do you know the girl(whom)I spoke to just now？刚才和我说话的女孩你认识吗？(3)whose：先行词既可以是表示人的词也可以是表示物的词，意思是“的”，在定语从句中作定语。Is there any room whose window faces the sea？有窗户朝向大海的房间吗？I know a student whose handwriting is very good.我认识一位书法很好的学生。(4)that：先行词既可以是表示人的词也可以是表示物的词，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略。有时可与who或whom换用，但是在非限制性定语从句中或者作介词宾语时，只能使用who或whom。The woman that(who)is speaking at the meeting is a famous lawyer.Do you know the girl that(who)is standing over there？Do you know the girl that(whom)I spoke to just now？Yesterday we visited a factory that produces computers.昨天我们参观了一个生产计算机的工厂。I lost the bike (that) he gave me on my birthday.我把他在我生日时送给我的自行车弄丢了。(5)which：先行词是表示物的词，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略，有时可与that互换，但是在非限制性定语从句中或者作介词宾语时，只能使用which。Yesterday we visited a factory which(that)produces computers.The pen which/that Tom bought yesterday is very cheap.汤姆昨天买的那支钢笔很便宜。(6)as通常是在特定的句型中引导定语从句，带有特定的含义“正如、 正像那样”，在定语从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。通常用于下列结构中：the same.as.，such.as.，so.as.，As is known/reported，.等。I saw a beautiful house that/which I had never seen before.I saw such a beautiful house as I had never seen before.I saw so beautiful a house as I had never seen before.可以看出，当先行词被such或so修饰时，定语从句的引导词就只能用as了。小结：关系代词先行词在从句中的作用who指人主语或宾语whom指人宾语that指人或物主语或宾语which指物主语或宾语whose指“人的”或“物的”定语as指人或物主语或宾语或表语4.几组关系代词的区别：(1)多数情况下，关系代词which和that可互换，但在下列情况下，只用that，不用which：当先行词既指人又指物时。They talked about the things and people that they saw in that country.他们谈论起他们在那个国家看到的物和人。当先行词为不定代词all，one，few，little，no，some，any，everything，nothing，nobody，none等时。如：All that can be done has been done.所有能做的都已经做了。当先行词被only，just，very，right，last等修饰时。如：This is the very house that I am after all these days.这就是我近来所要找的房子。当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。It is the first letter that I have written in French.这是我用法语写的第一封信。当先行词是形容词最高级或被最高级修饰时。The TV tower is the tallest building that has been built in this city.该电视塔是这个城市最高的建筑物。在以who，which开头的句子中，为了避免重复，关系代词用that。Who is the man that is beating my brother over there？在那儿打我兄弟的人是谁？当关系代词在定语从句中充当表语时。They are no longer the men that they used to be.他们不再是从前那样的人了。(2)who和that都可指人，在从句中作主语或宾语，但在下列情况下，多用who：当先行词是one，ones，anyone，those等不定代词时。Those who respect others are usually respected by others.尊重别人的人通常会得到别人的尊重。在there be开头的句子中。如：There are many young men who are against the plan.许多年轻人反对这一计划。但是，当主句是由who开头的疑问句时，关系代词多用that。Who is the boy that won the gold medal？获得金牌的男孩是谁？5定语从句的主要考点及应对策略：(1)主要考点：定语从句引导词的选择。定语从句中的主谓一致。(2)应对策略：要解决定语从句引导词的选择问题可以分三步：确定先行词。将先行词代入从句中。将代入从句中的先行词改成合适的引导词。如：We still remember the day _ we spent doing the experiment.定语从句we spent doing the experiment的先行词是前面的名词the day。将the day代入定语从句中，发现它作spent的宾语，即we spent the day doing the experiment，先行词指物，在定语从句中作宾语，故可填that或which。I will never forget the days _ we worked together in that factory.要选择定语从句we worked together in that factory的引导词，首先要确定先行词，根据定语从句的定义以及句子结构可知其先行词是the days。将the days代入从句中，发现它只能与介词in一起构成介词短语作从句的时间状语，这时可以将先行词转化为关系代词which，用in which来引导定语从句；也可以把先行词及其前的介词一起转化为关系副词when，用when来引导定语从句。定语从句中的主谓一致问题一般出现在定语从句的先行词是“one of the复数名词”且定语从句的引导词在从句中充当主语时。这时要注意看one前边有没有定冠词如果有则定语从句中的谓语动词用单数形式，如果没有则定语从句中的谓语动词用复数形式。如：Liu