Unit 2(鄢家利).ppt

Unit2Physics LearningObjectives understandandutilizediscoursemovesinatextwriteasummaryorabstractforascientificpaper Physics QuantumComputingdevelopyourword buildingabilitiesinEST e g prefix multi super inter astro hypo antonym anti in developyourabilitytochangesentencesintonominalizedonesandcombineshortsentencesintoalongsentence developyourdiscourseunderstandingability Leadin Brainstorming What s 运动 力 动能和功 势能 能量守恒 引力 声波 振动 流体 波 温度 热量 电荷 电场 电势 电容 电流 电阻 电路 感应 电感 干涉 衍射 相对论 光子 物质波 核物理 核能 夸克 轻子 大爆炸 Leadin Brainstorming What s 运动movement 力force 动能和功kineticenergyandwork 势能potentialenergy 能量守恒conservationofenergy 引力gravitation 声波soundwave 振动oscillation 流体fluid 波wave 温度temperature 热量heat 电荷electriccharge 电场electricfield Leadin Brainstorming What s 电势electricpotential 电容capacitance 电流current 电阻resistance 电路circuit 感应induction 电感inductance 干涉interference 衍射diffraction 相对论relativity 光子photon 物质波matterwave 核物理nuclearphysics 核能energyfromthenucleus 夸克quarks 轻子leptons 大爆炸thebigbang Pictures OurUniverse 已知最遥远的宇宙区域 照片中暗淡的微红色天体 celestialbody 是星系 galaxy 形成于大爆炸 bigbang 后6亿年 年代如此久远的星系还是第一次被观测到 OurUniverse 红色 氢气 和绿色 氧气 气体花冠 corolla 环绕在冰蓝色 iceblue 钻石 周围 这里的 钻石 实际上是一些已知的大质量恒星 massivestar 其中一些的质量是太阳的100倍 宇宙中圣诞节日景象 OurUniverse 蝴蝶 状天体是一个行星状星云 planetarynebula 位于星云中间的恒星在尘埃团 cloudofdust 的影响下 显得特别昏暗 它的质量曾是我们的太阳的5倍 在过去2千年间 这颗恒星把包裹在它外层的大部分气体都驱散开 形成如梦如幻的 蝴蝶翅膀 这两个 翅膀 的延伸长度大约是2光年 lightyear 哈勃望远镜发现太空 蝴蝶 OurUniverse 天文学家认为 多数质量很大的星系中央都有超大质量黑洞 SupermassiveBlackHoles 虽然他们尚不确定星系和黑洞哪个最先出现 黑洞喷射高能粒子束 视频 hk search q dark energy hl zh CN newwindow 1 safe strict tbm vid prmd ivns source lnms ei e20KTvOyKuqhmQWV58WOAQ sa X oi mode link ct mode cd 3 ved 0CCoQ AUoAg biw 1024 bih 577 TeachingProcedures Pre readingTask 1 Post readingTask 2 Pre readingTask Quantumphysicsisthestudyofthebehaviorofmatterandenergyatthemolecular atomic nuclear andevensmallermicroscopiclevels Intheearly20thcentury itwasdiscoveredthatthelawsthatgovernmacroscopicobjectsdonotfunctionthesameinsuchsmallrealms Pre readingTask Darkmatterisahypothesizedformofmatterparticlethatdoesnotreflectoremitelectromagneticradiation Theexistenceofdarkmatterisinferredfromgravitationaleffectsonvisiblematter suchasstarsandgalaxies Pre readingTask Asmallpercentageofthegravitationaleffectsobservedarefromvisiblematter someestimatesareaslowas4 oftotalgravitationaleffects Theremaining96 ispresumedtoresultfromdarkmatterordarkenergy thoughthesetermsaresomewhatindicativeofourignoranceoftheexactnatureoftheseunknownquantities astheyhaveneverbeendirectlyobserved Pre readingTask Onepossiblecandidatefordarkmatteraretheoreticalparticlesknownasweaklyinteractingmassiveparticles WIMPs whicharebeingsearchedforbytheCryogenicDarkMatterSearch CDMS experiment Pre readingTask Darkenergyisahypotheticalformofenergythatpermeatesspaceandexertsanegativepressure whichwouldhavegravitationaleffectstoaccountforthedifferencesbetweenthetheoreticalandobservationalresultsofgravitationaleffectsonvisiblematter Darkenergyisnotdirectlyobserved butratherinferredfromobservationsofgravitationalinteractionsbetweenastronomicalobjects alongwithdarkmatter Theterm darkenergy wascoinedbythetheoreticalcosmologistMichaelS Turner While readingTask LanguagePointsandSentencestructure BackgroundInformation WhatIsDarkEnergy TextUnderstanding TheAustralianNationalUniversity TheAustralianNationalUniversity commonlyabbreviatedtoANU isapublicresearchuniversitysituatedinCanberra Australia ItwasestablishedbyanactoftheParliamentofAustraliaon1August1946 withthelegislatedpurposeofconductingandpromotingresearchinAustralia TheUniversityisgovernedbya15 membercouncil ANUisamemberofseveraluniversityalliancesandcooperativenetworks includingtheGroupofEight Australianuniversities theAssociationofPacificRimUniversities theAssociationofUniversitiesforResearchinAstronomyandtheInternationalAllianceofResearchUniversities BackgroundInformation JohnsHopkinsUniversity BackgroundInformation TheDopplerEffect BackgroundInformation theUniversityofCalifornia Berkeley BackgroundInformation Foundedinthewakeofthegoldrushbyleadersofthenewlyestablished31ststate theUniversityofCalifornia sflagshipcampusatBerkeleyhasbecomeoneofthepreeminentuniversitiesintheworld Itsearlyguidinglights chargedwithprovidingeducation both practical and classical forthestate speople graduallyestablishedadistinguishedfaculty with21Nobellaureatestodate astellarresearchlibrary andmorethan350academicprograms theUniversityofCalifornia Berkeley BackgroundInformation ThisCaliforniainstitutionbecameacatalystofeconomicgrowthandsocialinnovation theplacewherevitaminEwasdiscovered alostScarlattioperafound thefluvirusidentified andthenation sfirstno faultdivorcelawdrafted ScholarsatBerkeleyhaveconductedgroundbreakingresearchonurbanstreetgangsandonbasichumannutritionalrequirements identifiedwhywartimesupplyshipswerefailingatsea inventedtechnologiestobuildfasterandcheapercomputerchips andimagedtheinfantuniverse theUniversityofCalifornia Berkeley BackgroundInformation ThisCaliforniainstitutionbecameacatalystofeconomicgrowthandsocialinnovation theplacewherevitaminEwasdiscovered alostScarlattioperafound thefluvirusidentified andthenation sfirstno faultdivorcelawdrafted ScholarsatBerkeleyhaveconductedgroundbreakingresearchonurbanstreetgangsandonbasichumannutritionalrequirements identifiedwhywartimesupplyshipswerefailingatsea inventedtechnologiestobuildfasterandcheapercomputerchips andimagedtheinfantuniverse TextOrganizationandMainIdea Briefintroductiontodarkenergy Darkenergyis whichtugsgalaxiesawayfromeachother Part1 Paras 1 3 MainIdea Para 1 anunexplainedforce TextUnderstanding TextOrganizationandMainIdea Darkenergyissomewhatlike Part1 Paras 1 3 Para 2 Para 3 anti gravity Darkenergyisscientists hypotheticformofenergytoexplaintheuniverse s justificationforthearticle expansion TextUnderstanding TextOrganizationandMainIdea The ofdarkenergy confoundingexpectations Thediscoveryofdarkenergyisa ofscienceconfoundingexpectations Part2 Paras 4 9 MainIdea Para 4 discovery case TextUnderstanding TextOrganizationandMainIdea Expertsexpectedthatgravityhad theuniverse srateofexpansion Theuniverse srateofexpansionwas Part2 Paras 4 9 Para 5 Para 6 speedingup sloweddown TextUnderstanding TextOrganizationandMainIdea Theresultwasbeyondexperts whichcausedmuchnervouslaughter Themeasurementsofsupernovaeprovidedtheevidencethattheuniverse srateof wasspeedingup Part2 Paras 4 9 Para 7 Para 8 ballooning expectations TextUnderstanding TextOrganizationandMainIdea Thescientistsobservedmanysupernovaeatdifferentdistancestodeterminehowfasttheyare fromus Part2 Paras 4 9 Para 9 speedingaway TextUnderstanding TextOrganizationandMainIdea Therateoftheexpansionoftheuniverse shockingresults Therateoftheuniverse sexpansionis Part3 Paras 10 13 MainIdea Para 10 accelerating TextUnderstanding TextOrganizationandMainIdea Moreresearchesdonebyotherexpertsalsoshowthesame Einstein s hasbeenrevivedtoexplainthepuzzlingfindings Part3 Paras 10 13 Para 11 Para 12 cosmologicalconstant results TextUnderstanding TextOrganizationandMainIdea Thecosmologicalconstantisoneofthe theoriestoexplaintheexpansionoftheuniverse Part3 Paras 10 13 Para 13 leading TextUnderstanding TextOrganizationandMainIdea Thedifferencebetweendarkenergyanddarkmatter The ofdarkenergyanddarkmatter Part4 Paras 14 16 MainIdea Para 14 confusion TextUnderstanding TextOrganizationandMainIdea Darkmatterisan hypothesizedformofmatter Darkmatteranddarkenergyseemtomakeupmostofthe Part4 Paras 14 16 Para 15 Para 16 massoftheuniverse invisible TextUnderstanding TextOrganizationandMainIdea Thediscoveryofdarkenergymakessomepeoplebelievethatthereareseveral Part5 Para 17 Para 17 universes TextUnderstanding LanguagePointsandSentencestructure 1Darkenergyisthenamegiventoanunexplainedforcethatisdrawinggalaxiesawayfromeachother againstthepullofgravity atanacceleratedpace 2Darkenergyisabitlikeanti gravity Wheregravitypullsthingstogetheratthemorelocallevel darkenergytugsthemapartonthegranderscale What sIsDarkEnergy Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure 3Itsexistenceisn tproven butdarkenergyismanyscientists bestguesstoexplaintheconfusingobservationthattheuniverse sexpansionisspeedingup Expertsstilldon tknowwhat sdrivingthisforce butthequesttolearnmoreaboutdarkenergyisoneofcosmologists toppriorities Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure Confoundingexpectations4Thestoryofhowdarkenergywasdiscoveredisaclassiccaseofscienceconfoundingexpectations 5Inthemid 1990s astronomerssetouttomeasurehowfasttheuniversewasexpanding Becausegravitydrawsmasstogether mostexpertsexpectedtofindthatgravityhadsloweddowntheuniverse srateofballooning orperhapsthattheratewasstayingaboutthesame Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure 7 Thedatawasn tbehavingaswethoughtitwould Therewasalotofnervouslaughter saidBrianSchmidtoftheAustralianNationalUniversity1inCanberra wholedateamalongwithJohnsHopkinsUniversityastrophysicistAdamRiessthathelpeddiscoverdarkenergyin1998 6Instead itappearedthattheexpansionwasdoingneither itwasspeedingup Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure 8Theevidencewasbasedonmeasurementsofbrightexplodingstars calledsupernovae thatastronomerswereusingaslamppoststotrackdistance Bylookingfartheraway scientistsareabletopeerbackintime sincethelightfromdistantobjectshastakenbillionsofyearstoreachus Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure 9Thescientistsobservedmanysupernovaeatdifferentdistancestodeterminehowfasttheyarespeedingawayfromus Theymeasuredtheobjects red shift orhowmuchtheirlighthadbeenchangedduetotheDopplerEffect1 whichisthecompressionorexpansionofwavesthatoccurswhenanobjectismovingtowardorawayfromyou Ananalogyisthesirenofanambulancethatchangespitchasitmovestowardyou thenpassesyouandheadstheotherway itswavesarefirstcompressed thenstretched Thesemeasurementsgaveastronomersapictureofhowfasttheuniversewasexpandingatdifferentpointsinitshistory Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure 11 Atfirstwewerereluctanttobelieveourresult saidSaulPerlmutter anastrophysicistattheLawrenceBerkeleyLaboratoryoftheUniversityofCalifornia Berkeley wholedacompetingteamthatfoundthesameresultsasSchmidtandRiess Butthemoreweanalyzedit themoreitwouldn tgoaway Shockingresults10Theresearchersalsofoundthattheuniverseisexpandingfastertodaythanatanytimeinthepast Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure 12Toexplainthesepuzzlingfindings somescientistshaverevivedanoldideaofEinstein sthathadbeendiscardedasfalse thatthevacuumofspacehasenergyinitthatactsrepulsivelyandacceleratestheexpansionoftheuniverse Einsteincalledthisideathecosmologicalconstant andreferredtoitashis biggestblunder 13Nowthecosmologicalconstantisoneoftheleadingtheoriesofwhytheuniverseisblowinguplikeaballoonatever increasingspeed Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure Darkmatter14Darkenergyissometimesconfusedwiththesimilarlymysteriousdarkmatter thoughthetwoareseparateentities 15Darkmatterisahypothesizedformofmatterthatdoesn tinteractwithlight soitisinvisible Astronomersdeduceditspresencebynotingitsgravitationalpullonstarsingalaxies Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure 16Takentogether darkmatteranddarkenergyseemtomakeupmostofthemassoftheuniverse matterandenergyareconsideredtobetwoformsofthesamething thankstoEinstein sfamousequationE mc21 Darkenergyisthoughttoaccountfor74percentoftheuniverse whiledarkmatteraddsabout22percent andnormal visiblemattercontributesapuny4percent Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure 17Asifthediscoveryofdarkenergyweren tbizarreenough ithasstirredupawholehostofotherissues Forexample darkenergyaddsfueltothefireofbelieversinmultipleuniverses ortheideathatourownexistenceisjustoneofcountlessworldsinwhichtheconstantsandconditionsaredifferent Theremightbeotheruniversesinwhichdarkenergydoesn texist andtheuniversedoesslowinitsexpansion cosmologistssay Maybethat swhyouruniverseissopeculiar Text1 1 Darkenergyisthenamegiventoanunexplainedforcethatisdrawinggalaxiesawayfromeachother againstthepullofgravity atanacceleratedpace Darkenergyisanunexplainedforce Theforceisdrawinggalaxiesawayatafasterandfasterspeed Andtheforceovercomesthepullofgravity anti gravity LanguagePointsandSentencestructure thenamegivento 2 指的是 称为 Itwasthenamegiventopermanentcloudyareasintheskyoutsideoursolarsystem 它指的是位于天空中太阳系以外的固定云状区域 僵尸网络是指被黑客劫持的电脑组成的网络 可被用来制造垃圾邮件 Abotnetisthenamegiventoanetworkofhijackedcomputersthatcanbeusedtopumpoutspam Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure drawaway 3 拉开 引开 离开 Onthefourthlap hestartedtodrawawayfromtherest 跑到第四圈 他开始把其余的人都甩到后面去了 Themomenthebegantobullyherandtobeunjust shebegantodrawaway 从他开始对她专横跋扈 蛮不讲理那一刹起 她就疏远了他 Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure atanacceleratedpace rate 4 加速 Currently theworldpopulationisagingatanacceleratedpaceandtheissueofaginghasbecomeincreasinglyprominent 当前 世界人口老龄化速度加快 老龄问题日益突出 自2006年开始 每个季度AT T公司的固话用户都在加速流失 AT Thasbeenlosinglandlinesubscriberseachquarteratanacceleratedratesince2006 Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure 反对 反对派 5 anti anti satellitemissile 反恐机构 anti smoking anti trustrulings anti infectivetreatments anti terroristoperation Anti DopingAgency anti cancer 反吸烟 反垄断裁定 抗感染药物 反卫星导弹 反兴奋剂中心 抗癌 anti consumer 反消费 Text1 6 Thestoryofhowdarkenergywasdiscoveredisaclassiccaseofscienceconfoundingexpectations Thestoryisaclassiccase Whatkindofstory Andthecaseisaboutscienceconfoundingexpectations Howdarkenergywasdiscovered Themainstructure LanguagePointsandSentencestructure aclassiccaseof 7 典型的 你只不过是典型的考前恐慌而已 Youjusthadaclassiccaseofpr testworry Youmaybeheadedtowardaclassiccaseofdeathfromoverwork 你可能正符合典型的 过劳死 症状 Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure slowdown 8 减缓 减慢 Realestateinvestmentin2010willalsoslowdown duetohighprices 2010年房地产投资将会因为高价格而放慢 Theyneedreminderstoslowdowntothepaceoffamilylifeandshowtheircareforlovedones 人们需要经常被提醒一下 以便停下来关照一下家庭生活 并向心上人表达关爱 Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure ballooning 9 膨胀 Chinamustrealisethatitsballooningforeignreservesareaproblem 中国必须意识到 其不断膨胀的外汇储备是一个问题 Billhasagreatsenseofhumor cantellawonderfulstoryatthedropofahat andgoeshotairballooningforrelaxation 比尔很有幽默感 随时都可以讲出一个奇妙的故事 并且会吹牛解闷 Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure 宇宙 天文 10 astro astro physics astro speak astronavigation 占星学 宇宙航行 宇宙物理学 Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure 超级 11 super super cities 超星系团 super richcountry super computer superstar supercluster superposition superscript 超级富国 超级计算机 超级明星 超级城 叠加 重合 标在上方的 上标 subscript 下标 Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure 动词变名词 12 al revive signal signature arrive refuse approve sign survive arrival refusal approval revival survival Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure referto as 13 参考 涉及 Whenyou resad youpaymoreattentiontonewinformationintheoutsideworld astyleofthinkingpsychologistsrefertoas accommodative 当你悲伤时 你会更加关注外部世界的新信息 心理学家把这类思维称为 适应性 思维 这就是科学家们所说的 克隆 Thisiswhatmostscientistsrefertoas cloning Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure blowup 14 放大 爆发 爆炸 Ihavetostopatthegasstationtoblowupmyfronttires 我不得不在加油站停下来给我的汽车前轮充气 敌人奸细密谋炸毁那工厂 Enemyagentsplottedtoblowuptheplant Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure beconfusedwith 15 与 混淆 Acidityshouldnotbeconfusedwithsour whichhasanunpleasant negativeflavorcharacteristic 酸度与酸味不同 酸味是令人不快的不好的口味特征 严格的说 企业文化和组织文化不应该混为一谈 Inastrictsense corporateculturecannotbeconfusedwithorganizationculture Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure 在 下 次 次于 不足 16 hypo hypofunction hypotension hypothesis hypocenter hypertension 低血压 假设 震源 功能不良 高血压 Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure 在一起 交互 17 inter interfaces 种族间的 internet interconnect inter Korean inter ethnic inter governmental 因特网 使互相连接 朝韩的 接口 界面 政府间的 Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure 不 18 in incorrect 不够 inequality inability injustice inadequate inconsistent indefinite 不平等性 无能力 不公平 不准确的 不一致 不确定的 无限的 inelastic 无弹性的 无适应性的 Text1 19 Darkenergyisthoughttoaccountfor74percentoftheuniverse whiledarkmatteraddsabout22percent andnormal visiblemattercontributesapuny4percent Darkenergyaccountsfor74percent Andnormal visiblemattertakesuponly4percent Darkmatterisabout22percent Whatistheuniversemadeupof Andwhat stherespectiveproportion LanguagePointsandSentencestructure addfueltothefire 20 火上加油 Youshouldstoptheirquarrel Don taddfueltothefire 你应制止他们的争论 不要火上浇油 I mafraidthemovewillonlyaddfueltothefire 我认为那个提议只会火上浇油 Text1 LanguagePointsandSentencestructure 21 less loveless 不安的 colorless hopeless faithless restless voiceless countless 暗淡的 无希望的 没有信仰的 无爱的 无声的 数不尽的 Text1 形容词否定后缀 ReadingComprehension Exercise3 Post readingTask 1 hypothetical 2 anti gravity 3 ballooning 4 expectations 5 blowingup 6 revive 7 cosmologicalconstant 8 entities 9 accountsfor 10 addsfueltothefire VocabularyandStructure Exercise1 Post readingTask 1 multivibrator 2 revival 3 Superclusters 4 countless 5 interconnect 6 Astrophysics 7 hypocenter 8 Anti consumerism 9 compression 10 inelastic VocabularyandStructure Exercise2 Post readingTask 1 atanacceleratedrate 2 onamuchgranderscale 3 aclassiccaseof 4 slowdown 5 basedon 6 referto 7 beconfusedwith 8 makeup 9 awholehostof 10 addfueltothefire VocabularyandStructure Exercise3 Post readingTask 1 ItseemsthattherateofexpansionoftheUniverseisaccelerating drivenbytheso calleddarkenergy 2 Thenatureofthe darkenergy thatiscausingtheapparentacceleratedexpansionoftheUniverseis withoutdoubt thebiggestmysteryinphysicsandastronomy 3 Althoughitwasastrophysicalobservationsoftheaccelerationthatledtothediscoveryofdarkenergy therearefewteststhatcanbeperformedtoworkoutwhatdarkenergyis VocabularyandStructure Exercise3 Post readingTask 4 Wecaninferthepresenceofdarkmatterthroughindirectmethods despitenotbeingabletoseeit 5 Overthepastdecade researchershavereportedseveralimpressivediscoveriesaimedatcontrollingtheflowoflightinwaysthatdefycommonintuition VocabularyandStructure Exercise4 Post readingTask 1 Thediscoveryofdarkenergyisaclassiccaseofscienceconfoundingexpectations 2 Thethesisgivesananalysisofthespecificproblemandoffersasolutiontoit 3 Theaccuracyoftheresultsoftheexperimentisdoubtful VocabularyandStructure Exercise4 Post readingTask 4 Theobservationofmanysupernovaebyscientistsatdifferentdistancesdeterminesthespeedoftheirmovingawayfromus 5 Thefindingsoftheresearchersalsoshowthattheexpansionoftheunivers