生物化学biochemistryintroduction 课件

Biochemistry Introduction UniversitiesAnalysis Content BiochemistryBriefintroductionHistoryBiochemistry fromelementstoenvironmentsResearchBranchesTargetsandtechniques Harvard innerlife Biochemistry Brief Biochemistryisthestudyofchemicalprocessesinlivingorganisms Biochemistrygovernsalllivingorganismsandlivingprocesses Bycontrollinginformationflowthroughbiochemicalsignallingandtheflowofchemicalenergythroughmetabolism biochemicalprocessesgiverisetothecomplexityoflife enzyme catalyzedreactions cellmetabolismendocrinesystemgeneticcode DNA RNA proteinsynthesis cellmembranetransportandsignaltransductionBiohazardI III alcoholicfermentation yeast ANDstructures functionsandinteractionsofcellularcomponentssuchasproteins carbohydrates lipids nucleicacidsandotherbiomolecules biopolymers Monomers similarrepeatingsubunitssubunittypes eg proteinisapolymerwhosesubunitsareselectedfromasetof20ormoreaminoacids Almostallareasofthelifesciencesfrombotanytomedicineareengagedinbiochemicalresearch Importantdiscoveries 1828 FriedrichW hler provedorganiccompoundscanbecreatedartificially 1833 AnselmePayen thefirstenzyme diastase 1947 GertyCori CarlCori NobelPrizefortheirdiscoveryoftheCoricycle 1953 HansAdolfKrebs NobelPrize Krebscycle citricacidcycle 1956 JamesD Watson FrancisCrick NobelPrize DNAstructure genetransferinformation 1958 GeorgeBeadle EdwardTatum NobelPrize onegeneproducesoneenzyme 2006 AndrewZ Fire CraigC Mello NobelPrize RNAiinthesilencingofgeneexpression 2009 VenkatramanRamakrishnan ThomasA Steitz NobelPrize ribosomeatomiclevelresearch History GertyCoriandCarlCori WatsonandCrick AndrewZ FireandCraigC Mello NobelPrizesputBiochemistryinthespotlight Biochemistry fundamentaloflifesciences Fromelementstoenvironments Chemicalelements molecules cells individuals environments Elements Mostearthorganismssharechemicalelementneeds 6elements carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen calcium andphosphorus makeupalmost99 ofthemassofahumanbody Humansrequiresmalleramountsofpossibly18more Aroundtwodozenofthe94naturally occurringchemicalelementsareessentialtovariouskindsofbiologicallife MostrareelementsonEartharenotneededbylife exceptionsbeingseleniumandiodine whileafewcommonones aluminumandtitanium arenotused Thefourmainclassesofmoleculesinbiochemistryarecarbohydrates lipids proteins andnucleicacids Dehydrationsynthesis Monomers micromolecules polymers macromolecules Biologicalactivity differentmacromolecules largercomplexes glucose C6H12O6 Molecules Carbohydrates Energystorageandprovidingstructure celltocellinteractionsandcommunications Monosaccharides includeglucose C6H12O6 fructose C6H12O6 anddeoxyribose C5H10O4 dehydrationsynthesis monosaccharides Disaccharides Oligosaccharides polysaccharidesDisaccharidesSucrose glucose fructose themostfamiliarcarbohydrate Lactose glucose galactose lactoseintolerance lactasedecreases Oligosaccharidesandpolysaccharidesonelonglinearchain orbranched cellulose plants glycogen animal Amoleculeofsucrose glucose fructose adisaccharide GlycolysisGlucose glycolysis pyruvate ATP NAD NADH Thisdoesnotrequireoxygen anaerobicifnooxygenisavailable theNADisrestoredbyconvertingthepyruvatetolactate lacticacid e g inhumans ortoethanolpluscarbondioxide e g inyeast AerobicInaerobiccellswithsufficientoxygen asinmosthumancells pyruvateisfurthermetabolizedtoacetyl CoA citricacidcycle ATP NADH Lipids Atriglyceridewithaglycerolmoleculeontheleftandthreefattyacidscomingoffit Lipids especiallyphospholipids arealsousedinvariouspharmaceuticalproducts eitherasco solubilisersorelseasdrugcarriercomponents e g inaliposomeortransfersome Mostlipidshavesomepolarcharacterinadditiontobeinglargelynonpolar amphiphilicmolecules havingbothhydrophobicandhydrophilicportions Inthecaseofcholesterol thepolargroupisamere OH hydroxyloralcohol Proteins Proteinsarelargemoleculesmadefromaminoacids Thereare20standardaminoacids eachcontainingacarboxylgroup anaminogroup andaside chain knownasan R group Whenaminoacidscombine theyformaspecialbondcalledapeptidebondthroughdehydrationsynthesis andbecomeapolypeptide orprotein Longerstretchesmeritthetitleproteins Asanexample theimportantbloodserumproteinalbumincontains585aminoacidresidues Antibodiesareanexampleofproteinsthatattachtoonespecifictypeofmolecule Probablythemostimportantproteins however aretheenzymes Thestructureofproteinsisdescribedinahierarchyoffourlevels sickle celldisease hemoglobin glutamateresidueatposition6withavalineresiduechangeIngestedproteinsareusuallybrokenupintosingleaminoacidsthenbejoinedtogethertomakenewproteins Humansandothermammalscannotsynthesizeessentialaminoacids Nucleicacids NucleicacidsarethemoleculesthatmakeupDNA Themostcommonnucleicacidsaredeoxyribonucleicacid DNA andribonucleicacid RNA Themostcommonnucleotidesareadenine cytosine guanine thymine anduracil Asidefromthegeneticmaterialofthecell nucleicacidsoftenplayaroleassecondmessengers aswellasformingthebasemoleculeforATP Eachnucleotidesconsistsofthreecomponents anitrogenousheterocyclicbase eitherapurineorapyrimidine apentosesugar andaphosphategroup Cells stemcelltherapy TheProsofStemCellResearch Individuals Environments UniversityofMichigan AnnArbor UCB Lupinesaddnitrogentothesoilthroughtheirmutuallybeneficialsymbiosiswithroot nodulatingbacteria Almostallareasofthelifesciencesfrombotanytomedicineareengagedinbiochemicalresearch Techniques chromatography X raydiffraction dualpolarisationinterferometry NMRspectroscopy radioisotopiclabeling electronmicroscopy massspectrometry bioinformatics computermodelingandsimulation chemicalsynthesis moleculardynamicssimulations mole