假设意义表达法.doc

Possible ways to express hypothetical/non-factual meaningI将来假设（subjunctive future）1. If + Present Tense ., S + will/shall + V . 结构If现在式，S未来式 说明if 分句用现在式，表示须具备的条件，主句用未来式表示可能的结果，整句含意为“如果，那么”。will 用于所有的人称，在 I 和 we 之后可用 shall 代替 will。若主句的主语为 I 或 we 时，可以用 shall 代替 will。像 if necessary（如果需要），if possible（如果可能），if so（如果这样）等固定词组实际上是省略了的 if 分句。If I lose my job, I will/shall go abroad. 如果我失业了，我就出国。If I have a headache, I will take an aspirin. 如果我头痛，我就服一片阿斯匹林。If it rains, we will stay at home. 如果下雨，我们将待在家里。If the weather clears, well go for a walk. 如果天晴，我们就去散步。If the weather doesnt clear, we wont go for a walk. 如果天不晴，我们就不去散步。Inflation may be rising, if (it is) so, prices will go up. 通货膨胀率可能上升。如果是这样，物价就会上涨。If possible, she wants to go with us. 可能的话，她想跟我们一起去。Sterling may fall, if (this should be) so, interest rates will rise. 英国货币可能贬值，如果果真如此，利率就会上升。2. If + Present Tense ., S + Modal Verb . 结构If + 现在式，主语情态助动词 说明本句型实为句型之变体。之所以用情态助动词，主要是因为说话者对可能的结果不是太肯定或者是想表达例如“必要”等之意。 we can go out. 如果明天天气好，我门可以出门。 we could go out. 如果明天天气好，我门能够出门。 we may go out. 如果明天天气好，我门可能出门。If it is fine tomorrow, we might go out. 如果明天天气好，我门可能出门。 we should go out. 如果明天天气好，我门宜于出门。 we ought to go out. 如果明天天气好，我门宜于出门。 we must go out. 如果明天天气好，我门必须出门。3. If I should ., Imperative Sentence. 结构If Ishould .祈使语气 说明代替，增加了条件的不确定性。本句型常用在想礼貌地提出要求或建议，或者想圆通地告诉他人该做什么事的场合。用 should 起始句子即可不用 if 而表示条件。这种用法比较正式，常用于诸如公函之中，而不用于日常会话。If you should see him, please give him my regards. 如果你见到他，请代我向他致意。Should you see him, please give him my regards. 如果你见到他，请代我向他致意。If you should happen to see him, please give him my regards. 如果你万一见到他，请代我向他致意。Should you happen to see him, please give him my regards. 如果你万一见到他，请代我向他致意。If you should write to her, send her my love. 如果你给她写信，请代我向她问候。Should you not wish our agent to call, please let us know.你若不希望我们的代理人去造访，请告之。Should you be interested in our offer, please contact us. 你若对我们的报价感兴趣，请与我们联系。4. If I should ., I will . 结构Ifshould，would（will）should（shall）等原形动词 说明这是表示 “与未来事实相反” 的假设，if 要用 should，译成“万一”。should可置于前，将 if 省略。的则视可能性做变化：若可能性低，则为过去式，若可能性高，则为现在式。should 可以提前，而将if省略。If he should come, I would tell him the truth. 万一他来，我会把真相告诉他。If he should come, I will tell him the truth. 万一他来，我一定会把真相告诉他。Should the boy come again, I would throw him out. 要是那男孩在来，我就把他撵出去。If it should rain, our plan would be spoiled. 万一下雨，我们的计划就泡汤了。Should that be true, the contract would be canceled. 假如那是真的，合约就该取消。Should another world war break out, what would become of human beings? 万一另一次世界大战爆发，人类将会发生什么事？5. If I were to ., I . 结构Ifwere to，wouldshould 等原形动词 说明这也是表示与未来状况相反的假设，与“if . should, .”大致相同，但“if . were to” 所表示的可能性更低，通常用以表示“与真理相反”的。If the sun were to rise in the west, he would pass the exam. 要是太阳从西边出来，他就会通过考试他不可能通过考试。If I were to be born again, I would like to be a bird. 我要是再活一次，我想当一回鸟。If the sun were to disappear, what would the earth be like? 万一太阳消失了，地球会变成什么样子？Were I to die tomorrow, what would my children do? 万一明天我死了，我的孩子们将怎么办呢？6. Imperative Sentence + Conj. + Main Clause结构祈使句连接词主句 说明表示须具备的条件，主句表示可能的结果。代替 if 分句进行评说提出要求，订立协议，提供建议或威胁等。的用法比 if 分句表示的更为紧迫。Provide the materials and well do the job. 提供材料，我们就做这活。Stop shouting or youll wake up the neighbors. 不要喊了，否则你会把邻居吵醒的。Put that down or else Ill smack you. 把它放下，不然我就揍你。Be there on time, otherwise youll create a bad impressio.要准时来，否则你会给人一个坏的印象。Fail to pay and theyll cut off the electricity. 你（如果）不付款，他们就要断电。Stop eating sweets or you wont get any dinner. 你如果不停止吃糖，你就不要吃饭。 Persevere and youll succeed. 坚持, 你就成功。7. As/So long as . 结构As/So long as 分句，SV . 说明此句型意为 “如果; 只要”。 As/So long as引导一个条件假设句，其功能相当于if。 So (As) long as you clear your desk by this evening, you can have tomorrow leave. 如果你到今晚把手头上的工作做完，你明天就可以休息。 As long as you drive carefully, you will be very safe. 如果你开车小心，你就会很安全。 You may eat anything, so long as you dont eat too much.只要不吃得太多，你可以吃任何东西。 As long as I live, I will help you. 只要我活着，我都会帮助你。 As long as you dont betray me, Ill do whatever you ask me to (do). 只要你不出卖我，要我做什么我都愿意。 Well ship the goods at an early time as long as there is a steamer. 只要有船，我们就尽早装货。 You will never be good students so long as you goof around. 如果你们成天游手好闲，就永远也成不了好学生。8. Provided/Providing (that). 结构Providedproviding（that）分句，SV . 说明此句型意为 “如果”。Provided/Providing (that) 引导假设条件句，其功能相当于 if。 Provided/Providing (that) you clear your desk by this evening, you can have tomorrow off. 如果你到今晚把手头上的工作做完，你明天就可以休息。 Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.如果没有反对意见的话，会就开到此为止。9. Suppose/Supposing (that) .结构Suppose/Supposing （that）分句，SV .说明此句型意为 “如果，假使”。Suppose/Supposing (that) 引导假设条件句，其功能相当于if。Suppose/ Supposing (that) we miss the train, what shall we do?如果我们误了火车，我们将怎么办？10. What if/Say . 结构What if/Say分句，SV . 说明此句型意为 “假设”。What if 和 Say 用来引导一个假设条件句，其义相当于 Let us suppose（让我们假设）。 What if/Say he goes home before us and cant get in? What will he do then? 假设他在我们之前赶到家而又进不去呢？那他怎么办呢？ What if/Say you were to run out of money? What would you do?假设你的钱用完了呢？你将怎么办呢？11. With luck . 结构With luck，主要分句 说明With luck 为含蓄假设条件句（即不用 if 直接引导）。with luck 意为 “如果幸运的话，如果运气好的话”。 With luck, well be there by tomorrow. 幸运的话，我们明天将到达那儿。（=If we are lucky） With luck, she will get the job. 如果幸运的话，她将得到那份工作。（=If she is lucky）12. Given (time, the chance, opportunity) 结构Given + N/that-分句，主要分句 说明此为含蓄假设条件句（即不用 if 直接引导）。Given time 意为“有的情况下; 如果有; 假定”。 Given time, they will probably agree. 给以时间的话，他们可能会同意。（=If they are given time/If we give them time）Giventimeandmoney,youllhaveachancetorealizeyourdream.Given good health, I hope to finish the work this year.在身体好的情况下，我希望今年把工作干完。Given that he can get the same treatment again, he is sure to get well.如果他能再得到同样的治疗，他肯定会好起来。 Given more time, I would have finished the test. 13. Assuming + that-从句 “假定, 会”assuming that: 假若,设想（表示 “假定”）given that, granted that, presuming that”可以与其换用。“assuming that.”中的that可省略, 但assume必须用现在分词形式, 该结构实际上等于“If we assume that”。assuming和given, supposing, provided/providing(that)等词一样可以引导状语，作用相当于if.Assuming that he is innocent, he must be set free. 假使他是无罪的, 就应当释放他。 Assuming that we all work at the same rate, we should be finished by January. 假定我们都以同样的速度干的话, 我们会在一月份完工.Assuming that this painting really is a Van Gogh, how much do you think it is worth? 如果这幅画真是凡高画的话, 你想会值多少钱?II. 现在假设 (subjunctive present)1. If I + V-ed, I would . 结构If过去式动词，主语过去式助动词（wouldshould 等）原形动词 说明这是与现在事实相反的假设句型。if 中的，不论为第几人称， 一律用 were，were 可置于主语前面，而省略 if。过去式除用 should（用于第一人称）、 would（用于第二、三人称）外，还可用不分人称的 could，might 和 ought to，它们与原形结合起来构成。If I knew his address, I could write to him. 如果我知道他的住址，我会写信给他。If I were free now, I might call on him. 如果我有时间，我可能会去看他。If you were in my shoes (=Were you in my shoes), what would you do? 如果你站在我的立场，你会怎么做？Were I rich enough, I would buy a sports car. 如果我有足够的钱，我就买一辆赛车了。How happy I would be if I were a few inches taller! 要是我再高几寸，我会好高兴。If I had a car, I could take her for a drive. 如果我有车， 我就带她去兜风了。If I had binoculars, I could see that comet clearly.如果我有望远镜，我就可以清楚地看见那颗彗星。2. It is time that . 结构It is（high）time（that）主语过去式动词 说明此句型意为“已经到了的时间了”。过去式处有时亦使用“should原形”。that也能用 to 来表示。It is time he went to bed. 该是他睡觉的时间了。It is time that you left for the duty. 该你当班了。It is time that you reflected upon your mistakes. 该是你反省思过的时候了。It is high time he should come to our house for dinner. 已经到了他该上咱家吃晚饭的时候了。It is time for somebody to teach you to behave yourself.该是有人教你应对进退之礼仪的时候了。3. If it were not for . 结构if it were not for名词分句，主语wouldshould 等原形动词/现在完成式 说明此句型意为“若非（有）”。此类句式专门用于表示与现在事实相反的亦可用“but for”或“without”代替。were 可以提前，省略 if，如例3。If it were not for his presence, I would punish you. 要不是他在场，我会处罚你的。But for your advice, I should have failed. 要不是你的忠告，我会失败的。But for music (=Were it not for music), life would be dull. 要不是音乐，人生会很无聊。If it were not for oxygen and nitrogen in the air, no man could live on the earth. 大气中如果没有氧和氮，人就无法生存于地球了。Without air, all living things would die. 若非空气，所有的生物都会死亡。Without newspaper, we would get behind the times. 要不是报纸，我们都赶不上时代了。I should be lonely, were it not for the birds and the flowers. 我会寂寞，若非有鸟也有花。Were it not for his help, I could not finish the work. 若非有他的帮助，我就不能完成这件工作。Were it not for science, we could not live a comfortable life.若非科学，我们无法过着舒适的生活。In the absence of water and air, nothing could live. 4. To hear him talk, . 结构To hear him talk，主要分句 说明此句型意为 “听某人谈话（的口气）”。从形式上看，To hear him talk 似为不定式词组，但实则为含蓄条件句（即不用 if 直接引导）。To hear him talk 相当于 If you could hear him talk。To hear him talk, youd think he was Prime Minister. 听他谈话（那口气），你会以为他是首相呢。 To hear you talk, Id think you were Prime Minister. 听你谈话（那口气），我还以为你是首相呢。III. 过去假设 (subjunctive past)1. If I had V-ed, I would have . 结构Ifhad过去分词，主语wouldshould 等现在完成式 说明这是与过去事实相反的假设。if 要用，则要用过去式（would，should，ought to，might，could）have过去。if 中的 had可置于前面，而省略 If。If I had seen him, I would have told him the truth. 如果我当时看见他，我会告诉他实情。I could have finished the task if I had had more time.如果当时我能有多一点时间，我就能完成这项任务。If we had known of your departure, we would have seen you off at the airport. 如果我们事先知道你要离开，我们会到机场送行。I someone had been with him, he might not have been drowned.如果有人在他旁边，或许他就不会溺死。I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses. 若非我已经习惯了这样的回答，我可能不敢轻易相信。Had he not apologize to her, she would not have forgiven him 她（那时）不会原谅他，若非他道了歉。Had he not saved me, I might have been drowned. 我可能溺死了，若非他救了我。Had I proposed to you, would you have married me? 我要是当年向你求婚，你会答应嫁给我吗?Had you not helped us, we should have canceled this transaction. 假如没有你的帮助，这笔生意早就告吹了。2. If it had not been for . 结构if it had not been for名词分句，主语wouldshould 等现在完成式 说明此句型意为“若非（有）”。此类句式专门用于表示与过去事实相反的,相当于 “but thatdid(要不是)”。 If it had not been for his help, I should have failed. 如果没有他的帮忙，我应该已经失败。 Had it not been for your timely help, our company would have been on the verge of bankruptcy. 若非你及时伸出援助之手，本公司将会濒临破产的边缘。If it had not been for these experiments, the improvement of the machine would have been impossible. 要不是这些实验，这部机器也许就不可能改良了。Had it not been for the kind guide, I might have got lost in the mountains. 要不是这位好心的向导，我可能就在山中迷路了。If it had not been that he was here, I would have punished you.要不是他在场，我当时就会处罚你。But that I saw it (=If I had not seen it), I could not have believed it. 要不是亲眼看见的话,我是不会相信的。IV. 时态多重式 (multiplet)1. If I had V-ed, I would . 结构Ifhad过去分词，主语wouldshould 等原形动词nowtoday 说明这是不一致时的假设，亦称混合假设条件句。即：if 若与过去事实相反，用表示；而若与现在事实相反，则用过去式表示。此类句尾通常有表现在的，如 now，today 等。If he had worked harder when young, he would be well off now.如果他年轻时多努力一点，现在就能过得舒服些。If I had been rich ten years ago, I could buy that house today.如果十年前我有钱，今天我就能买下那栋房子了。Had he told the truth, he wouldnt be punished now. 如果他当时肯说实话，现在就不会受罪了。Had he followed the doctors advice, he might be alive now.当时他要是听了医生的建议，现在可能还活着。2. I wish . + V-ed . 结构I wish（that）主语动词过去式过去完成式（had过去分词） 说明I wish 之后以 that 为时，该的一定要用：若用过去式，表示与现在事实相反的愿望；若用，则表示与过去事实相反的愿望。 “I wishthat-”句型也可用 “I would ratherthat-分句”取代。而 I hope 之后以 that 分句做时，该用一般。在翻译wish虚拟句时应使用符合汉语习惯中表述 “事与愿违”的一些词语,常用的有 “可惜”, “悔不该”, “就好了”, “不得已”等。如: I wish he knew her address. 要是他知道她的地址就好了。 How I wish I had been able to say the rules without a mistake!要是我能一点不错地把那些章程说出来多好啊!I wish there were meadows and lambs. 但愿有草地与小羊。I wish I were as tall as you. 但愿我像你一样高。I wish he could tell us. 但愿他能告诉我们。I wish (=I would rather) he could come tomorrow. 但愿他明天能来。I wish you had not been caught in the rain yesterday. 但愿昨天你们没有淋到雨。I wish you had not told the truth. 但愿你没有说实话。I wish I had known you ten years ago. 真希望十年前就已经认识你。 “had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 用 “had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用 “would+动词原形”。 I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China. 我原本希望她到美国去念书，但她说她喜欢留在中国。 “would rather，would sooner，had rather，would (just) as soon，would prefer” 之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示 “宁愿做什么” 或“对过去做的事的懊悔”。I would rather he came tomorrow than today.John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.Dont live in the world, I would rather (I would just as soon) you die.I would rather you go tomorrow.I would rather everything hadnt happened in the past.The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office经理宁愿她女儿不与他在同一间办公室工作。To be frank，Id rather you were not involved in the case坦率地说，我希望你不要卷入这件事。You dont have to be in such a hurryI would rather you went on business first你没有必要这么着急，我宁愿你先去上班。Id rather you didnt make any comment on the issue for the time being我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。Frankly speaking ，Id rather you didnt do anything about it for the time being坦白地说，我宁愿你现在对此事什么也不要做。Wouldnt you rather your child went to bed early？为什么你不愿让你的孩子早点上床呢？I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday我真希望你昨天把这本书还I would rather you didnt speak rudely to her. (与现在事实相反) Id rather you hadnt spoken rudely to her. (与过去事实相反)Id sooner you didnt hurt Jim so much. He is still very depressed.吉姆还很沮丧，你就不要那样伤他的心了。(特别需要注意的是，would rather, would (just) as soon 后面如果不接宾语从句，是直接和动词连用，则后面接动词原型。 I would rather go there tomorrow.He would rather not stay at home tonight. )3. If only + V-ed结构If only过去式过去完成式说明此句型意为“要是就好了。” 用过去式，表示与现在事实相反；若用，则表示与过去事实相反。If only I had a rich father. 要是我有个有钱的爸爸就好了。If only he had been here. 要是他当时在这儿就好了。If only I had another chance. 要是我再有一次机会就好了。4. . as if/as though . 结构as ifas though现在式过去式过去完成式说明此句型意为“彷佛；好像一样”。as if，as though 是，引导。中，可用现在式，以表示事实；也可用过去式或，分别表示与现在或过去事实相反的。He speaks like that as if he doesnt want to attend the meeting. 他那样说话，似乎不想参加会议。He walks as if he is drunk. 他走起路来好像他真的醉了。He felt as if he almost wished to kill them. 他感觉彷佛几乎要杀掉他们。The baby opened the book as if he were able to read. 这个婴儿打开书本彷佛他会念书。The nurse attends on the patient as if he were her father.这护士照顾这位病人彷佛在照顾她爸爸似的。He ran into the room as if he had seen something terrible.他跑进屋子，彷佛他看到什么可怕的东西。She looks as if nothing had happened to her. 她当时看起来好像什么事都没发生似的。It looks as if it is going to rain. 好像要下雨了。It seems as if he knows everything. 他似乎是个万事通。It seems as if he knew everything, but in reality, he is as stupid as can be. 他似乎是个万事通。其实他是再愚蠢不过了。It looks as if she had just come back from outer space. 她看起来彷佛刚从外层空间回来似的。It seemed as if he had finished the work. 他似乎已经完成了这个工作。It seemed as if he would never finish the work. 他似乎永远完成不了这个工作。5. Without ., S + V .结构Without ，主要分句说明此句型意为 “如果没有”，是导致主要分句结果发生的必要条件。Without为含蓄假设条件句，此用法在口语表达中最为常见。without 意为 “（如果）没有的话”。Without 既可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾，放在句首有强调作用。此外，如果主要分句用否定式，则和 without 构成双重否定，表示特别强调 without 之后项为主要分句动作发生之必备条件。Without your help, I couldnt have done it.（如果）没有你的帮助，我是不会做成的。（=If you hadnt helped me）She cant solve the problem without his help. (如果)没有他的帮助，她不可能解决这道题。We cant live without air or water. （如果）没有空气或水，我们就无法生存。Fish cannot live without water. （如果）没有水，鱼儿就无法生存。6. Unless . 结构Unless分句，主要分句 说明此句型意为“除非”。unless 引导一个否定假设句，相当于 if . not .，有时可以互换使用。总体上看，unless 的语气强于 if . not .，而且有时较为常用，例如在最后通牒中。Unless you change your mind (=If you dont change you mind), I wont be able to help you. 除非你改变你的想法，否则我不能帮助你。Unless the management improves their offer, therell be a strike. 除非资方做出进一步的建议，否则将举行罢工。I couldnt have got to the meeting on timeunless I had caught an earlier train. 我不可能及时赶到会场，除非我赶上了较找的一班火车。V主语+意志词+that-从句 （即“be”型虚拟式）1. demand/insist that . 结构主语1意