从气质类型的角度透析伊丽莎白与达西的爱情.doc

山西师范大学本科毕业论文 从气质类型的角度透析伊丽莎白与达西的爱情 姓 名师琼婕院 系外国语学院班 级2007级0704班学 号0714010433指导教师白海艳答辩日期成 绩 19内容摘要 十八世纪末英国现实主义女作家简奥斯丁一生中共创作了六部作品：理智与情感、傲慢与偏见、曼斯菲尔德庄园、诺桑觉寺、劝导、爱玛。其中最受欢迎的莫过于原名为第一印象的傲慢与偏见。这部小说以乡村日常生活为素材，一反当时社会上流行的感伤小说的内容和矫揉造作的写作方法，以其跌宕起伏的情节，诙谐幽默的语言生动地反映了18世纪末至19世纪初处于保守和闭塞状态下的英国乡镇生活和世态人情。简奥斯丁善于在日常事物中塑造鲜明的人物形象，在对话艺术上讲究幽默、讽刺，常以风趣诙谐的语言来烘托人物的性格特征。这种艺术创新使得傲慢与偏见名传千古，经久不衰。伊丽莎白班内特是小说里的女主角，被认为是奥斯汀创作的人物中最受欢迎的女主角之一，同时也是英国文学作品里面最受欢迎的女主角之一。班纳特家共有五个女儿，而作为第二个女儿的伊丽莎白是一个直率爽快，开朗热情，思维灵活，言语犀利幽默的妙龄女子，本文将着重从气质类型的角度分析她的性格特点，以深入分析行为表征之下的人格本质，加深对人物形象的了解。菲茨威廉姆达西是傲慢与偏见中的男主角。作为小说的男主角，达西一直是整个小说的焦点，尽管书中还提到彬格莱、韦翰等其他人物，可是无一例外，他们都是为了从各个方面更好的凸显出达西在为人处事方面的有主见、正直、诚实、真诚、稳重、谨慎、宽宏大量、傲慢内向等各种性格特点。而本文将着重从气质类型的角度对他的性格特点进行分析，以获得对人物本质的深入了解，增进对作者所要刻画的人物的认识，并从气质类型的角度对两人爱情中相互吸引的契合点进行分析，以加深对人物本质和作品的理解。关键词：伊丽莎白；达西；爱情；气质类型 AbstractAs one of the British Realist writers of the eighteenth century, Jane Austen, wrote six works in her life: Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Northanger Abbey, Persuasion, Emma. One of the most important ones is Pride and Prejudice which was originally named First Impression. Its story is based on ordinary life while at that time novels with sentimental content and artificial methods were very popular. Its famous for its ups and downs of the plots and its facetious words which all vividly reflect the conservative and unenlightened British rural life and social life in the late 18th to the early 19th century. Jane Austen is good at portraying distinctive characters in daily life and often adopts humorous language to depict the personality of characters. And she is always particular about the art of dialogue in humor and satire. These innovations of art make Pride and Prejudice a marvelous literary work which is still famous over centuries.Elizabeth Bennet, the heroine of this novel, is considered to be one of the most popular heroines Austen ever created and one of the most famous heroines of British literature works as well. As the second among the five daughters, Elizabeth is vivacious, mischievous, and quick in reaction. The thesis will centre on the analysis of her personality from the point of the temperament, analyzing the intrinsic quality of the character to deepen the understanding of characters.Despite the fact that this book also tells the stories about Bingley, Wickham and other male characters, Fitzwilliam Darcy, as the hero of this novel，is always the focus of this novel. All the other male characters are depicted to express better the highlights from all aspects of Darcy in terms of personal behavior inner-directed, integrity, honesty, sincerity, generosity, pride and other advantages and disadvantages. This thesis will focus on the analysis of his personality from the angle of temperament, to gain embedded understanding of this character and to improve on the understanding of authors description of characters.Key Words: Elizabeth; Darcy; love; temperament typesContents. Introduction.1 A. Background Information. . .1 B. Literature Review. 1 1. Introduction of Jane Austin. 1 2. Introduction of Pride and Prejudice.3II. Introduction of Temperament Types.4A. Definition of Temperament and Temperament Types.4B. The Development of Temperament Types.4C. Four Types of Temperament Types. .5III. Analysis of Elizabeth, Darcy and Their Love from the Perspective of the Temperament Types .6A. Analysis of Elizabeth and Darcy from the Perspective of the Temperament Types.61. Analysis of Elizabeth from the Perspective of the Temperament Types.62. Analysis of Darcy from the Perspective of the Temperament Types.9B. Analysis of Love between Elizabeth and Darcy from the Temperament Types.111. Analysis of the Common Points of Elizabeth and Darcy.112. Analysis of the Attractive Aspects of Elizabeth for Darcy .123. Analysis of the Attractive Aspects of Darcy for Elizabeth.14IV. Conclusion.16Works CitedAcknowledgementsAnalysis of the Love between Elizabeth and Darcy from the Perspective of the Temperament TypesI. IntroductionA. Background InformationThe society of England in the end of the 18th century and at the beginning of the19th century is profoundly influenced by French Revolution and Industrial Revolution which have impacted all social aspects and classes. After Industrial Revolution, Britain became the “workshop of the world” and the English bourgeoisie were fattened on world trade, plunder and colonization. No country was strong enough to rival England.At the beginning of the mid-18th century Industrial Revolution in Britain is the result of the effective combination of scientific revolution and socialized production, which made tremendous changes on material forms of production, material lifestyles, and social structure. The forming of modern bourgeois political and economic ideas laid ideological and theoretical bases for the modern bourgeois society and it underwent fundamental changes on social and cultural aspects. Changes of this culture, not only in material aspects and levels of political ideology, but also in social and psychological levels (value orientation, evaluation, and moral values) are deeply rooted into the rural life of aristocratic landlords.B. Literature Review1. Introduction of Jane Austen Jane Austen (1775.12.16 - 1817.7.18) was born in Steventon in Hampshire, England and had eight brothers and sisters. Her father served as a rector for more than forty years. He was a pastor of profound erudition, and could compose poems impromptu. His wife originated from a relatively wealthy family with cultural accomplishments. Although Austen did not enter any formal school, she was only sent to school to accompany her sister Cassandra who was her lifelong best friend when she was nine years old. The good learning environment of her family granted her self-cultivated interest in writing. When she was thirteen years old she began to write things, which already showed her talent to some extent in the language expression. Her family liked to read popular novels which were mostly rustic entertainment products. Her maiden works were the parody of this kind of popular novels, thus forming a mocking tone of her works. In 1800 her father retired and the family moved to Bath where they lived about four years, and then her father died in the place. Then Austen and her mother and sisters moved to Southampton, and later they moved to Jordan in 1809. In the early of 1816 she had tuberculosis and her health increasingly deteriorated. In May 1817 she was sent to Winchester for medical treatment, but the treatment failed. At the same year, she died in the arms of her sister on 18th, July, only forty two years old. She never married and was buried in Winchester Cathedral. Jane Austens main works included Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814), Emma (1815), Northanger Abbey (1818) and Persuasion (1818). Due to her rural town living environment, contacting with small and medium landowners, clergies and other people of this class, she was familiar with their quiet and comfortable living environment. Therefore her works do not reflect the then major social conflicts. Most of her six novels that focused on the theme of township middle-class daily life and depicted the true picture of the world around her small world, especially marriage and love affairs among ladies and gentlemen from a womans meticulous observation, reflected the conflicts of the 18th century, and the early 19th century style of British society. Her works often ridiculed peoples stupidity, selfishness, snobbery and blind self-confidence and other despicable ridiculous weakness with a comic tone. Her works belong to the style of comedy and are full of comedic conflicts. Austens novels appeared in the early 19th century; swept away the trend of fake romanticism rage, inherited and developed the fine 18th-century British realist tradition, prepared for the climax of the realistic novels of the 19th century, and played an important transitional role.Although her works were limited in the breadth and depth of reflection, her works were like “two inches of ivory”, peeped into the social patterns and ways of the world from a small window, and played an active role in changing the cultural surrounding of novel creation. The writers status is “equal footing with Shakespeare”. Austens novels showed an emotional ambiguity, as well as appreciation of wisdom and natural beauty; these features made these works came together with romanticism. Unfortunately, Jane Austens novels were not well received in her lifetime. But later, especially in the 20th century, her novels became increasingly popular. “For Jane Austen was compelled to accomplish an almost unprecedented featto become an artist while remaining a lady” (Rubinstein, 374). Today, Jane Austen has been among the truly great British writers. Jane Austen is one of the very few world famous female writers, ranging between neoclassical and romantic lyricism, between the “minor artist” and the “family novelist”, and indeed in the eyes of literary critic as the British writer who can be compared with Shakespeare in terms of immortality.2. Introduction of Pride and PrejudicePride and Prejudice is a custom fiction whose main content is to talking about marriage, reflecting the life circles reality which Austen was familiar with. It wrote about the love story of Elizabeth Bennet, the daughter of a squire who has no dowry. She married a wealthy dignitary, Fitzwilliam Darcy, on her own quality. It centered on her love and marriage with Darcy and described the marriage of her two sisters and one of her friend. Austens love stories of marriage have slightly wider social background than normal romance novels. The emotional entanglements between hero and heroine in the novel are more utilitarian and practical, little romantic. Through these stories, readers are able not only to reveal the real and detailed mental activities of characters, but also to understand the meaning of life in the social reality within a certain range at that time, especially class relations, social ethics, ideas, customs and so on. Her novels are a precedent of the history of the British realist novels which state the realistic world. Her writing strategy applies to common conversation reflected characters effectively “She knew that significant experience did not always or necessarily arise from extraordinary conditions that conversations about what is commonplace may reveal character even more effectively than conversations about what is exceptional, and that the depth of a readers impression of a story is proportionate to the extent to which he has found is convincing” (Gillie, 204).Like other works of Austen, the plots revolved around the heroines spouse activities commenced efforts to reveal the vice in British society at that time which means a woman marrying to seek economic security and improve the economic status, and the preference to ancestry rather than feelings of love. Heroines are pursuing equality with men in exchange of thoughts, feelings, and requiring equal social status, equal power, adhering to the independent observation, analysis and the freedom of selecting their husband. At that time in Britain, this kind of action is almost tantamount the cries of resistance. Furthermore Jane Austen showed her opinion on the heroine “ I must confess that I think her as delightful a creature as ever appeared in print; and how I shall be able to tolerate those who do not like her at least I do not know” ( Rubinstein, 345). II. Introduction of Temperament TypesA. Definition of Temperament and Temperament Types“Temperament” comes from Latin which means “blending” or “mixed” and later is used to describe the individual characteristics of peoples excitement, and normally it has similar meaning with “temper”. In psychology, temperament is a persons typical and stable dynamic characteristics of mental activities; it is not transferred by peoples activities purpose or content (梁, 503).Temperament types refer to a regular combination of a group of people who shared or have similar dynamic characteristics of mental activities (梁, 505).B. The Development of Temperament Types Ancient Greek scholar, doctor，Hippocrates (around 460 BC - before 377) is the first one who proposed the concept of temperament and he thought that the body fluid was the material base of human nature. On the basis of “theory of four roots” and “theory of four liquids”, he further systematized his theory. He considered that there were four different types of liquids in human body which came from different organs. Among them, the mucus came from the brain and is the root of water with a cold nature; yellow bile came from the liver and is the aerial root with a heat nature; black bile came from the stomach and is the soil root with a gradual warm nature; blood came from the heart and is the fire root with a dry nature. Human body is different for the different proportions because of the four body fluids (梁, 505).Roman doctor, anatomist Galen (Claudius Galen, about 130-200) is a master of medicine in ancient Europe and also a well-known biologist and psychologist. From Hippocrates theory of body fluids, he created temperament theory, believing that the temperament which he developed into thirteen classes is a combination of different materials or fluids (梁, 505).With the development of ancient medicine, according to temperament characteristics and external manifestations, temperament was gradually simplified and classified into four typical temperament types: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic, and still in use (梁, 505).C. Four Types of Temperament TypesPeople of Choleric type are energetic, responsive and have strong emotional experience. Their emotions happen fast and strongly, impulsively, but also quell quickly. They are frank, straightforward, warm, cheerful, outgoing, but irritable. They are tenacious and courageous, but often lack self-control and patience. They are flexible in thinking, but often careless, and superficial in understanding. They are strong-willed, courageous and decisive, but their attention is difficult to transfer (梁, 505).People of sanguine type are lively, responsive, quick thinking, flexible, easily emotional, vibrant, and fast. They have changeable emotions, rich facial expressions, but not deep emotional experience. They are outgoing, like to communicate with others, and easy to adapt to the new environment. They have broad interests, but easy to change their interests. Their attention is not easy to concentrate. They lack willpower endurance (阳, 291).People of sanguine type are quiet, calm, steady, and slow in reaction, thought and speech. Their attention is stable and difficult to transfer. They are introverted, cautious, strong in self-control and persistent, not easy to impulse. They are careful and meticulous in works, but slow to adapt to new environment; firm and tenacious, persistent, inflexible, but relatively indifferent to feelings (姚, 164).People of melancholic type have high sensitivity. They observe carefully and they are sensitive to stimulates, good at observing the subtle things which other people are not aware of, slow in reaction and movement, and sentimental to others. Their experiences are profound and enduring, but rarely revealed to others. They are introverted, cautious, and easy to cringe when they confront difficulties or setbacks, but they are patient to tedious work. They are not good at communicating with others, and slightly withdrawn (梁, 505).Analysis of Elizabeth, Darcy and Their Love from the Perspective of the Temperament TypesA. Analysis of Elizabeth and Darcy from the Perspective of the Temperament Types 1. Analysis of Elizabeth from the Perspective of the Temperament TypesElizabeth Bennet, as the heroine of the novel, has choleric characteristics: frank and straightforward, sonsy and enthusiastic, thinking flexible, strong-willed, courageous, and her attention is difficult to transfer, and sanguine characteristics: her behavior was lively and mischievous, and she has quick response, quick thinking, strong flexibility, qualified intelligence, and she is passionate, vibrant, observant, courageous, sharp humor, and strong willed. She is a complex multifaceted character; next part of this thesis will analyze some important scenes from the perspective of the temperament types in order to obtain a simple understanding on the heroines characteristics. Elizabeth is lively and mischievous. Elizabeth “has a healthy sense of humor, even to the point of joking about Mr. Darcys rude behavior toward herself at the hall” (Nash, 46). After Darcy refused to invite her to dance and said that her beauty was merely “tolerable but not