重庆市北大附中重庆实验学校高三英语《高考英语语法：句子成分》课件.ppt

句子成分 主语 subject 谓语 predicate 表语 predicative 宾语 object 定语 attribute 状语 adverbial 主语和谓语是句子成立的充分且必要的条件 两者缺一不可 定语 定语是对名词或代词起修饰 限定作用的词 短语或句子 汉语中常用 的 表示 定语通常位于被修饰的成分前 若修饰some any every no构成的复合不定代词时 如 something nothing 或不定式 分词短语作定语 从句作定语时 则定语通常置后 副词用作定语时须放在名词之后 形容词作定语 thelittleboyneedsabluepen little修饰名词boy blue修饰名词pen 小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔 tomisahandsomeboy tom是个英俊的男孩 thereisagoodboy 有个乖男孩 数词作定语相当于形容词 twoboysneedtwopens 两个男孩需要两支钢笔 thetwoboysarestudents 这两个男孩是学生 therearetwoboysintheroom 房间里有两个男孩 代词或名词所有格作定语 hisboyneedstom spen 他的男孩需要tom的钢笔 hisnameistom 他的名字是汤姆 therearetwoboysoftomsthere 那儿有tom家的两个男孩 介词短语作定语 theboyintheclassroomneedsapenofyours 教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔 theboyinblueistom 穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆 therearetwoboysof9 andthreeof10 有两个9岁的 三个10岁的男孩 名词作定语 theboyneedsaballpen 男孩需要一支圆珠笔 itisaballpen 这是一支圆珠笔 thereisonlyoneballpeninthepencilbox 这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔 副词作定语 theboythereneedsapen 那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔 thebestboyhereistom 这里最棒的男孩是tom 不定式作定语 theboytowritethisletterneedsapen 写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔 theboytowritethisletteristom 将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆 thereisnothingtodotoday 今天无事要做 分词 短语 作定语 thesmilingboyneedsapenboughtbyhismother 那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔 thepenboughtbyherismadeinchina 她买的笔是中国产的 therearefiveboysleft 有五个留下的男孩 定语从句 theboywhoisreadingneedsthepenwhichyouboughtyesterday 那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔 theboyyouwillknowistom 你将认识的男孩叫汤姆 therearefiveboyswhowillplaythegame 参加游戏的男孩有五个 简单句类型 英语五种基本句型列式如下 1 主 谓 2 主 谓 表 3 主 谓 宾 4 主 谓 间宾 直宾 5 主 谓 宾 宾补 主语 系动词 表语 表语 表语是表述主语的特征 状态和身份等 iamateacher 主语 不及物动词 主语 及物动词 宾语 ilikepopularmusic sheknowswhattodonext iusuallydomyhomeworkathomeintheevening hebeganlearningenglishtenyearsago hehasdecidedtoworkharderatenglish 主语 及物动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 直接宾语和间接宾语 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语 如 give给 pass递 bring带 show显示 这两个宾语通常一个指人 为间接宾语 一个指物 为直接宾语 间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前 一般的顺序为 动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 如 givemeacupoftea please 强调间接宾语顺序为 动词 直接宾语 to 间接宾语 如 showthishousetomr smith 若直接宾语为人称代词 动词 代词直接宾语 to 间接宾语 如 bringittome please 主语 及物动词 宾语 宾语不足语 宾语补足语 位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分 宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系 它们一起构成复合宾语 名词 代词宾格 名词thewarmadehimasoldier 战争使他成为一名战士 名词 代词宾格 形容词newmethodsmakethejobeasy 新方法使这项工作变得轻松 名词 代词宾格 介词短语ioftenfindhimatwork 我经常发现他在工作 名词 代词宾格 动词不定式theteacheraskthestudentstoclosethewindows 老师让学生们关上窗户 名词 代词宾格 分词isawacatrunningacrosstheroad 我看见一只猫跑过了马路 同位语 同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分 近乎于后置定语 如 westudentsshouldstudyhard students是we的同位语 都是指同一批 学生 weallarestudents all是we的同位语 都指同样的 我们 therebe 主语 状语 thereisabookonthedesk therearemanyreasonsforanimalsdyingout 状语 状语修饰动词 形容词 副词或全句 说明方式 因果 条件 时间 地点 让步 方向 程度 目的等 状语在句子中的位置很灵活 常见情况为 通常在句子基本结构之后 强调时放在句首 修饰形容词或副词时 通常位于被修饰的词之前 表示时间 地点 目的的状语一般位于句子两头 强调时放在句首 地点状语一般须在时间状语之前 一些表示不确定时间 如 often 或程度 如 almost 的副词状语通常位于be动词 助动词 情态动词之后 动词之前 副词 短语 作状语 theboyneedsapenverymuch 男孩非常需要一支钢笔 程度状语 theboyneedsverymuchthepenboughtbyhismother 男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔 宾语较长则状语前置 theboyreallyneedsapen 男孩真的需要一支钢笔 程度状语 theboyneedsapennow now theboyneedsapen theboy now needsapen 男孩现在需要一支钢笔 时间状语 介词短语作状语 intheclassroom theboyneedsapen 在教室里 男孩需要一支钢笔 地点状语 beforehismother tomisalwaysaboy 在母亲面前 汤姆总是一个男孩子 条件状语 onsundays thereisnostudentintheclassroom 星期天 教室里没有学生 时间状语 分词 短语 作状语 hesitsthere askingforapen 他坐在那儿要一支笔 表示伴随状态 havingtofinishhishomework theboyneedsapen 因为不得不完成作业 男孩需要一支笔 原因状语 frightened hesitstheresoundlessly 因为 受了惊吓 他无声地坐在那儿 原因状语 不定式作状语 theboyneedsapentodohishomework 男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业 目的状语 tomakehisdreamcometrue tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness 为实现梦想 汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣 名词作状语 comethisway 走这条路 方向状语 状语从句 adverbialclauses 耀华中学 状语从句 differentkindsofadverbialclauses 1 adverbialclausesoftime 时间状语从句 2 adverbialclausesofreason 原因状语从句 3 adverbialclausesofconditions 条件状语从句 4 adverbialclausesofplace 地点状语从句 5 adverbialclausesofpurpose 目的状语 6 adverbialclausesofresult 结果状语从句 7 adverbialclausesofcomparison 比较 8 adverbialclausesofconcession 让步 9 adverbclausesofmanner 方式状语从句 1 adverbialclausesoftime 时间状语从句 when while as before after since until assoonas everytime eachtime themoment bythetime immediately theminute thesecond 1 whenhecomesheretomorrow i llcallyou atthattime i when 2 henryisinchargeoftheofficewhenmr smithisaway duringthetimethat 1 whilehewaswalkinginthestreet hemettim 分词短语 whilewalkinginthestreet hemettim walkinginthestreet hemettom 2 helearnedtospeakenglishwhilehewashere 3 iliketeawhileshelikescoffee ii while iii as 一边 一边 随着 1 astheywerepickingtea thegirlsweresinginghappily 2 shesangassheworked iv before1 itwon tbelongbeforehefinisheshiswriting v after1 afterhe had finishedhiswork heleftthere he had finishedhisworkbeforehelefthere afterfinishinghiswork helefthere havingfinishedhiswork helefthere vi since fromthetimethat 1 ihaveknownhimeversincehewasaboy 2 ihaveworkedheresinceigraduatedfromtheuniversity 3 itis hasbeen twoyearssincehecamehere vii until till uptothetimethat 1 hewillnotgotobeduntil till hismothercomes 2 untilshetoldme ihadnoideaofwhattheyhadsaid 3 itisnotuntilhismothercomeshomethathewillgotobed 强调结构 viii assoonas1 assoonasshegothome shebegantocook ongettinghome shebegantocook ix everytime eachtime themoment1 everytime eachtimeicatchacold ihavepaininmyback 2 therewasanapplausethemoment assoonas sheappearedonthestage x bythetime1 bythetimehearrived thetrainhadalreadygone 2 bythetimehecomes wewillalreadyhaveleft exercises 1 theywalkedoutoftheroom themeetingwasover 2 theymuststayinschool theyaresixteen 3 takethemedicine yougotobed assoonas bythetime before 4 iknewnothingaboutit hetoldme 5 itismorethanfiveyears westartedtolearnenglish 6 hetalkedon hegotmoreandmoreexcited 7 weshouldstrike theironishot until since as while 2 adverbialclausesofreason 原因状语从句 because since as nowthat for i because1 theshipchangeditscoursebecausetherewasastorm theshipchangeditscoursebecauseofthestorm 2 becausehewasill hedidn tgotoschool hewasill sohedidn tgotoschool beingill hedidn tgotoschool ii since1 sinceyouareill you dbettergotoseethedoctor 2 sinceyoudonotunderstand iwillexplainagain iii as1 asshewaslateforclass shehadtosaysorry 2 asjanewastheoldestinthisfamily shehadtolookaftertheothers iv nowthat1 nowthatclassisover let sgotoplayfootball v forhemustbeill forheisabsenttoday exercises 1 theteachermustbestrictwithyou theywantyoutomakegreatprogress 2 yourfatheriswellagain younolongerhaveanythingtoworryabout 3 thedaybreaks thebirdsaresinging 3 adverbialclausesofcondition 条件状语从句 i if1 ifhehadworkedharder hewouldhavepassedtheexam 2 ifyouworkharder youwillsucceed workharder andyouwillsucceed workharder oryouwon tsucceed workingharder youwillsucceed ii unless1 wecan twritetomaryunlessshetellsusheraddress wecan twritetomaryifshedoesn ttellusheraddress iii aslongas 只要 1 iwillnevergiveuplearningaslongasilive 2 youmayborrowthebookaslongasyoukeepitclean iv onconditionthat 条件是 we llletyouusetheroomonconditionthatyoukeepittidy v incase 万一 you dbettertakeyourraincoatwithyouincaseitrains 4 adverbialclausesofplace 地点状语从句 youmayfindhimwherehisparentslive 5 adverbialclausesofpurpose 目的状语从句 sothat inorderthattheysetoutearlysothat inorderthat theymightarrivethereintime theysetoutearlyinorderto soasto arrivethereintime 6 adverbialclausesofresult结果状语从句so that such that 1 itissogoodastorythati llneverforgetit itissuchagoodstorythati llneverforgetit 2 such adj 名词 thatclausemikeissuchanhonestworkerthatweallbelievehim 3 so adj adv thatclausemikeissohonestaworkerthatweallbelievehim 4 so many few 复数名词 thatclausemuch little 不可数名词heearnedsolittlemoneythathecouldn tsupporthisfamily 7 adverbialclausesofcomparison 比较 as as notas so as more er than less than1 hedoesn tworksohardasyoudo 2 thereisasmuchinkinbottleaasinbottleb 3 themoreyouworry thelessyou llsucceed 4 goldismuchheavierthananyothermetal 8 adverbialclausesofconcession 让步 1 although though heisold heworkshard heisold butheworkshard 2 eventhough evenif yousayso idon tbelieveit 即使 3 difficultastheworkis we llfinishitontime thoughtheworkisdifficult we llfinishitontime 4 whenever nomatterwhen youcometoourcountry youwillbewarmlywelcomed 5 wherever nomatterwhere hegoes healwaysbringstwobodyguardswithhim 让步状语从句通常用though although nomatter evenif if eventhough however whatever等引起 让步状语从句可以前置 也可以后置 前置时强调主句内容 后置时强调从句内容 有时也可以采取中位 插入句中 1 although和though引导的让步状语从句 两个词同义 一般情况下可以互换使用 如 hedidn tlightthefirethough althoughitwascold although比though较正式 语气较重 常用于强调让步概念 如 heinsistedondoingitalthoughiwarnedhimnotto though可以和even连用 但although不可以 如 although eventhough thetrafficheldusup wegottotheairportontime 当让步状语从句是指一种假设的情况 不指事实时 通常用though 而不用although 如 hewillneverdosuchathingthoughhe should beforcedto thoughalltheworldwereagainstme ishallstillholdtomyopinion though可以在非正式文体中用作连接性状语 而although则不行 though可以放在句中或句末 通常用逗号隔开 如 hesaidhewouldcome hedidn t though though引导的从句可用倒装语序 即把从句中的表语或状语等放在though之前 而although不能这样用 如 youngthoughsheis yetsheisfitforthejob youngassheis 有时可用副词yet still nevertheless 但不能用连词but 来配合连接词though或although 以加强语气 如 thoughheisoverseventy yet still neverthelesshecanridethebike though和although后面的主语和谓语动词be可以省略 如果这个主语和主句中的主语指同一个人或物时 如 though itwas cold itwasafinewintermorning though hewas severelywounded yetherefusedtoleavethebattlefield though theywere verytired theycontinuedtomarchon 2 evenif eventhough和if引导的让步状语从句 evenif与eventhough同义 常用于强调让步概念 如 i lldoit evenifittakesmealltheafternoon hewasthereevenifwedidn tseehim evenifyoufail youcantryagain i llhelpyou evenifidon tsleepforanight 注 if有时也可以用于让步含义 但要注意条件if与让步if的区别 试比较 ifheispoor howcanhebuythehouse 条件 ifheispoor heisatleasthonest 让步 evenif ifheisinexperienced hewon tbeabletoaccomplishit 条件 ifheisinexperienced heisatanyrateeagertolearn 让步 evenif ifjohnhadbeenthere iwouldhaveseenhim 条件 ifjohnwasthere ididn tseehim 让步 evenif 3 由as that though引导的特殊让步状语从句结构 在正式文体或文学作品中 为了强调让步的含义 可用as引导让步从句 但as一般不置于句首 而将从句中的表语或状语置于句首 though that与as一样 也可以用于这种结构 如下面几种情况 表语的倒装 tiredashewas hestillwentonwithhiswork oldasiam icanstillfight cleverasyoumaybe youcannotdothat tallas thoughhewas hecouldn treachthetopshelf difficultthoughthetaskwas theymanagedtoaccomplishitintime 状语的倒装 这时不可在状语之前加very much等修饰语 muchasiadmirehimasawriter idonotlikehimasaman muchashelikesthebike hedoesn twanttobuyit hardasistudied icouldnotcatchupwiththem 谓语动词的倒装 tryashewould hecouldnotrememberawordofit nomatterhowhewouldtry tryashemight hedidn tpasstheexam hatehimaswemay wemustadmithisgreatness searchastheywould theycouldfindnothingintheroom tryasyoumay youwillneversucceed 注意事项 如果是单数名词或形容词最高级作表语 不再用冠词 如 teacherasmichaelis heisnotcapableofteachingallsubjects childas thathewas heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo youngestasheisinourclass hespeaksenglishthebest childasheis heknowsmuch as从句可以置于主句前 主句后或句中 当as从句置于句首时 主句前可加yet 如 mary braveassheis isafraidofsnakes hewasunabletomakemuchprogress hardashetried richasheis yet idon tenvyhim 当作表语的形容词提前时 如果从句的主语是人称代词 那么它只能放在动词之前 如果从句的主语是名词 则可用倒装语序 也可用陈述语序 如 tiredasweretheworkers theydidnotstop cleverthough asyoumaybe youcan tdothat as从句与主句在时态上可以不一致 如 childasheis hewasbrave 注意区别as引导的原因从句与让步从句 试比较 lawyerasheis heexplainsthereasonclearly 原因从句 lawyerasheis hecan texplainthereasonveryclearly 让步从句 4 eventhough和thougheventhough evenif 引导的从句指把握不大或假设的事情 意为 即使 纵然 though引导的从句指事实 意为 尽管 虽然 例如 hewillnotrevealthesecret eventhoughheknowsit 可能知道 也可能不知道 hewillnotrevealthesecretthoughheknowsit 虽然知道 却不说出来 5 while引导的让步状语从句 while although 它引导的让步状语从句只能前置 位于句首 如 whileyoumayberight ican taltogetheragree whileiadmitthattheproblemsaredifficult idon tagreethattheycannotbesolved 注意比较下列各句 whileiadmithisgoodpoints icanseehisshortcomings 让步 whileiunderstandwhatyousay ican tagreewithyou 让步 whileiwasreading thelightwentout 时间 motionisabsolutewhilestagnationisrelative 转折 对比 heisidle whilehisbrotherisdiligent 转折 对比 6 whether or 引导的让步状语从句 这种从句也称 选择条件 让步状语从句 可位于主句之前或之后 如 whetherhedrivesor whetherhe flies hewillbehereontime whetheryoulikeitornot you llhavetodoit whetherornotitrains i mgivingapartytomorrow weholdthatallcountries whethertheyare bigorsmall whethertheyare richorpoor shouldbeequal whetheritrainsorsnows iwillgotonight shehadtogo whetherornotshewantedit 7 由连接代词whoever whomever whatever whichever引导的让步状语从句 whoever nomatterwho isunwillingtogo iwillgo whoever既相当于连接词短语nomatter连接主句与从句 又相当于疑问代词who whomever nomatterwhom youaredealingwith thismethodisnogood whatever nomatterwhat happens keepcalm whateverothersmaysay youarecertainlyright whichever nomatterwhich youchoose wehavenoobjection 8 由连接形容词whate