高考英语写作技巧二.doc

高考英语写作技巧二 第二部分 英语写作整体和专题训练一. 英语写作整体的解析：1）了解高中英语写作的基本要求、写作训练的基本步骤和评分标准。2）通过课堂范文指导和即时模仿写作训练，掌握图表作文的基本格式和写作思路。（一）基本要求：历年高考英语写作要求学生根据图片或中文提示，运用恰当的英语, 表达意义，进行写作。此类作文基本上属于“引导性写作”。高考英语写作并非象高考语文写作那样“高深莫测”，学生不必刻意追求“新意”；只要根据写作规定的体裁、提示的主要内容和字数要求， 根据英语习惯和语法要求，运用恰当的词汇和句型，把意思表达清楚即可。基本步骤：一、分析任务不管写作要求以什么形式出现, 如根据中文提示或根据几幅图画, 图表,首先要仔细通读所有有关写作的要求, 包括“注意” “生词注释” 等, 仔细分析, 掌握要点, 明确任务。有时, 作文要求中, 文字说明较多, 同时还伴有图表, 乍一看, 有点手足无措。 这时,需保持镇静, 再次全面阅读作文提示, 分析任务, 明确写作体裁, 内容, 字数等要求。二、编写提纲下面以段落的编写提纲为例:topic ( 话题) : Table tennis is my favorite sport.Main idea ( 主题) : Table tennis does me good in many ways.Supporting details ( 素材) :build up my body; prevent me from getting too fat or too thin.; prevent me from getting different kinds of disease.train my mind; see the ball coming, judge its speed and direction and pass the information on to the brain.; help my eyes and brain work together; help my mind work quickly .train ones character; work hard , persevere in spite of difficulty or tiredness, cooperate with team mates.Conclusion: spare some time for sports三、拟写、修改草稿不管是文笔老练的作者还是文字功底不太过硬的新手, 要使自己的写作成为主题明确, 表达准确, 文笔流畅的好文章, 都得几易其稿。 因此草稿拟写之后, 需要认真检查, 然后定稿。修改是写作过程中一个不可忽缺的程序。修改时应考虑以下几个方面：思想观点首先要认真通读文章。一般说来, 最为重要的观点见解、最有说服力的事实、 理由等应按排在最先, 然后依次排列。句子结构通读过程中要注意是否每一个句子表达了一个完整的思想观点; 如果发现所写的句子与主题思想并无关系或不能支持主题句, 应该删除或重写句子, 使之与主题统一。其次, 要注意所写句子结构是否太单调或者重复太多, 结构是否正确,合理。 比如, 文章中简单句是否过多? 能否将他们合并为恰当的复合句? 肯定句,否定句能否和疑问句结合使用? 陈述句能否和倒装句, 强调句结合运用? 如果能够对诸如此类的句子结构多加关注, 那么文章定会更加流畅, 更加自然。过渡字词写作时,应运用恰当的过渡字词, 使句子与句子之间相互衔接, 使一个观点与另一观点相互连接起来, 使过渡自然、清晰。表示时间的过渡词:at first in the first place first of all to begin with to start with first then next meanwhile at last before long at the same time a little later finally afterwards later soon after that as at present presentlyrecently lately from then on all of a sudden all at once up to now so far表示空间顺序的过渡词：above across around near away from in the middle of in the front of in the east of at the back of on the border of to the west of under表示举例的过渡词:for example for instance take as an example namely such as likein other words that is to say that is表示原因的过渡词:because since as for for this reason because of owing to on account of due to thanks to as far as considering that seeing that表示条件的过渡词:if so long as as long as in case on condition that once表示结果的过渡词:as a result therefore so thus accordingly in this way表示递进的过渡词:also in addition besides moreover furthermore whats more表示转折, 让步的过渡词:on the other hand however nevertheless after all even if yet on the contrary in spite of表示强调的过渡词:most importantly above all indeed in fact as a matter of fact to tell the truth even so表示对比 的过渡词:in comparison in contrast on the contrary on the other hand unlike otherwise rather than表示总结的过渡词:in conclusion in summary to conclude to sum up in a word in short on the whole评分标准：档次内容语言组织结构 A9 - 109 - 104-5 B7 - 87 - 83 C5 - 65 - 62 D3 - 43 - 41 E0 - 20 - 20 1. 本题总分为25分, 其中内容10分，语言10 分，组织结构5分。2评分时应注意的方面：内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性及上下文的连贯性。3评分时,先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定所属档次，然后对照相应的组织结构档次给予加分。 其中，内容和语言两部分相加，得15分或以上者，可考虑加45分，15分以下者只能考虑加0，1，2，3分。4词数少于70，总分最多不超过10分。 各档次给分要求：见上表内容部分：A内容充实，主题突出，详略得当。B内容较充实，能表达出作文要求。C内容基本充实，尚能表达出作文要求。D. 漏掉或未能写清楚主要内容，有些内容与主题无关。E. 明显遗漏主要内容，严重离题。语言部分：A. 具有很好的语言表达能力，语法结构正确或有些小错误，主要因为使用了较复杂结构或词汇所致。B. 具有较强的的语言表达能力，语法结构和词汇的应用基本正确，错误主要是因为尝试较复杂结构或词汇所致。C. 有一些语法结构和词汇方面的错误，但不影响理解。D. 语法结构与词汇错误较多，影响了对内容的理解。E. 语法结构与词汇的错误很多，影响了对内容的理解。组织结构部分：A. 自然地使用了语句间的连接成分，全文流畅结构紧凑。句子结构多样，词汇丰富。B. 能使用语句间连接成分，全文流畅结构紧凑。句子结构多样，词汇较丰富。C. 能使用简单的语句间连接成分，全文内容连贯。句子结构有一定的变化，词汇使用得当。D. 尚能使用语句间连接成分，语言连贯性较差，句子结构单调，词汇较贫乏。E缺乏语句间的连接成分，语言不连贯。词不达意。二. 英语写作图画专题训练 ：图表作文就是根据所给的图画或图表以及文字说明等，将它们所蕴涵的信息或意义用英文写一篇或一段短文。要写好图表作文，除了了解和掌握段落和篇章的结构以及其它写作常识之外，还需有仔细的观察能力，丰富的想象能力和较强的分析能力。看图作文的一般步骤：（1）如是数据图表，则要对数据加以概括说明，并根据要求分析造成该情况的原因或需采取的措施。例题：1某城市近年每百人中手机用户增长示意图。根据所给图表，简要描述某城市近年每百人中手机用户增长情况，并试分析其增长原因。建议：分析任务、明确主题。阅读所给中文提示和图表，明确写作要求：（1）简要描述某城市近年每百人中手机用户增长情况。（2）试分析其增长原因。读懂图表，理解图表所示的数据，并简要描述。分析其增长原因，这是该写作的主要部分。编写提纲：Topic:More and more people have mobile phones in recent years.Illustrate the examples: In 1997, In 1999, In 2001, Three years laterCauses:Firstly, drop in the pricesSecondly, peoples increasing incomeThirdly, useful in daily life, easy and convenient communicationConclusion:The population of the mobile phone holders will reach a new height.掌握图表作文的一些常用句型：It is a chart/ table/pie diagram of As we can see, the chart/ table/pie diagram shows thatAs can be seen from the chart/ table/pie diagram, As is shown in the chart/ table/pie diagram, According to the chart/ table/pie diagram, This chart/ table/pie diagram shows thatThis chart/ table/pie diagram tells us thatThis chart/ table/pie diagram indicates that运用有关的语言知识： as the chart above shows,the number doubled , reaching 20 in 1005 times as many as there are some reasons for the rise in Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly As a consequence, It can be estimated that范文参考：More and more people have mobile phones in recent years. In 1997, only ten people in a hundred had mobile phones in some city, as the chart above shows. In 1999, the number doubled , reaching 20 in 100. The people owning mobile phones in 2001 were 5 times as many as those in 1997. Three years later, 80 percent of the citizens had the magic tools. There are some reasons for the rise in the number of people with mobile phones. Firstly, the technology of making mobile phones is changing rapidly, which leads to the drop in the prices. Secondly, peoples income has been increasing . As a consequence, they have more options. Thirdly, being useful in daily life, mobile phones make peoples communication easy and convenient . It can be estimated that the population of the mobile phone holders will reach a new height with the further advance of science and technology.回家作业：假如你叫Jack,你最近对你们学校100名同学（男女各半）进行了上网目的的调查。现将调查结果（如下表所示）用英语给某报社的编辑写一封信，报告此事。注意：1. 报告应包括图表所示全部内容，但可以不涉及具体数字。2叙述过程中可以适当添加评语。3. 信的开头和结尾已经给出。1.看新闻 2、收发电子邮件3、聊天 4、学习 5、玩游戏 作业要求：分析所给中文提示和图表，明确写作要求。编写提纲。拟写草稿。通读全文，修改定稿。 参考作文：Dear editor,I have recently made a survey among 50 boys and 50 girls in my school about the purposes of getting on the Internet. The girls favorite thing to do on-line is chatting while what the boys like to do most is playing games. Both boys and girls like to read news and send emails.Maybe they think it the most convenient way to get information and keep in touch with friends. As for studying, the numbers of boys and girls are equal, but altogether less than half of them would like to use the Internet as a tool to study.The case of our school is probably a tip of the iceberg. How to make good use of the Internet needs to be further discussed. Yours， Jack（2）如是反映人们生活中一角的图画：1 首先，要将所给图画从头至尾快速地浏览一遍，对画面所表达的主要内容先有一个大概的了解。2 然后，再细看每一幅画面，了解事情发生的环境、地点，从景物和人物的穿戴和身材，想一想人物的身份，年龄和职业；细看人物的动作，想一想他们在干什么，是怎样干的；细看人物的表情，想一想人物的思想感情。然后想一想所给图画说明一个什么问题，作者画这些画的目的是什么。3 最后，按图意列出提纲进行写作。注意：如果所给的图画是单幅图，只展示了一件事的部分内容，要注意从一幅图的内容，想象出以前会怎么样，以后会发生什么变化，重视写好开头和结尾。（3）如果是多幅图表示人们生活一角的，要注意图与图之间的联系。要着重观察前一幅中没有出现的事物，如出现了哪些新的人物，地点有什么变化等。即使是相同的画面，也要特别注意画面的细微变化，如人物的动作和表情，天气的变化等，从而了解事情的发展变化。逐幅看完后，再连贯起来重看一遍，使画面上事物的发生，发展的经过和结果，在自己头脑中留下一个完整的印象，然后按每幅图的主要意思列出提纲，突出重点，注意详略，不要每幅图都平均使用力气。每幅图的叙述描写要注意连贯，互相衔接，不要变成图意的说明。（一）实例分析和指导（详细见课件） .三. 写作专题训练记叙文(包括夹叙夹议)（1）了解记叙文的基本概念和要求，即主要通过叙述的写作方式来记叙某人或某事。（2）掌握记叙文七个要素：时间（time）、地点（place）、人物（people）、事情（what）、原因 (why) ，经过（how）及结果（result）。当然，高考写作大多是引导性作文，考生可根据规定的范围和字数等要求组织材料，而不必把七个要素全部包括进去。（3）注意记叙文的写作次序：可以根据事情发生的时间先后为序，也可以采用倒叙或插叙的写法；初学者，为了使文章层次清楚，思路清晰，不妨采用第一种方式，即根据事情发生的时间先后为序。此外，还可根据空间顺序来记叙、描写某物。（4）了解记叙文还得注意写作的角度，即以第一人称或第三人称的角度进行写作。一般说来，故事常以第一或第三人称来写；新闻报道常用第三人称；游记常用第一人称。当然，高考中，考生得根据实际情况和提示要求而确定采用第一还是第三人称。也就是一看到题目就用以下思考题形式去分析题意，思考题：该短文应主要包括哪几个要素？写作次序是按照时间顺序还是空间顺序？写作的角度应该是第几人称？简要列出提纲。 实例分析和指导1. 根据提示的情景用英语写出一段120-150字的短文。不必根据中文逐字逐句翻译。我叔叔今年五月从美国回到了阔别数年的故乡。家乡发生了巨大的变化，他感到非常激动并决心投身于家乡的建设。思路点拨：该写作的体裁是记叙文，通过分析所给的情景提示，我们知道该写作的要素分别是：我叔叔（人物）；今年五月（时间）；家乡（地点）；巨大的变化和投身于家乡的建设（事情）；写作的顺序可以按时间先后，写作的角度应该是第三人称。该段短文可以围绕下列三方面进行展开：(1) 我叔叔今年五月从美国回到了阔别数年的故乡。这里，可以对“我叔叔”这一人物作简单介绍，如做什么工作，当初为何去美国等。(2) 家乡发生了巨大的变化。对于“变化”，可以作一些具体介绍，如：交通、房屋建筑、环境、人们的生活等。(3) 他感到非常激动并决心投身于家乡的建设。这是“他”的感受和意愿的表达，可以适当展开，但不宜过多。参考作文：My uncle, John, is an engineer. Five years ago, he left his hometown for America in order to make further studies. He worked very hard and was quite successful in his career. However, he missed his parents, relatives and friends at home so much that he went back to his hometown this May. To his delightful surprise, he found great changes had taken place at his hometown. For example, he saw many beautiful new high buildings built up and the roads widened. Besides, trees and flowers could be seen here and there in the neighborhood; the air was fresh and the water was clean. People were living a much better life. In a word, he found his hometown had taken on a new look and all this left a deep impression on him. He was deeply moved and decided to devote himself to the construction of his hometown. He wanted to make his hometown richer and more beautiful. 2. 根据所给情景，写一篇短文，字数120-150 以上。2010 年11月上旬，我们高二学生去星火农场劳动，帮助农民秋收。我们和他们一起生活和劳动了一个星期。我们的体会是思路点拨：该短文应主要包括哪几个要素？写作次序是按照时间顺序还是空间顺序？写作的角度应该是第几人称？简要列出提纲立意：根据题目要求，该文章的体裁形式是记叙和议论，即夹叙夹议；前面以叙述为主，最后的体会以议论为主。内容要点如下：时间-2010年11月10 日；地点-星火农场；人物-我们高二学生；活动内容-劳动；体会-自由发挥，谈感受。该篇短文可以分为三个段落：第一段，交代时间、地点、人物和活动的简要内容；第二段，具体叙述劳动的内容和过程，如收稻谷、种菜；第三段，谈自己的感受、体会，如疲劳，辛苦但是快乐；珍惜时间，认真学习；主要时态是过去时；体会和感受既有过去时又有将来时。注意恰当运用过渡词。参考作文：It was November 10, 2010. We students of senior two went to Xinghuo Farm to help the farmers with their work. Never having been to a farm, we all felt happy and excited.As soon as we arrived there, we were divided into three groups. The first group was told to help the farmers to get in the rice. Then, the second group was asked to plant the vegetables. The rest of us, that is, the third group, were to water the vegetables the second group planted. Since we had never done things like that, at the very beginning, we worked very slowly. However, we worked hard and earnestly. Finally, we managed to finish the work.After we returned school, we all felt both tired and happy because we did help the farmers at their busy harvest time. Besides, we thought that the farmers were very hardworking and that their work should be valued. As students, we should make use of time and study hard and well. In a word, we thought our work on the farm a worthwhile experience.作业：Directions: Write an English composition in over 120 words, according to the title and the key words given in English.曾有一首歌这样唱道：“只要人人都献出一份爱，世界将变得更加美好。”回想一下，你是否也曾奉献过一份爱给别人呢？请以“Deed of Love”为题，写一篇短文。参考作文：If I have done something helpful to others, Id like to call it “deed of love” rather than “good deeds”. When I am doing a “deed of love”, that will be the happiest moment in my life. By now, I havent done anything remarkable in my life, but I firmly believe that if you show your love to others, youll feel rewarded. The following is an experience Ill never forget.I had never bought a jasmine flower until I met that old lady. She was selling jasmine flowers on the corner of a street early that morning. She wearing a cotton dress, poor but tidy, kind and a bit thin. In her hand there was a little bamboo basket full of jasmine flowers. She just stood there quietly, looking at every passer-by tenderly. She did touch my heart. What a brave old lady! So I bought three jasmine flowers. One was for dear granny, one was for my mum and the last was for the old lady. She had woken up the love and tenderness in the depths of my heart. What would the old lady think? Surely she could feel my love and warmth. To show love is the “best deed”. 四. 英语写作专题训练议论文（1）了解掌握议论文的基本格式和写作思路。所谓议论文，即通过摆事实、讲道理来表明自己的观点、主张或见解。（2）掌握议论文的三大要素，即论点、论据和论证。所谓论点就是作者对议论的问题所持有的观点和主张；所谓论据即用来证明或证实论点的依据，也就是supporting sentences或supporting paragraphs；所谓论证就是运用论据来证明论点的方式和过程，如运用例举法、引用法等。（3）实例分析和指导（一）Directions: Write an English composition in about over120-150 words, according to the points given in Chinese.1) 有的人喜欢与自己兴趣、爱好相同的人交朋友。2) 有的人喜欢与自己兴趣、爱好不同的人交朋友。3) 我认为思路点拨：先确立议论文章的三大要素，即论点、论据和论证。该作文的体裁属议论文。该写作的话题是交朋友，其主题思想在于第三条：我认为。因此，关键在于学生明确自己对于“交朋友”的观点、见解，即赞同“与自己兴趣、爱好相同的人交朋友”，还是“与自己兴趣、爱好不同的人交朋友”，还是另有想法。立意：四段式分步法?一旦确定主题思想，就该简要列出提纲，支持和发展主题。下面以赞同“与自己兴趣、爱好相同的人交朋友”这一主题为例，将文章分为四段：第一段：开门见山，直接将所给的中文提示1和2 作为话题，引出主题句：喜欢与自己兴趣、爱好相同的人交朋友。第二段：通过例举事实、说明理由等方法来支持和发展主题，如：和兴趣、爱好相同的人交朋友可以有共同感兴趣的话题一起谈论交流；第三段：可以共同参加感兴趣的活动；有利于身心健康；第四段：总结并得出结论, 一起交流、活动可以增进友谊；因此，我认为和兴趣、爱好相同的人交朋友是比较可取的。?撰写议论文，用来表示意见、观点或主张的词有：in ones opinion; from my point of view; My opinion is ; My idea is ; It occurs to me that.; It strikes me that; I think; I hold the view that 参考作文：Some people like to make friends with those who have similar interests or hobbies while others dont. As for me, Id like to make friends with those who have similar interests or hobbies.Firstly, I think, we can have something that we are both interested in to talk or chat about. For example, after class or work, we can get together and talk over our favorite sports or movie stars that we both like. We can exchange ideas or opinions on topics we are both concerned about. However, if we are together with those who have different interests or hobbies, we will probably have nothing to talk about and therefore feel bored or embarrassed.Secondly, I think, we can take part in some interesting activities together in our spare time. For instance, we can play table tennis or chess at the weekend. It will do good to us both physically and mentally.To conclude, by keeping in touch with those who share similar interests or hobbies, we can get to know each other better and deepen the friendship. We can share the happiness of success and the sorrows of failure. So, its really worthwhile to make friends with those with similar interests and hobbies. 实例分析和指导（二）Directions: Write an English composition in over 120 words, according to the title and the points given in Chinese.Title: I like travelling byPoints: 有人喜欢乘飞机旅行；有人喜欢乘船旅行； 我认为参考作文：I Like Travelling by TrainWith the rise of peoples living standard, more and more people would like to go travelling for their holidays. Some people like travelling by air. Some people like travelling by ship. Different people have different opinions. If I were asked to make a choice, I would prefer to travel by train.If I travel by train, I will have a sense of safety. As the train is running on the ground, help can be available in time if an accident happens. However, if I travel by air or by sea, I always feel nervous and helpless, not knowing what will happen on the plane or at sea.The second reason why I like travelling by train is that it is both cheap and comfortable to travel by train. Travelling by air is too expensive though it is fast while travelling by sea takes too long a time. Besides, I can have a good sight of the outside scenery while sitting on the train. In a word, travelling by train is cheap, safe and enjoyable. Whenever I have the opportunity to go travelling, I will choose to go by train without hesitation. 作业：Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words, according to the title and the key words given in English.校园里，手机短信正逐步取代传统的沟通，并日益成为学生一族的联系、沟通方式。请分析拇指文化盛行的原因，并就这一现象谈谈你的看法。 五. 写作综合训练应用文掌握信涵、日记的写作格式和方法。实例分析和指导：1.“Little Emperors” in ChinaStudy the following picture carefully and write a composition in 120-150 words. Your composition should be based on the picture.分析和指导：1. 仔细读图,将画面的主要内容描述一番, 即:父亲充当马背着儿子, 母亲跟在后面, 随时准备给儿子喂饭, 条件是: 父亲跑一圈, 儿子吃一口。2. 根据标题和画面, 可以判断出，这是发生在独身子女家庭，孩子无限受宠而成了“little emperors”的现象；适当描述这一现象。3. 就该现象，发表自己的观点和见解，如过分宠爱孩子不利于孩子的成长；家庭、学校和社会应如何正确教育独身子女等。 参考作文：“Little Emperors” in ChinaThis is a story about what happens in a typical one-child family in China. The parents are persuading the little boy to eat, but the little boy asks his father to act as his horse. He is riding on his fathers shoulder and saying, “You run a circle and I will take a mouth of food.” The mother, who is holding a plate of food, is running after them, ready to feed the little boy.This picture implies that some children are spoiled by their parents. As most Chinese families have only one child, the parents and grandparents try their best to satisfy the childs every need. As a result, the spoiled child becomes the “little emperor” who rules the whole family.In my opinion, something must be done to prevent a child from becoming spoilt. Parents and teachers must be strict with children and refuse to satisfy their unreasonable demands. Only in this way, can children be well educated and grow up to be useful people in the future.模拟写作：Sh 02Directions: Write an English composition in over 120 words based on the picture and the instructions given below.简要描述图片内容，结合生活实际，就图片的主题谈谈自己的感想。 Sh03Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.你的好友因家境一般买不起名牌而闷闷不乐。给他写封信，谈谈你的看法和建议。收信人：黄平