地质英语论文.doc

Common causes and prevention of geological disastersAbstract: This paper analyzes the common geological hazard causes of formation, and specific to the analysis of the causes, and then make a reasonable and effective prevention and control measuresBefore the statementOur country with a vast territory, complicated geological conditions, geological disasters often happen, serious harm to peoples lives, analysis of geological disasters on the causes, then let people system to understand the common geological disasters, earthquake, landslide, debris flow, collapse, and know how to control, appear very necessary.In this paper, the prevention measures are: prevention, early warning and management measures.the reason and prevention of earthquakeSince the earth is in constant motion and change, gradually accumulated huge amounts of energy in the earths crust, certain vulnerable areas, resulting in a sudden rupture of rocks, or cause the original fault dislocation, this is an earthquake.The vast majority of earthquakes have occurred in the earths crust.Is divided into seismic tectonic earthquake, volcano earthquake, collapse earthquake and earthquake induced by four 1.Seismic structure refers to the role of tectonic movement, the local stress to achieve and exceed the limits of the strength of rock, the rock would suddenly have deformation, or even rupture, will all of a sudden release of energy, causes the earth vibration, this kind of earthquake is called the tectonic earthquake, accounted for more than 90% of the total earthquake volcano earthquake is refers in the volcano later, due to the large number of magma loss, stress reduction or underground magma deep underground to not supplement, appears empty, causing the overlying rock fracture or collapse caused the earthquake.This kind of earthquake quantity are not many, only accounts for the earthquake total quantity about 7%.The depression earthquake is due to underground caves or mine goaf caused partial collapse of the earthquake.Collapse earthquake are the result of gravity, small size, less often, only accounts for the earthquake about 3% of the total number of artificially induced earthquakes and earthquake is the result of artificial blasting, mining, military construction and an underground nuclear test caused by earthquake.As a result of human activity to trigger the production of certain fault activity, causes the earthquake called induced earthquake, main reservoir seismic, deep well pumping and injection induced seismicity, nuclear test triggered earthquakes, mining activities, irrigation can be induced by the earthquake.Earthquake on peoples life with a huge disaster, with its strong destructive power, becoming the first Wenchuan earthquake geological hazards, currently a total of 69226 people were killed, 17923 missing, a total of 87149 people.Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi provinces ponderosity disaster area and disaster are the number of 39, 8 and 4, a total of 51 areas county, reached a total area of more than 13 square kilometers.Wenchuan earthquake caused direct economic losses of 845100000000 yuan 2.The disaster come unexpectedly we seem so weak, and our current level of science and technology also has the limitation, so we can do a good job of job of prevention and cure, the losses to a minimum.While most of the casualties are collapsed buildings harm to people, and because of fear and be confound at the crush, stampede, casualties, so the focus of the prevention and treatment for the building of the earthquake intensity and the peoples security consciousness.The first building constructed location choices should avoid fracture zone and continental plate junction, active fault, tectonic causes earthquakes, are generally due to active fault caused by active fault, built in the building when the earthquake will be severely damaged or destroyed.Because the fault of the energy released is very large, artificial structures is unable to resist the damage.Soft soil foundation should be avoided, and construction in soft soil foundation of buildings, because at the time of the earthquake, collapse will occur liquefaction phenomenon, caused by the failure of foundation on soft ground, is located in this building, there will be very serious damage.Design of building structure strengthening aseismic structure, some buildings in the design of bottom wall of too little, too much space multistory masonry buildings; some without the required with ring beams, structural column; some didnt press the limit height design, are possible when the earthquake destroyed.Landslide causes and PreventionLandslide is a slope along the shear failure surface used to pass the slip phenomenon.As shown in figure 1.Landslide causes are divided into internal cause and external cause effect two.I.e.: one is the geological and geomorphological conditions; two is outside the main force and influence of human activities.The first condition and the following several aspects: (1) types of soil and rock: rock and soil mass is the material foundation of the landslide.In general, all types of rock, soil has may constitute the landslide body, wherein the loose structure, shear strength and resistance to weathering ability is low, the water under the action of its nature can change rocks, soil, such as loose overburden, loess, red clay, shale, mudstone, coal measure strata, rock, tuff slate, phyllite, schist, and alternatively distributed soft and hard rock slope prone to landslides.(2): composed of geological structure conditions of slope rock, soil only by various structural surface is cut into discrete state, is likely to slide down the conditions.At the same time, structural surface and for rain water flows into the slope provides channel.Therefore, various joints, fissures, faults, level slope, especially when the parallel and perpendicular to the slope of the steep inclined structural surface and sloped gently inclined structural surface growth, the most prone to landslides.(3) the terrain and physiognomy conditions: only the physiognomy, have a certain gradient slope, that may occur landslide.General Jiang, river, Lake (reservoir), sea, channel slope, leading open hillside, railway, highway and the engineering building slope are prone to landslides of physiognomy.A slope greater than 10 degrees, is less than 45 degree, lower steep relief on the steep, upper into a ring shape of slope are the favorable terrain landslide.(4): hydrogeological condition groundwater activity, in plays a major role in the formation of landslide.Its role mainly displays in: softening of rock, soil, reduce the strength of soil, rock, dynamic water pressure and pore water pressure, soil erosion, rock, rock, soil bulk density increases, the permeable rock uplift force.Especially on the surface (with) the softening effect and reduce the intensity of the most prominent 3.The second condition is concerned, in the area of present-day crustal movement and human engineering activities are frequent areas of landslide prone area, external factors and function, can make the landslide basic condition is changed, thereby inducing landslide.The main predisposing factors are: earthquake, strong rainfall and snowmelt, surface water erosion, soaking, rivers and other surface water bodies on the slope toe scouring; unreasonable human engineering activities, such as excavation slope, slope upper load, blasting, flood, mining can induce landslide, as well as the tsunami, storm surge, freeze-thaw action.Prevention and harnessing of landslide can be from the following two major aspects: (a) the elimination and reduction of surface water and groundwater hazard, landslide occurs frequently and the role of water have a close relationship, the role of water, are often caused by the landslide are the main factors, therefore, the elimination and reduction of water on slope hazards is especially important., its aim is to: reduce the pore water pressure and dynamic water pressure, to prevent rock soil softening and dissolution decomposition, eliminate or reduce the water erosion and wave impact.Specific practices are: preventing peripheral surface water into the landslide area, can be in landslide boundary fix ditches; in the landslide area, can be built in slope of drainage ditch.The cover layer is available mortar rubble or artificial vegetation cover, to prevent infiltration of surface water.For rock slope can also spray concrete facing or hang Reinforced Sprayed concrete.Remove ground measure a lot of, should be based on the slope of the geological structure and hydrogeological conditions to choose.常见的地质灾害原因及防治摘 要：本文分析了常见地质灾害的形成原因，并且具体的对其形成的原因进行分析，进而做出合理有效地防治措施。 前 言 我国幅员辽阔，地质情况复杂，地质灾害事件时常发生，严重的危害了人们的生活，分析地质灾害对的原因，进而让人们系统的了解常见的地质灾害，地震，滑坡，泥石流，崩塌的原因，然后懂得如何进行防治，显得十分必要。本文的防治措施主要有：预防、预警报和治理等措施。一、地震的原因及防治由于地球在不断运动和变化，逐渐积累了巨大的能量，在地壳某些脆弱地带，造成岩层突然发生破裂，或者引发原有断层的错动，这就是地震。地震绝大部分都发生在地壳中。地震共分为构造地震、火山地震、陷落地震和诱发地震四种1。构造地震是指在构造运动作用下，当地应力达到并超过岩层的强度极限时，岩层就会突然产生变形，乃至破裂，将能量一下子释放出来，就引起大地震动，这类地震被称为构造地震，占地震总数90%以上 火山地震是指在火山爆发后，由于大量岩浆损失，地下压力减少或地下深处岩浆来不及补充，出现空洞，引起上覆岩层的断裂或塌陷而产生地震。这类地震数量不多，只占地震总数量7%左右。陷落地震是由于地下溶洞或矿山采空区的陷落引起的局部地震。陷落地震都是重力作用的结果，规模小，次数更少，只占地震总数的3%左右人工地震和诱发地震是由于人工爆破，矿山开采，军事施工及地下核试验等引起的地震。由于人类的生产活动触发某些断层活动，引起的地震称诱发地震，主要有水库地震，深井抽水和注水诱发地震，核试验引发地震，采矿活动、灌溉等也能诱发地震。地震对人们的生活带了了巨大灾难，它以突发性强，破坏力大成为地质灾害之首，汶川地震目前共造成69226人死亡、17923人失踪，共计87149人。四川、甘肃、陕西三省的极重灾区和重灾区数量分别是39个、8个和4个，共51个灾区县，总面积达到13万多平方公里。次汶川地震造成的直接经济损失达8451亿元人民币2。突如其来的灾害面前我们总显得那么弱小，而我们目前的科技水平又有局限，因此我们只能做好防治工作，把损失降到最低的。而大多数的人员伤亡主要是倒塌的建筑物对人员造成的伤害，和因为恐惧而惊慌失措造成的人群拥挤，踩踏，导致的伤亡，因此防治工作的重点为建筑物的抗震强度和人们的安全意识上。首先建筑物的建造地点的选择应该避开断裂带和大陆板块的交界处，活断层上，构造导致的地震，一般是由于活断层错动造成的，建在活断层上的建筑物在地震时自然会遭到严重破坏或倒毁。因为断层错动的释放的能量是非常大，人工建筑物是无法抵御其破坏的。地基应该避免软弱土层，建设在软土层的建筑物，由于地基在地震时会发生液化、塌陷等现象，而造成地基失效，位于这种软弱地基上的建筑物，将会遭到非常严重破坏 。设计建筑物的结构时加强房屋的抗震结构，有的建筑物在设计时底层隔墙过少、空间过大；有的多层砖房没按要求加圈梁、构造柱；有的没按限定高度设计等，都有可能在地震时遭到破坏。与此同时应该加强人们地震逃生和自救的教育，来增强人民抗震安全意识，提高加强地震防范意识的学习，当遇到地震时切忌恐慌，要沉着冷静，迅速采取正确行动。最后有关部门也应该加强地震预测系统的科学研究，尽快的能准确的预报地震的发生时间和地点，加强防灾减灾体系和综合减灾能力建设，提高灾害预防和紧急救援能力。二、滑坡的原因及防治 滑坡是指斜坡岩土体沿着惯通的剪切破坏面所发生的滑移现象。如图1。产生滑坡的原因主要分为内在原因与外界诱发作用两种。即：一是地质条件与地貌条件；二是内外营力和人为作用的影响。第一个条件与以下几个方面有关：(1)岩土类型：岩土体是产生滑坡的物质基础。一般说，各类岩、土都有可能构成滑坡体，其中结构松散，抗剪强度和抗风化能力较低，在水的作用下其性质能发生变化的岩、土，如松散覆盖层、黄土、红粘土、页岩、泥岩、煤系地层、凝灰岩、片岩、板岩、千枚岩等及软硬相间的岩层所构成的斜坡易发生滑坡。(2)地质构造条件：组成斜坡的岩、土体只有被各种构造面切割分离成不连续状态时，才有可能向下滑动的条件。同时、