华中师范大学人文地理复试笔试题目.doc

此文档收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除2011华中师范大学人文地理复试笔试题目一、汉译英 英译汉（两篇短文）二、简述1、人文地理学方法论关键词：经验主义、人本主义、实证主义、结构主义2、文化传播的方式关键词：扩展扩散（接触扩散、等级扩散、刺激扩散）、迁移扩散三、论述1、什么是“区域空间结构”，论述节点城市在区域空间结构的地位和作用。关键词:点、线、面。城市为点，交通轴为线，点线网状组合成面，此即为区域空间结构。节点城市一般对区域发展具有主导作用，极化效应和涓滴效应明显。2、什么是可持续发展，中国可持续发展面临怎样的挑战？关键词：人口、资源、环境，亚历山大。2011华中师范大学自然地理复试笔试题目1.气候形成的因子有哪些？2.什么是流水地貌？它有哪些类型？3.湖泊有哪些类型？4.试论述土壤的地带性规律。本帖最后由 hsd2012 于 2011-7-3 22:12 编辑2009华中师范大学城环院自然地理专业复试笔试题目1.全球降水量的分布状况2.成土母质对土壤形成的作用3.生态系统的功能,举例说明在环境中的作用4.依据中国地理的特征,说地域分异规律2009华中师范大学城环院人文地理专业复试笔试题目1. 简述人文地理的定义以及学科特性2. 简述如何发展人文地理中的可持续发展研究理论。3.人文地理的应用。4. 尽可能多的列举你最近阅读过的有关本专业的书籍或著作,列出书名与作者,并简要概括其内容.5.英译汉,大概的意思是说 许多事物的产生的根子是在内部,几乎所有和破坏有关系的事情都和人类有关系,人类妄图改变世界上的一切事物除了自己6.汉译英,文章很短 100个单词以内 主要的内容 就是环境保护的问题 倡导大家不分社会地位的高低 社会财富的多寡 团结起来,共同保护地球母亲2009华师城市与环境科学学院GIS专业复试笔试题目1、比较矢量数据和栅格数据的优缺点2、不同格式数据的融合方法3、空间数据库的设计步骤4、DEM在地理学研究中的作用5、地理系信息系统的应用和发展前景自然地理专业03年复试试题slave n. 奴隶一、地球运动有哪些地理意义？（16分）二、季风对我国东部降水有何影响？（16分）perfume n. 香水；香味三、地球水循环与人类水资源供应有何联系？（16 四、生态因子怎样影响生物种群增长？（16分）St Pauls Cathedral 圣保罗大教堂五、人类活动对地理环境变化有何影响？（16分）六、英译汉（20分）*注意：1 括号中系有下划线的词或短语对应的中文含义；2 人名（黑体）不必译成中文。Ecological Economics and Sustainabilitysecondly adv. 第二；其次Perhaps the most salient（突出的，显著的） contribution of ecological economics is its challenge to many of the fundamental precepts（戒律，格言） of neoclassical（新古典主义的） economic theory. In the view advocated by ecological economists， an economy is a one-way entropic throughput of energy and materials（耗散过程） as opposed to the neoclassical view of a circular flow of exchange value without any explicit links to the biophysical world. The central aim of ecological economics involves describing the relationship between dynamic human economic systems and larger dynamic， but normally slower-changing ecological systems。 In its normative（标准的，规范的） sense， this relationship envisions a socio-ecological context wherein （1） human life can continue indefinitely， （2） human individuals can flourish（充分发展）， and （3） human cultures can develop； but in which effects of human activities remain within bounds， so as not to destroy the diversity， complexity， and function of the ecological life support system。 With few variants（变体，变种）， the themes implicit in this definition intergenerational equity， meeting basic human needs and integrating concern for ecological processes into economic calculations have remained the fundamental building blocks of ecological economics.The notion of intergenerational equity challenges some of the central assumptions of conventional economic thinking. As a result of ecological economists efforts to understand how to approach growth policy in a way that would not impoverish the future， some time-tested tools of economics have come under fire. For example， the idea of intergenerational equity confronts the use of discount rates in economic analyses. Making intergenerational equity a primary goal also carries salient normative implications. One path towards operationalizing sustainability is a constructed social order consisting of an intertemporal contract based on the precepts of regency（摄政） and social bequests（遗产）。Ecological economists dialog on intergenerational equity is abetted（煽动，支持） by arguments for intra-generational equity and meeting the basic needs of current human societies. One manifestation of this concern is Goodland and Dalys call for a clear distinction between economic growth and economic development. Along these lines， reforming economic processes and reducing the socioeconomic ills associated with uneven development would entail（vt. 必需） a shift away from neoliberal visions of global economic integration to a focus on domestic production to develop internal markets. There is also an emerging challenge to how mainstream environmental and resource economics treat the environment-poverty nexus（关系）。 The assumption that only rich countries exhibit environmental awareness ignores an environmentalism of the poor which seeks to maintain access to communal（公共的） resources under threat from state development programs and market processes.Unit 2Another broad thrust in ecological economics is the argument that operationalizing sustainability demands redirecting economic and environmental policies to ensure a nondepleting stock of natural capital. Environmental valuation has emerged as the primary method of accomplishing such a transition by inserting awareness over ecological entities and services into the calculus（计算） of economic well-being（福利）。 Costanza advocates a biophysical basis for value that argues societal values should be based on the degree to which a particular evolutionary product is organized in terms of availability for human use. Carrying this argument to its logical conclusion， one interdisciplinary team of researchers uses valuation techniques to place the total value of the planets ecosystem goods in the neighborhood of US$33 trillion（兆万亿） per year. A similar logic could be applied to the value of sustaining services within the overall production process. In addition to environmental valuation， ecological economists offer several related policy recommendations aimed primarily at governmental and multilateral（多边的） development institutions. These include reform of national accounting systems to include natural capital in economic calculations； green taxes on ecologically harmful economic activities linked to lower taxes on labor and income； investment strategies to maintain natural capital at current levels； and endorsement of the precautionary principle as central tenet（宗旨）of environmental policy.effectively adv. 有效地人文地理专业03年硕士生复试题resolve n. 决心；决定答题要求：Lori n. 罗丽（女名）1、总分100分。2、答卷要求打印。无条件打印者，必须卷面整洁，字迹清楚；3、论述题的回答每个不得少于1500字，且必须条理清晰、观点明确、言之成理、持之有据，重要参考文献须注明。一、将下面的英文翻译成中文 （20分）The period from the fifth to the fifteenth century was one of sporadic and limited geographic work in Europe. Elsewhere， however， especially in the Islamic world and China， geography flowered. Again， what we find is a close relationship between geography on the one hand and societies experiencing expansion， and hence a thirst for geographic knowledge， on the other.due to 由于Medieval Europeans knew little beyond their immediate domain as geographic horizons retreated and mapping deteriorated. Many of the advances made by the Greeks were lost and it was only in monasteries that serious geographic work continued. During the Middle Ages， geography as such no longer existed； the word “geography” did not enter the English language until the sixteenth century. The clearest evidence of decline relates to maps. Greek maps were drawn by scholars with expertise in astronomy， geometry， and mathematics. Medieval map makers， although scholarly， are less easily described. Their maps were symbolic， not geographic. They stylized geographic reality to arrive at a predetermined desired structure. These maps are less detailed and accurate than maps produced some 1，500 years earlier. The best example is the twelfth to the fifteenth centurys T-O maps， which are a T drawn within an O. T-O maps show the world as a circle divided by a T-shaped body of water. East is at the top of the map. Above the T is Asia， below left is Europe， and below right is Africa. The cross of the T is the Danube-Nile axis and the perpendicular part of the T is the Mediterranean. These maps are ones of scriptural dogma； what was drawn was what Christians were expected to believe. Symbols triumphed over facts. A second type of medieval map divided the world into climatic zones， largely hypothetical， on either side of the equator. Other medieval maps were replete with decoration； the Ebstorf Mappemonde （c.1284） had as background a picture of the crucifixion， while the Hereford map （c. 1 300） is really an encyclopedia. Overall， medieval maps reflect medieval European geography， which， in turn， reflects medieval scholarship. Possibly the exceptions are the maps known as Portolano charts， which date from about 1300. These maps were used at sea and utilized a series of radiating lines. The lines did not serve to locate positions on the map， nor did the maps use any projection. Nevertheless these maps often succeeded in locating coastlines accurately.Medieval Europeans made very few additions to geographic knowledge. Norsemen sailed to Greenland and North America， but no books resulted. Christian Europeans indulged in a series of crusades and military invasions to the Holy Land， but the result， as far as geographic knowledge was concerned， was minimal. The most significant exploratory journey was that of Marco Polo （1254-1323）， a Venetian who visited China and wrote a description of the places he visited. However， Marco Polo was unable to add to Greek knowledge because he was largely unaware of it. The distinction is not always an easy one， but Marco Polo was an explorer， not a geographer. It was outside Europe that the major geographic advances took place during the period after the Greeks and prior to the fifteenth century. Two contributions need to be noted.In China， a great civilization， clearly the parent of contemporary China， developed before 2000 BC. The longest-lasting civilization in the world， China inevitably made major contributions to geographic knowledge. Chinese writings describing their known world date back to at least the fifth century BC. The Chinese also explored and described areas beyond China； in 128 BC， for example， Chang Chien discovered the Mediterranean region， described his travels， and initiated a trade route. Other Chinese geographers reached India， central Asia， Rome， and Paris. Indeed， Chinese travelers reached Europe prior to the travels of Marco Polo. There is one important aspect in which early Chinese geography differed from the European equivalent. It is a difference of geographic perspective， that is， a different way of looking at the world. Traditionally， Chinese culture views the individual as a part of nature whereas Greek and subsequent European culture typically view the individual as apart from nature. This distinction is closely tied to the differing attitudes incorporated in Confucianism （which dates from about the sixth century BC） and Christianity. Given the concern with humans and land as one， it is evident that Chinese descriptive geographies often focused on an integrated human and physical description. Maps were also central to geography in China. There is evidence of a grid system used during the Han dynasty （third century BC to third century AD）。 It appears that the Chinese map makers began as civil servants whose job it was to draw and revise maps. Viewed in this light， the map maker was an important individual in the service of the state. Maps were symbolic statements， asserting ownership of some territory.The second contribution to geography outside Europe came from the Islamic world. The religion of Islam began in the seventh century AD （the prophet Muhammad died in 632） and very quickly proved to be a powerful unifying force of previously disparate tribes. Consequently； at much the same time as Europe was immersed in the Dark Ages， civilization flowered in Arabia. Conquests beyond the Arab region commenced， increasing the geographic knowledge base to include north Africa， the Iberian Peninsula， and India. By the ninth century， Islamic geographers were