生命的探索抗生素（英文ppt）

Lab1 Biology ExploringLife 0 Antibiotics TooMuchofaGoodThing Yourdoctorprescribesanantibioticandspecificallycautionsyoutotakeeverypill Why Antibiotics Checkpoint Antibiotics Whatisanantibiotic a Itisatoxinusedbybacteriatokillmolds b Itisadrugthatcankillinfectiousbacteria c Itisachemicalproducedbythebodytodefenditselfagainstviruses d It sanareawithconditionsthatdon tsupportlife e Noneoftheabovearecorrect Checkpoint Antibiotics Humanwhitebloodcells a carryoxygenandcarbondioxidetothelungsb storeantibioticsforreleaseatsitesofinfectionc serveasoneofthebody snaturallinesofdefenseagainstmicrobialinvadersd gatherandeliminateantibioticsfromthesiteofaninfectione Allofthesearecorrect Checkpoint Antibiotics Abouthalfoftheantibioticsproducedtoday a endupinanimalfeedb areusedbyfieldhospitalsinwarzonesc areshippedtothird worldcountriesd becomeuselessduetodevelopingresistancebybacterialpopulationse arestoredforlateruse Checkpoint Antibiotics Howdobacteriapopulationsbecomedrugresistant a Antibioticsremovedrug susceptibleindividualsbutleavethosethataredrug resistant b Naturalselectiondrivesbacterialpopulationstochange c Someindividualsaregeneticallyresistanttoantibiotics d Allofthesearecorrect Checkpoint Antibiotics Whichoftheseisnotaneffectivestrategytopreventantibioticresistance a Don tstockpileantibiotics b Don tdemandantibioticsfromyourphysician c Useantibioticsonlyaslongassymptomsremain d Useantibioticsasprescribed e Don tshareantibioticswithothers BiologyandSociety Antibiotics Thedevelopmentofantibioticresistancebybacteriaillustrateshownaturalselectionaffectsourlives Canyounameanotherwayoursocietyexperiencestheeffectsofnaturalselection Antibiotics DiscussionQuestionThedevelopmentofantibioticresistancebybacteriaillustrateshownaturalselectionaffectsourlives Canyounameanotherwayoursocietyexperiencestheeffectsofnaturalselection Follow UpQuestionsIsitlikelythatinsectorplantpests weeds mightdevelopresistancetopesticidesandherbicides Someplants likeBTcornandBTcotton arebeingengineeredtoincludeapesticidegene Whatdoyoupredicttobethelong termsuccessofsuchastrategy Whatstrategiesshouldafarmeremploytopreventpestsfrombecomingresistant Antibioticresistanceinbacteriaisnottheonlycaseinwhichhumansarecausingpressuresthatcontributetothenaturalselectionofapopulation OtherexamplesincludeinsectresistancetoBTcorn BTcotton andothernaturalandgeneticallyalteredcrops BiologyandSociety BiologyandSociety Antibiotics Manyantibiotics likepenicillin arenolongereffective butitiscostlytodevelopreplacements Dowehaveanobligationtosocietiesthatcannotaffordtodevelopthesenewandexpensiveantibiotics BiologyandSociety Antibiotics About50 oftheantibioticsproducedtodayareusedinthelivestockindustry Whatimpactdoesthishaveonthetreatmentofhumandiseases InternetResearch Antibiotics AntibacterialSoapDoesn tPreventViralInfection http kidshealth org research antibacterial products html Thisarticleoutlinesouruseandmisunderstandingofantibacterialsoaps Arethereconcernsthatbacteriawilldevelopresistancetoantibacterialsoaps DrugCompaniesSnubAntibiotics Summary Antibiotics Wedidn thaveantibioticsbeforethe1940s AlexanderFleminghelpedtodevelopthefirstantibioticfromamold Antibioticsworktokillinfectingbacteria Naturalvariationsexistwithinbacterialpopulationsthatmakesomebacteriaresistanttoantibiotics Abuseofantibioticspromotesthedevelopmentofantibiotic resistantbacteria Preventingthedevelopmentofantibiotic resistantbacteriaisinthehandsofeveryindividual Whatactionswillyoutake Antibiotics FiveStepsofthescientificmethod ObservationcomefromothersorresultsofearliertestsQuestionsareaskedaboutunclearaspectsoftheobservations How Why When Hypothesesaretentativeexplanationofaphenomenonphrasedinsuchawayastobetestable Predictionsarelogical testableoutcomesofthehypothesesdevelopedbytheuseofdeductivereasoning Predictionstaketheformofif statementofhypotheses istrue then predictions Testsofpredictionareperformedtodetermineifthepredictionsaresupported failtofalsify orfalsified ConceptCheck Notallsciencediscoveriesstrictlyfollowthe scientificmethod Whichofthefollowingwouldbestbedescribedasdiscoveryscience Sequencingthehumangenome DescribinganewbirdspeciesfromthePhilippines AprojecttofindpreservedspecimensoftheprobablyextinctRockyMountainlocustfrozeninglaciers Alloftheabove 0 Answer Notallsciencediscoveriesstrictlyfollowthe scientificmethod Whichofthefollowingwouldbestbedescribedasdiscoveryscience Alloftheabove 0 ACaseStudyofHypothesis BasedScienceInexperimentsdesignedtotesthypothesesTheuseofcontrolgroupsandexperimentalgroupshelpstocontrolvariables 0 InterpretingData Thesetwosnakeslookremarkablysimilartoeachother Thecoralsnake right isverypoisonoustovertebrates Hypotheses H1 Thecoralsnake sbrightcolorpatternservestowarnoffpotentialpredators H2 Thethekingsnakesufferslesspredationbecauseitmimicsorlookslikethecoralsnake H3 Theprotectionthatkingsnakesreceivebymimickingcoralsnakewilldependonthepresenceofcoralsnakes 0 InterpretingData Ateamofscientistsdesignedaninvestigationthatusedartificialsnakestotesttheprevioushypotheses Whichoftheprevioushypothesesaresupportedbytheresultsdisplayedattheright H1 Thecoralsnake sbrightcolorpatternservestowarnoffpotentialpredators H2 Thethekingsnakesufferslesspredationbecauseitmimicsorlookslikethecoralsnake H3 Theprotectionthatkingsnakesreceivebymimickingcoralsnakewilldependonthepresenceofcoralsnakes BothAandB 0 Answer Ateamofscientistsdesignedaninvestigationthatusedartificialsnakestotesttheprevioushypotheses Whichoftheprevioushypothesesaresupportedbytheresultsdisplayedattheright BothAandB 0 InterpretingData Biologistsplacedartificialsnakemimicsintwodifferentlocalitiestotestthehypothesisthatlookinglikeapoisonoussnakeonlyworkswherethepoisonoussnakeisfound Outsideofthecoralsnakerange onlykingsnakespresent Insidethecoralsnakerange bothcoralandkingsnakesarepresent 0 InterpretingData Thedatagraphedattheright thehypothesisthattheeffectivenessofmimiccolorationdependsuponthepresenceofthepoisonousmodelis supportsdoesnotsupportisirrelevantto 0 Answer Thedatagraphedattheright thehypothesisthattheeffectivenessofmimiccolorationdependsuponthepresenceofthepoisonousmodelis supports 0 InterpretingData Basedonthisdatawhichofthefollowingisalogicalhypothesisorprediction Kingsnakesoutsideoftherangeofcoralsnakeswillmorecloselyresemblecoralsnakesthanpopulationsofkingsnakelivingwithintherangeofcoral Kingsnakesoutsideoftherangeofcoralsnakeswillnotresemblecoralsnakesascloselyaspopulationsofkingsnakesthatlivewithintherangecoralsnakes Neitherpredictionisvalid 0 Answer Basedonthisdatawhichofthefollowingisalogicalhypothesisorprediction Kingsnakesoutsideoftherangeofcoralsnakeswillnotresemblecoralsnakesascloselyaspopulationsofkingsnakesthatlivewithintherangecoralsnakes 0 Controls Thiscasestudyprovidesanexampleofacontrolledexperiment onethatisdesignedtocompareanexperimentalgroup theartificialkingsnakes inthiscasestudy withacontrolgroup theartificialbrownsnakes Ideally theexperimentalandcontrolgroupsdifferonlyintheonefactortheexperimentisdesignedtotest inourexample theeffectofthesnakes colorationonthebehaviorofpredators Controls Withoutthecontrolgroup theresearcherswouldnothavebeenabletoruleoutthenumberofpredatorsinthedifferenttestareasasthecauseofthedifferentnumberofattacksontheartificialkingsnakes Thecleverexperimentaldesignleftcolorationastheonlyfactorthatcouldaccountforthelowpredationrateontheartificialkingsnakesplacedwithintherangeofcoralsnakes Hypothesis Theoryneedinginvestigation atentativeexplanationforaphenomenon usedasabasisforfurtherinvestigationThehypothesisofthebigbangisonewaytoexplainthebeginningoftheuniverse Hypothesis defined Aconjectureadvancedforheuristicpurposes castinaformthatisamenabletoconfirmationorrefutationbyconductingofdefinableexperimentsandthecriticalassemblyofempiricdata nottobeconfusedwithassumption postulation orunfocusedspeculation Heuristic LOGICprocedureforgettingsolution ahelpfulprocedureforarrivingatasolutionbutnotnecessarilyaproof Deduction Conclusiondrawn aconclusiondrawnfromavailableinformation Drawingaconclusion theprocessofdrawingaconclusionfromavailableinformation LOGIClogicalconclusion aconclusionreachedbyapplyingtherulesoflogictoapremise LOGICreasoning theformingofconclusionsbyapplyingtherulesoflogictoapremise ACaseStudyfromEverydayLifeDeductivereasoningisusedintestinghypothesesasfollowsIfahypothesisiscorrect andwetestit thenwecanexpectaparticularoutcome 0 Twoimportantqualitiesofthehypotheses basedscience Ahypothesismustbetestable Ahypothesismustbefalsifiable Ahypothesisbecomescrediblewhenrepeatedattemptstodisproveitfail IntroductiontoLab1 scientificinquiryisaparticularwayofansweringquestionsquestionsthatcanbeansweredbysci encemustmeetspecificguidelinesandscientificinvestigationsmustbecarriedoutusingcertainrulesaninvestigatorcannotshowthathisorherexperimentwasdoneaccordingtotheguidelines thentheresultsofthatexperimentwillnotberecognizedasvalidbyotherscientists IntroductiontoLab1 Thepurposeofsuchguidelinescanbeunderstoodbycomparingthemtosportsrecords Forexample anewrecordsetinatrackandfieldeventonlycountsifthemeetwasapprovedbythegoverningbodythatsetstheguidelines Thesiteandequipmentusedarescrutinizedtobesurethattheyarewithintheregulationsandtheathleteistestedforuseofillicitsubstances Onlywhentheserequiredconditionsaremetistherecordcertifiedasvalid IntroductiontoLab1 Inthislaboratoryyouwilllearnaboutthebasicelementsofscientificinquiryandhowtoapplythisprocesstosolvingproblems Exercise1 3 TheElementsofanExperiment Objectives Defineandgiveexamplesofdependent independent andstandardizedvariables Identifythevariablesinanexperiment Explainwhatcontroltreatmentsareandwhytheyareused Explainwhatreplicationisandwhyitisimportant Exercise1 3 TheElementsofanExperiment Variablesarethingsthatmaybeexpectedtochangeduringthecourseoftheexperiment TheinvestigatordeliberatelychangestheindependentvariableHemeasuresthedependentvariabletolearntheeffectofchangingtheindependentvariable Toeliminatetheeffectofanythingelsethatmightinfluencethedependentvariable theinvestigatortriestokeepstandardizedvariablesconstant DependentVariables Thedependentvariableiswhattheinvestigatormeasures orcountsorrecords Itiswhattheinvestigatorthinkswillvaryduringtheexperiment Forexample shemaywanttostudypeanutgrowth Onepossibledependentvariableistheheightofthepeanutplants Namesomeotheraspectsofpeanutgrowththatcanbemeasured Numberofpeanuts weightoftheplants leafarea timetomaturation Alloftheseaspectsofpeanutgrowthcanbemeasuredandcanbeusedasdependentvariablesinanexperiment Therearedifferentdependentvari ablespossibleforanyexperiment Theinvestigatorcanchoosetheoneshethinksismostimportant orshecanchoosetomeasuremorethanonedependentvariable IndependentVariables Theindependentvariableiswhattheinvestigatordeliberatelyvariesduringtheexperiment Itischosenbecausetheinvestigatorthinksitwillaffectthedependentvariable Namesomefactorsthatmightaffectthenumberofpeanutsproducedbypeanutplants Amountoffertilizer typeoffertilizer temperature amountofwater daylength genetictypeofthepeanuts StandardizedVariables Athirdtypeofvariableisthestandardizedvariable Standardizedvariablesarefactorsthatarekeptequalinalltreatments sothatanychangesinthedependentvariablecanbeattributedtothechangestheinvestigatormadeintheindependentvariable StandardizedVariables Sincetheinvestigator spurposeistostudytheeffectofoneparticularindependentvariable shemusttrytoeliminatethepossibilitythatothervariablesareinfluencingtheoutcome Thisisaccomplishedbykeepingtheothervariablesatconstantlevels inotherwords bystandardizingthesevariables StandardizedVariables Forexample ifthescientisthaschosentheamountoffertilizerastheindependentvariable shewantstobesurethattherearenodifferencesinthetypeoffertilizerused Shewouldusethesameformulationandsamebrandoffertilizerthroughouttheexperiment Whatothervari ableswouldhavetobestandardizedinthisexperiment Amountofwater temperature daylength genetictypeofpeanuts Predictions Ahypothesisisaformal testablestatementTheinvestigatordevisesanexperimentorcollectsdatathatcouldprovethehypothesisfalseHeshouldalsothinkthroughthepossibleoutcomesoftheexperimentandmakepredictionsabouttheeffectoftheindependentvariableonthedependentvariableineachsituation Itisusefultothinkofapredictionasanif thenstate ment Ifthehypothesisissupported thentheresultswillbe LevelsofTreatment Oncetheinvestigatorhasdecidedwhattheindependentvariableforanexperimentshouldbe hemustalsodeterminehowtochangeorvarytheindependentvariable Thevaluessetfortheindependentvariablearecalledthelevelsoftreatment ControlTreatments Itisalsonecessarytoincludecontroltreatmentsinanexperiment Acontroltr