英语专题——动词不定式.doc

英语专题动词不定式 一动词不定式动词不定式由to动词原形构成这里的to是不定式标志没有词义不定式具有名词形容词或副词的某些语法功能又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用常见的形式如下所示以及物动词do为例不及物动词没有被动语态时态语态主动to do被动to be done一般式to be doing进行式完成式to have doneto have been done 完成进行式to have been doing1 有些动词可以用不定式作宾语大致上有三种情况1有些及物动词用不定式作宾语结构为动词不定式例如afford aim agree arrange ask decide bother care choose demand desire determine elect endeavor hope fail help learn long渴望 mean manage offer plan pretend refuse tend undertake expect hate intend 例如 The driver failed to see the other car in time 司机没能及时看见另一辆车 He offered to help me 他表示愿意帮助我2有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语还用不定式作补语即有动词宾语不定式的结构例如 ask choose expect help beg intend likelove need prefer prepare want wish 例如I like to keep everything tidy我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁I like you to keep everything tidy我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁I want to speak to Tom 我想和汤姆谈话I want you to speak to Tom 我想让你和汤姆谈话3有些动词或动词词组可以用动词疑问词不定式的结构作宾语例如decide know consider forget learn remember show wonder find out tell inquire explain 例如Please show us how to do that 请演示给我们如何去做There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy 有这么多的录音机我都拿不定主意买哪一种2 不定式作补语 1有些有动词宾语不定式的结构例如advise allow cause challenge command compel drive驱使 enable encourageforbid force impel induce instruct invite likelove order permit make let have want get warn persuade request send tell train urge 例如Father will not allow us to play on the street 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍The officer ordered his men to fire 长官命令士兵开火注意有些动词如makehavegetwant等可用不定式作宾补也可用分词作宾补现在分词表达主动也表达正在进行过去分词表达被动2有些有动词宾语不定式的结构不定式的动词往往是be不定式一般可以省去例如consider find believe think declare声称 appoint guess fancy设想 guess judge imagine know 例如We believe him to be guilty 我们相信他是有罪的We know him to be a fool 我们知道他是个笨蛋to be 不能省去典型例题Charles Babbage is generally considered_ the first computerA to inventB inventing C to have invented D having invented 答案C 一般没有consider宾语be以外的不定式的结构也没有consider宾语doing的结构排除ABDconsider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时一般要求用不定式的完成式故选C3有些动词可以跟there to be的结构例如believe expect intend like love mean prefer want wish understand 例如 We didnt expect there to be so many people there 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里 You wouldnt want there to be another war 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧3 不定式作主语 不定式作主语往往用it作形式主语真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面 例如Its so nice to hear your voice 听到你的声音真高兴Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it 不用车的时候锁车是有必要的Its very kind of you to help us你帮助我们你真好It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything他不给他们任何东西这显得太自私了但是用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时不能用It is to的句型另外这样的句子不能用动名词作表语例如对To teach is to learn 错It is to learn to teach错To teach is learning错Teaching is to learn典型例题The chair looks rather hard but in fact it is very comfortable to _A sit B sit on C be seat D be sat on答案B 如果不定式为不及物动词其后应有必要的介词当动词与介词连用时常位于形容词动词不定式结构的末尾4 Its for sb和 Its of sb这样的句子中由于表语形容词性质的不同导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别 1for sb 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点表示客观形式的形容词如easy hard difficult interesting impossible等例如Its very hard for him to study two languages 对他来说学两门外语是很难的 2of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格品德心智能力表示主观感情或态度的形容词如good kind nice clever foolish right例如Its very nice of you to help me 你来帮助我你真是太好了用for还是用of 的另一种辨别方法用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语用介词前边的形容词作表语造个句子如果通顺用of不通则用for例如You are nice通顺所以应用ofHe is hard 非所表达的意思不通因此用for5 不定式作表语 不定式可放在be动词后面形成表语例如My work is to clean the room every day 我的工作是每天清扫房间His dream is to be a doctor 他的梦想是成为一名医生6 不定式作定语 不定式作定语通常要放在被修饰的词后往往表示未发生的动作例如I have a lot of work to do我有许多事要做There was nothing to bring home that morning 那天早上他回家时两手空空 7 不定式作状语 1目的状语常用结构为to do only to do仅仅为了 in order to doso as to dososuch as to如此以便例如He ran so fast as to catch the first bus他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车I come here only to say good-bye to you我来仅仅是向你告别2作结果状语可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果不定式要放在句子后面 I awoke to find my truck gone 我醒来发现箱子不见了He searched the room only to find nothing 他搜索了房间没发现什么3表原因Im glad to see you 见到你很高兴She wept to see the sight 她一看到这情形就哭了 4表示理由和条件He must be a fool to say soYou will do well to speak more carefully8 用作介词的to to 可以用作介词也可用作不定式的标志下面的to 都用作介词admit to object to be accustomed to be used to stick to turn to开始 look forward to be devoted to pay attention to contribute to apologize to devote oneself to9 省去to 的动词不定式 1情态动词 除ought 外 后2使役动词 let have make后感官动词 see watch look at notice observe hear listen to smell feel find 等后注意被动语态中不能省去to例如 I saw him dance 我看见他跳舞 He was seen to dance The boss made them work the whole night 老板让他们整夜干活 They were made to work the whole night3would ratherhad better句型后4Why Why not句型后5help 后可带to也可不带to help sb to do sth6but和except后but前是实义动词do时后面出现的不定式不带to比较He wants to do nothing but go out 他只想出去玩He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine 除了吃这药他什么都信7由and or和than连接的两个不定式第二个to 可以省去8通常在discover imagine suppose think等词后作宾补时可以省去to be例如 He is supposed to be nice他应该是个好人典型例题1I usually go there by train Why not _ by boat for a changeA to try going Btrying to go Cto try and go Dtry going答案D why not 后面接不带to 的不定式因此选D2Paul doesnt have to be made _ He always works hardA learn B to learn C learned D learning 答案B make后接不带to 的动词不定式当其用于被动时to 不可省略 10 动词不定式的否定式在不定式标志to前加上not例如 Tell him not to shut the window 让他别关窗 She pretended not to see me when I passed by 我走过的时候她假装没看见典型例题1Mrs Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking A never to drive B to never drive C never driving D never drive 答案Awarn sb to do sth 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth 此处用的是否定词never2The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the streetbut his mother told him _ A not toB not to doC not do it D do not to 答案Anot to 为not to do it 的省略形式可以只用to这个词而不必重复整个不定式词组及物动词do后应有宾语因此BD也不对11 不定式的特殊句型too to 1too to 太以至于例如He is too excited to speak 他太激动了说不出话来Can I help you 需要我帮忙吗Well Im afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it but thank you all the same不用了这箱子太重恐怕你搬不动谢谢2如在too前有否定词则整个句子用否定词表达肯定too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义意为不太例如Its never too late to mend 改过不嫌晚谚语3当too 前面有only all but时意思是非常等于very例如 Im only too pleased to be able to help you 能帮助你我非常高兴 He was but too eager to get home 他非常想回家12 不定式的特殊句型so as to 1表示目的它的否定式是so as not to do例如Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby轻点进去别惊醒了婴儿2表示结果例如 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time 劳驾现在几点了 13 不定式的特殊句型Why not Why not 动词原形表达向某人提出建议翻译为为什么不干吗不例如Why not take a holiday 干吗不去度假14 不定式的时态和语态 1一般式表示的动词有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后例如He seems to know this 他似乎知道这事I hope to see you again I hope that Ill see you again我希望再见到你2完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前例如 Im sorry to have given you so much trouble 很抱歉给你添了那么多的麻烦 He seems to have caught a cold 他好像已经得了感冒3进行式表示动作正在进行与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生例如 He seems to be eating something 他好像正在吃什么东西4完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候例如 She is known to have been working on the problem for many years 我们知道她研究这问题有好几年了15 动名词与不定式 1动名词与不定式的区别 动名词表达的是状态性质心境抽象经常性已发生的 不定式表达的是目的结果原因具体一次性将发生的2有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语意义基本相同 3有些动词如forget接不定式或动名词作宾语意义大相径庭常见的下一节有专门讨论特殊词精讲1 stop doingto do stop to do停止中断做某事后去做另一件事stop doing停止做某事例如They stop to smoke a cigarette 他们停下来抽了根烟I must stop smoking 我必须戒烟了典型例题 She reached the top of the hill and stopped _on a big rock by the side of the pathA to have restedB resting C to restD rest答案C由题意可知她到了山顶停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息因此应选择stop to do sth 停下来去做另一件事而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止所以stop doing sth不正确2 forget doingto do forget to do忘记要去做某事forget doing忘记做过某事例如The light in the office is still on He forgot to turn it off 办公室的灯还在亮着他忘记关了没有做关灯的动作He forgot turning the light off 他忘记他已经关了灯了已做过关灯的动作The light in the office is still on OhI forgot_ A turning it off B turn it off C to turn it off D having turned it off 答案C由the light is still on 可知灯亮着即关灯的动作没有发生因此用forget to do sth而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了而忘记了这一事实此处不符合题意3 remember doingto do remember to do 记得去做某事remember doing记得做过某事例如Remember to go to the post office after school 记着放学后去趟邮局Dont you remember seeing the man before 你不记得以前见过那个人吗4 regret doingto do regret to do对将要做的事遗憾regret doing对做过的事遗憾后悔例如I regret to have to do this but I have no choice 我很遗憾必须这样去做我实在没有办法I dont regret telling her what I thought我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔典型例题You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting Well now I regret _ thatA to do B to be doing Cto have done Dhaving done答案Dregret having done sth 对已发生的事感到遗憾regret to do sth 对将要做的事感到遗憾本题为对已说的话感到后悔因此选D5 cease doingto do cease to do 长时间甚至永远停做某事cease doing短时间停止做某事以后还会接着做例如That department has ceased to exist forever 那个系已不复存在The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by 姑娘们在老师走过时停了会聊天 6 try doingto do try to do努力企图做某事try doing试验试着做某事例如You must try to be more careful 你可要多加小心I tried gardening but didnt succeed 我试着种果木花卉但未成功7 go on doingto do go on to do做了一件事后接着做另一件事go on doing继续做原来做的事例如After he had finished his mathshe went on to do his physics 做完数学后他接着去做物理Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one 你做完这个练习后接着做其他的练习8 be afraid doingto do be afraid to do不敢胆怯去做某事是主观上的原因不去做意为怕be afraid of doing担心出现doing的状况结果doing 是客观上造成的意为生怕恐怕例如She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake 她生怕被蛇咬着不敢在草丛中再走一步She was afraid to wake her husband 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫 She was afraid of waking her husband 她生怕吵醒她丈夫9 be interested in doingto do be interested to do对做某事感兴趣想了解某事be interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣doing 通常为想法例如I shall be interested to know what happens 我很想知道发生了什么事想了解Im interested in working in Switzerland Do you have any idea about that 我对在瑞士工作感兴趣你想过这事吗 一种想法10 mean doingto do mean to do 打算想mean doing意味着例如I mean to go but my father would not allow me to 我想去但是我父亲不肯让我去To raise wage means increasing purchasing power 增加工资意味着增加购买力11 beginstart doingto do begin start to do sth begin start doing sth1谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时使用doing例如How old were you when you first started playing the piano 你几岁时开始弹钢琴2begin start用进行时时后面动词用不定式to do例如I was beginning to get angry 我开始生起气来3在attempt intend begin start 后接know understand realize这类动词时常用不定式to do例如 I begin to understand the truth 我开始明白真相4事物作主语时例如The snow began to melt 雪开始融化了12 感官动词 doingto do 感官动词 see watch observe notice look at hear listen to smell taste feel do表示动作的完整性doing 表示动作的进行性例如I saw him work in the garden yesterday 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了强调我看见了这个事实I saw him working in the garden yesterday强调我见他正干活这个动作昨天我见他正在花园里干活典型例题1They knew her very well They had seen her _ up from childhood A grow B grew C was growing D to grow 答案A因题意为他们看着她长大因此强调的是成长的过程而非正在长的动作因此用see sb do sth 的句型2The missing boy was last seen _ near the river A playing B to be playingC playD to play 答案A本题强调其动作正在河边玩因此用see sb doing sth句型模拟试题答题时间120分钟一高考命题举例1 The Olympic Games _ in 776 BC did not include women players until 1912 97 A first playing B to be first played C first played D to be first playing2 _ in thought he almost ran into the car in front of him 96 A Losing B Having lost C Lost D To lose3 The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation 96 A to eat not B eating not C not to eat D not eating4 Paul doesnt have to be made _ He always works hard 95 A learn B to learn C learned D learning5 We agreed _ here But so far she hasnt turned up yet 95 A having met B meeting C to meet D to have met6 You were Brave enough to raise objections at the meeting Well now I regret _ that 95 A to do B to be doing C to have done D having done7 The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks _ that he had enjoyed his stay 94 A having added B to add C adding D added8 Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer 93 A to have invented B inventing C to invent D having invented9 Last summer I took a course on _ 90 A how to make dresses B how dresses be madeC how to be made dresses D how dresses to be made10 He has always insisted on his _ Dr Turner instead of Mr Turner 92 A been called B called C having called D being called11 _ a reply he decided to write again 92 A Not receiving B Receiving not C Not having received D Having not received12 The secretary worked late into the night _ a long speech for the president 91 A to prepare B preparing C prepared D was preparing13 Tom ought not to _ me your secret but he meant no harm 93 A have told B tell C be telling D having told14 The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in 16th century 94 A having written B to be written C being written D written15 _ more attention the trees could have grown better 90 A Given B To give C Giving D Having given二应用举例1 _ work means moving a body through a distance by a force A Having done B Done C Doing D Being done2 Why were you so late for work today_ to the office was very slow this morning because of the traffic A Driving B To drive C I drove D That I drove3 Whats made Jenny so upset _ two tickets to the filmA Lost B Losing C Because of losing D Since she lost4 I havent got a chair _ A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting5 Do you have any clothes _ today my mother asked A to wash B be washed C wash D to be washed6 I remember my father _ me to the beach when I was a very small child We forgot _ a towel and I felt very cold A takingto take B to taketaking C taketaking D taketaken7 Would you mind _ me how to use the dictionary A to tell B to have told C telling D being told8 He likes hearing his own voice He never stops _A telling B talking C to tell D to talk9 Professor Smith had us _ compositions every Monday A to write B written C write D wrote10 I could not make _ English A myself understand in B myself understood inC myself understand by D myself understand with11 _ no money I could not buy it A Have B Having C To have D To having12 _ a fine day we decided to go out on a picnic A Having been B Being C What D It beingA形成训练题一1 What would you like I would rather _ a cup of coffeeA had B have C to have D having2 Can you do me a favor to get our monitor _ the difficult sentenceA explain B to explain C explained D explaining3 My father is sleeping quietly so I tried my best _ any noiseA not make B to make not C to make D not to make4 I wish very much that I could go to your home to watch the exciting football match but my parents wont allow _ in touch with you A me keeping B that I keep C me to keep D me keep5 Why not go swimming as it is such a fine day I want to but Im _ busy to goA enough B too C very D so6 Why is everyone here _ an important notice A Announce B For announcing C Announcing D To announce7 Shall we go there on foot No its too far _ there on time A that we get B for us getting C for us to get D so we cant get8 The officer ordered the young soldier _ at ease A would stand B stood C to stand D standing9 I really dont know _A to swim B how to swim C swim how D how swim10 What do you think of the English film Im poor at listening so its difficult _A understood B understanding C to be understood D to understand11 I was surprised _ so quicklyA watching him to eat B watch him eat C watching his eat D to watch him eat12 You are too young _ join the armyA not able to B that you cant C not to D to13 Do you want to go abroad for a further studyI like _ but I never have a chance _ there A toto go B to goto go C tofor going D to gofor going14 I ran too fast _ where I was going A to notice B for me to notice C to notice for me D and notice15 Are you enjoying your visit here Yes Ill be very sorry _A for leaving B of leaving C with leaving D to leave16 What can I do for you Yes but not now Id like _ me when I finish what Im doing A that you will help B that you help C you to help D you helping17 Dont you like to have your room _ clean and tidy A be looked B looked C looking D look 18 I went to the post office _ some letters to my friends A for sending B send C sending D to send19 We should consider it _ a duty to serve the Chinese people heart and soulA to be B be C as D A and C20 Have you finished the maths problem Not yet because I find it difficult _A in working out B working out C for