初中英语从句小结.doc

初中英语从句小结 一、状语从句（一）概念用一个句子（从句）来作另一个句子（主句）的状语，用作状语的句子就叫作状语从句。作什么样的状语就叫什么类型的状语从句。例如：条件状语从句就是用一个句子来作条件状语。（二）状语从句的分类。（1）时间状语从句用法要点凡是从句都必须有引导词，引导时间状语从句的词有when，before，after，until，as soon as，while 等，具体用法如下：1.when意为“当时”，引导时间状语从句，表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生。例如：I feel very happywhenyou come to see me. 你（们）来看我时，我感到很高兴。Whenyou are crossing the street，you must be careful. 你（们）过街道时，一定要小心。when引导的时间状语从句，when的从句可以用延续性动词，也可以用点动词。eg.He was working at the tablewhenI went in. 当我进去的时候，他正在桌旁工作。Someone knocked at the doorwhenI was sleeping. 当我正在睡觉时，有人敲门。I will visit my good friendwhenI have time. 当我有空儿时，我将去看望我的好友。I worked for a foreign companywhenI was in Shanghai. 当我在上海时，我为一家外国企业工作。注：when也可以作并列连词，表示一个动词正在进行的时候，突然间发生了另外一件事。eg.I was fishing by the river，whensomeone called for help.我正在河边钓鱼，就在那时有人求救。We were working in the chemistry lab，whenthe lights went out.我们正在化学实验室工作，突然灯都熄灭了。2.before意为“在之前”，引导时间状语从句时，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前。例如：We cleaned the classroombeforewe left school yesterday.昨天离开学校之前，我们打扫了教室。He had been a cookbeforehe went to college . 他上大学前曾当过厨师。after意为“在之后”，引导时间状语从句时，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。例如：Afteryou use plastic bags，you mustnt throw them about. 你（们）用过了塑料袋之后，不准到处乱扔。He called meafterhe had finished his work. 他在工作完之后给我打了个电话。注：若主句和从句两个动作发生的先后顺序十分接近，那么也可以不用完成时态，例如上面的第二句可改成：He called me after he finished his work.3.since引导的时间状语从句，译为“自从”，主句常用现在完成时，从句常用一般过去时。eg.We have made many dumplingssincewe began to cook. 自从我们开始做饭起，我们已经包了许多饺子了。We havent seen each othersincewe parted . 我们自从分手以后一直没见过面。注：常用句型：It is +时间段+since从句 译为：自从有多长时间了。eg.It is six yearssinceshe graduated from the university. 自从她大学毕业已有六年的时间了。4.until意为“直到时”，引导时间状语从句时，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前。当主句的谓语动词是持续性动词时，主句常用肯定形式；当主句的谓语动词是非持续性动词时，从句常用否定形式，notuntil 意为“直到才”，这时的until可以用before 来替换。例如：Ill stay hereuntilyou come back. 我会呆在这里，直到你回来。（stay表示的动作可以持续）He didnt go to beduntilhe finished his homework.他直到做完作业才睡觉。（go to bed 表示的动作不能持续）5.as soon as意为“一就”，表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作马上就发生。例如：Ill tell him about itas soon ashe comes back.他一回来我就告诉他这件事。6.while引导的时间状语从句，常译为“与同时，在期间”，while的从句中常用延续性动词或表示状态的词。eg.They rushed inwhilewe were discussing problems. 当我们正在讨论问题时，他们冲了进来。Father was cleaning the carwhileI was playing computer games. 当我正在打电子游戏时，爸爸正在清洗汽车。注：while也可以作并列连词，表转折的关系，相当于but，译为“然而”。eg.I like listening to music，whilemy brother likes doing sports. 我喜欢听音乐，而我的兄弟爱好运动。7.till和until引导的时间状语从句，译为“直到为止”，not till / until引导的时间状语从句，译为“直到才”。前者强调主句动作的结束，用延续性动词，后者强调主句动作的开始，用点动词。eg.I will wait for my frienduntil / tillhe comes. 我要一直等到我朋友来。We wont start our discussionuntil / tillhe comes.（2）条件状语从句用法要点我们主要看一下由if引导的条件状语从句。if意为“如果”，引导条件状语从句时，表示假如有从句的动作发生就（不）会有主句的动作发生。例如：Ifit doesnt rain tomorrow，we will go there by bike.如果明天不下雨，我们就骑自行车去那里。IfI get there early，I can see the doctor quickly.如果我早早地到那里，我就可以快点看病。（3）地点状语从句用法要点常用where（哪里）和wherever（无论哪里）eg.Wherethere is a will，there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。We will gowhereverthe motherland need us most. 我们要到祖国最需要的地方去。（4）原因状语从句用法要点常用的引导连词有because，as和since，三者的区别是：在回答问题的时候，使用because；对于显而易见的原因，常用as或since；as和since的从句常放在主句之前，而because的从句常放在主句之后。eg.Why did you go？ I wentbecauseTom told me to go. 你为何去？那是因为汤姆叫我去。He was angry notbecausewe were late but because we made a noise.他很生气不是因为我们来迟了，而是因为我们弄出了声音。Asit was raining hard，we had to be indoors. 由于雨太大，我们只好呆在家里。Sinceyou feel ill，youd better not go to work. 既然你感觉不舒服，你最好不要去上班了。（5）目的状语从句用法要点常用的引导连词有so that，that和in order that译为：以便，为了，目的是。eg.Please speak more slowlyso thatwe can make full notes. 请讲慢一点，以便我们能作详细笔记。I shall write down your addressthatI may not forget. 我要把你的地址记下来，以免忘记。I sent the letter by air mailin order thatit might reach him in time. 这封信我以航空信发出，以便他能及时收到。注：目的状语从句可以用动词不定式来替换做目的状语。eg.We work harder than usual finish it in a week. 我们比平常加倍努力工作以在一周内完成工作。（三）主句与从句时态一致的问题。在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态一致问题一般分下列两种情况：1. 若主句是祈使句，或主句中有情态动词，或主句中谓语动词是一般将来时，那么从句用一般现在时表示一般将来时。例如：Be careful when you cross the road. 过马路时要小心。Put up your hand if you have any questions to ask. 如果你们有问题要问的话，请举手。The traffic must stop when the lights are red. 红灯亮时，车辆必须停下。2. 若主从句谓语动词都是陈述过去，那么主从句都可以用一般过去时。例如：She could sing when she was four years old. 她四岁的时候就会唱歌。（一般说来, 在复合句中, 若主句的谓语动词表示将来的动作或存在的状态时, 与其连用的时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词常用一般现在时表示将来时间. 这种用法常见于以下几种情况: 一. 当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时时, 由when, before, after, as soon as, until 等连词引导的时间状语从句和由if引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时. 例如:Well go to visit the Great Wall if it doesnt rain tomorrow.如果明天不下雨, 我们将去参观长城.Ill tell him the good news as soon as I see him. 我一见到他, 就告诉他这个好消息. 二. 当主句的谓语含有may, can, must等情态动词时, 由when , before, after, until, as soon as等引导的时间状语从句和由if引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时. 例如:You may go fishing if youre free. 如果你有空, 你可以去钓鱼.You can go home after you finish your homework.你做完作业后就可以回家. 三. 当主句的谓语是want, hope, wish等动词的一般现在形式, 由when, before, after, until, as soon as引导的时间状语从句和if引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时. 例如:He wants to be a doctor when he grows up. 他长大后想当一名医生. 四. 当主句是祈使句时, 由when, before, after, until等引导的时间状语从句和由if引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时. 例如:Look before you leap. (谚语)三思而后行.Put up your hands if you have any questions to ask.如果有问题要问, 请举手.）二、定语从句（一）概念 在复合句中，修饰一个名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句；被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句必须放在先行词之后；引导定语从句的词叫关联词。如：（二）关联词常见的关联词有关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose和关系副词where，when，why等。（三）种类1由that引导的定语从句一般情况下that可指人或物，可以代替who，whom和which，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能作介词的宾语。如：The comradethat（who）is speaking at the meeting is an advanced worker正在会上讲话的那个同志是个先进工人。Is this the doctorthat（whom）you talked about yesterday？这就是你们昨天谈论的那位医生吗？The letterthat（which）I received yesterday was from my father昨天我收到的信是我父亲寄来的。2由who，whom和whose引导的定语从句who在从句中作主语，whom在从句中作宾语，whose在从句中作定语。如：This is the thiefwhostole my bike这就是偷我自行车的那个贼。He is the boywhomyou wanted to find他就是你想要找的那个男孩。The girlwhosemother is a doctor is waiting for you outside妈妈是个医生的那个女孩在外面等你。3由which引导的定语从句which指物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语。如：The bookwhichMum bought me last week is called“Red Star Over China”妈妈上周买给我的那本书名叫西行漫记。The housewhichLu Xun once lived in is now the Lu Xun Museum鲁迅曾经住过的那所房子现在是鲁迅博物馆。4由where，when和why引导的定语从句where在从句中作地点状语，when在从句中作时间状语，why在从句中作原因状语。如：I will never forget the daywhenI joined the League我永远忘不了我入团的那一天。He will go back to the schoolwherehe studied next week下周他要回到他曾经学习过的学校。I dont know the reasonwhyhe quarreled with Zhang Lin我不知道他同张琳吵架的原因。（四）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况1当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等修饰时(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.(3) All that can be done has been done.(4) There is little that I can do for you.注意1：部分时候that