19.第十九章 时态的一致与叙述法.doc

19.第十九章 时态的一致與敘述法一. 时态的一致1. My sister knows that I love the girl. 我的姐姐知道我爱这个女孩。2. My sister knows that I loved the girl. 我的姐姐知道我爱过这个女孩。3. My sister knows that I will fall in love the girl. 我的姐姐知道我会爱上这个女孩。以上都是 主要字句的现在式。4. My sister knew that I loved the girl. 那个时候我的姐姐知道我爱这个女孩。5. My sister knew that I had loved the girl. 那个时候我的姐姐知道我爱过这个女孩。6. My sister knew that I would fall in love with the girl. 那个时候我的姐姐知道我会爱上这个女孩。(过去的将来时)以上都是主要字句的一般过去式。She saysthatShe is free now. She was free yesterday. She has saidShe has been free lately. She will sayShe will be free tomorrow.She had been busy tomorrow.时间线过去完成时过去式现在式未来式He said that本动词在过去完成式过去式的范围和现在未来没有关系He did it. / He was doing it.He had done it.He had been doing it.He would do it.He would have done it.He would have been doing it.He had said thatHe hadnt done it. He had been here for too hours. (1) 时态一致的例外A. 不变的真理 用 现在式1. The child learned that the earth goes round the run. 孩子得知地球是绕着太阳转的。2. The teacher told us that practice makes perfect. 老师告诉我们孰能生巧B. 到现在都没变得习惯或事实 用 现在式。1. She often told me that she keeps early hour.2. She told me that school begins at eight.C. 历史的事实 用 过去式 1. The teacher said that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 2. He said that World War II ended in 1945.D. 假设语气不受时态一致的限制。(事实与假设时态差一级，往前推) 1. If he were a bird, he could fly. (前面用过去式，后面也要用过去式。) He says/said if he were a bird, he could fly. （前面过去，后面就用助动词的过去）2. He speaks English as if he were a native speaker.He spoke二 叙述法主词+saysaid to sb., “直述句” (直接叙述句)主词+telltold人 (that) “直述句” (间接叙述句)1. Bill says, “I hate math.”直接叙述法2. Bill says (that) he hates math. 间接叙述法(1) 直接叙述法及间接叙述法的不同A. 时态的变化1. May said, “I like listening to pop music.”= May said that she liked listening to pop music. (转述过去所说的话，所以要用过去式)2. The student answered, “An hour consists of sixty minutes.”= The student answered that an hour consists of sixty minutes. (不变的真理现在式)3. Helen answered, “The rain has stopped.” =Helen answered that the rain had stopped. 雨是先停的，后回答雨已经停了。B. 人称代名词的变化1. She always says, “I dont like my hairstyle.”= She always says that she doesnt like her hairstyle.2. I said to her, “Im sorry you dont understand me.”= I told her that I was sorry she didnt understand me.3. She said, “I read this book.” 我看过这本书了。这里的Read red是过去式= She said that she had read that book. 她说他已经看过那本书了。 过去完成式C时间，地点等的变化 （直接叙述法-/-间接叙述法） NowthenTodaythat dayyesterdayThe day before yesterdayThe previous dayLast nightThe night beforeThe previous nightLast yearThe year before The previous yeartomorrowThe next dayNext weekThe following dayAgo时间beforeherethere注意直接叙述句 转 间接叙述句1. 主要子句的动词有时须改变。2. 补充连接词 3. 代名词须改变4. 间接叙述句的动词，须注意时态（符合时态的一致）5. 副词随内容改变Mr. Wang said to me, “You will be able to get a free concert ticket at the charity bazaar tomorrow.”= Mr. Wang told me (that) I would be able to get a free concert at the charity bazaar the next day./ the following day.注意： 过去式，will would tomorrowthe next day.A. 直述句的间接叙述句主词+saysaid , “直述句” (直接叙述句) She said, “Im going to quit the job.”主词+say said (that) “直述句” (间接叙述句) She said (that) she was going to quit her job.主词+saysaid to sb., “直述句” (直接叙述句) She said to me, “I can go to the movies with you tomorrow.”主词+telltold人(that) “直述句” (间接叙述句) She told me (that) she could go to the movies with me the next day.(2) 疑问句的间接叙述句 who are you?= I dont know who you are. (who 疑问词又是连接词)主词+say to A, “WH问句” (直接叙述句)主词+ask (A)+疑问句+主词+动词 (间接叙述句)1. Tom said to her, “How can I get to your house from here?”= Tom asked her (that) how he could get to her house from there.2. My boss said, “Who called me up this morning?”= My boss asked (that) who had called him up that morning.主词+say to A, “Yes/No问句?” (直接叙述句)主词+ask (A)+if (whether)+主词+动词 (间接叙述句)3. I said to him, “Are you going abroad?”= I asked him whether he was going abroad.4. He said to me, “Have you ever seen a panda?”= He asked me whether I had seen a panda. 过去完成式5. She said to the clerk, it this sweater knit by hand or by machine?”= She asked the clerk whether that sweater was knit by hand or by machine.四.祈使句的间接叙述句A: 命令: tell, order, command等。 B: 要求: ask, beg, C: 劝告: advise 等 D: 提议-suggestE. 禁止- advise 等主词+say to A, “命令句” (直接叙述句)主词+tell A to V (间接叙述句)1. Mother said to me, “Come back home by 5.” = Mother told me to come back home by 5.(Tell sb. To do sth. )2. My father said to me, “Dont give up your hope.” = My father told me not to give up my hope. 3. His secretary said to me, “Please call back after lunch.”= His secretary told me to call back after lunch.重点:使用order, command, request, suggest 等时其后常接that 字句.而that字句中的should在美语中通常省略 I suggest that he (should) study hard. (that 不可以省略)4. He said to me, “You should give up smoking.” = He advised me to give up smoking. 固定短语：Advise somebody to do something. Advise的用法=tell的用法5. She said, “Lets go for a walk.”= She suggested that we (should) go for a walk.重点:表示禁止的否定祈使句.用forbid, prohibit等。1 The teacher said to us, “Dont leave your seats.” Forbid的用法和tell的用法是一样的*= The teacher forbade us to leave our seats. = The teacher forbade our leaving seats. (leaving 当名词用，名词前面用所有格)= The teacher prohibited us from leaving our seats.(5) 感叹句的间接叙述句A 感叹句中可以加 very, really, 等副词。B 动词可改为cry, exclaim, shout, sigh 等。C 伴随动词的副词有 gladly, regretfully, bitterly. with joy, with delight, with relief 等。*With+名词=副词的用法。He looked at me angrily./with anger.*1 Ms. Lee said, “What a good idea you have!” = Ms. Less said I had a very good idea.2. She said, “How convenient on-line shopping is!” = She exclaimed with delight (that) how convenient on-line shopping was! = She said (that) on-line shopping was very convenient.重点: 表祈祷和感叹句雷同, 都是在加强情绪的表达.常用pray, express 等。1. He said, “May God help us!”= He prayed/expressed his wish that God might help them.(6) 合句的间接叙述句 And, but, or等连接词所连接的两对等字句。(就是合句)He said (that) she was sick and that she would go to a doctor.1. He said, “She is out, but she will be back soon.” = He said that she was out but that she would be back soon. 当有2个连接词出现的时候，前面的that可以省略, 后面的that不可以省略。2. The girl said to me, “These dancers arrived here yesterday, and they will perform on stage this evening.”The girl told me (that) those dancers had arrived there the day before yesterday and that they would perform on stage that evening.重点: 对等连接词为for 或as 时，保留原连接词不可用that.Mom said, “Dad doesnt know it, as he has not heard of it.” (as 因为,表示原因)= Mom said that Dad didnt know it, as he had not heard of it.重点: 祈使句, and (或or)子句 的间接叙述句，仍保留 and和or. 主词+say to A, “命令句” (直接叙述句)主词+tell A to V (间接叙述句)注意:在转述的时候的需要改变的重点1. 人称代名词2. 动词的时态3. 时间和地方副词1. He said to me, “Get up at once, or you will be late.” Say to sb. 对某人说 = He told me to get up at once, or I would be late. Tell sb. 告诉某人 = He told me that I would be late unless I got up at once.2. She said to me, “wash my car and Ill give you ten dollars.”=She told me to wash her car, and she would give me ten dollars.=She told me if I washed her car, she would give me ten dollars.(7) 复句的间接叙述句 复句就由从属连接词所引导的。从属连接词所连接的2个子句。 可能是主要子句+名词子句 或 主要子句+副词子句主词+saysaid to sb. , “直述句” (直接叙述句)主词+telltold人(that) “直述句” (间接叙述句)1. She said to me, “I gave him a big box of chocolates because I like him.” because从属连接词 = She told me (that) she had given him a big box of chocolates because she liked him. Because 有意义的连接词照写时态：先给 后说，所以是had given.过去完成式2. Joe said to me, “Do you think that she will help me?” (do开头的问句是Yes/No 问句)主词+say to A, “Yes/No问句?” (直接叙述句)主词+ask (A)+if(whether)+主词+动词 (间接叙述句)Joe asked me if I thought that she would help him. if/whether 是疑问词-是否的意思。（8）有两个句子时的间接叙述句 主词+saysaid , “直述句” (直接叙述句) 主词+say to A, “WH问句” (直接叙述句)主词+say said (that) “直述句” (间接叙述句) 主词+ask (A)+疑问句+主词+动词 (间接叙述句)1. He said to Grace,” You are late here again, what have you been doing?”He told Grace (that) she was late t