高中英语 Unit20 省略 语法考点超级归纳素材.doc

unit20 省略 语法考点超级归纳考点一：句子成分省略人们在交流时，尤其在口语中，常把一个或几个句子成分省掉，这种现象称为省略（ellipsis），这种句子叫作省略句（elliptical sentences）。英语的句子可以省略各种句子成分。类别例句省略主语(it) doesnt matter. 没关系。(i) thank you. 谢谢你。(i) hope to hear from you soon. 希望不久能收到你的来信。省略表语 im thirsty. 我渴了。 are you (thirsty)? 是吗？省略谓语(is there) anything i can do for you? 有什么我可以为你效劳的吗？(is) the teacher still waiting for us? 老师还在等我们吗？省略宾语 show me your photo. 给我看看你的照片。 ill show you (my photo) later. 我以后给你看吧。yes, how did you know (that)? 是的，你是怎么知道的？省略宾语补足语dont go till i tell you to (go). 等我叫你走你再走。（tell, order, ask等的宾补为不定式时，通常省略不定式（短语），只保留不定式符号to）省略定语we spent most of our summer holidays on the seaside, and the rest (of our summer holidays) working on the farm. 我们的暑假大部分时间是在海边度过的，其他时间是在农场里劳动。省略状语she studied at oxford at the same time as her boyfriend did (at oxford). 她和她的男朋友同时在牛津大学学习。小贴士：有一些习惯表达很难补上所省略的部分。例如：thanks. 谢谢。not at all. 不用谢。no matter. 不要紧。all right. 好的。no parking. 禁止停车！goodbye. 再见。why not? 为什么不呢？注：1）为避免重复，动词hope, want等的宾语为不定式时，通常省略不定式（短语），只保留不定式符号to。例如：he may leave if he wishes to (leave).2）有时省略的部分是“主语助动词/系动词be”例如：(do you) want to go? （你）想去吗？(are you) leaving for shanghai? （你）前往上海？(im) very happy to meet you. 见到你非常高兴。how wonderful (it is)! 好极了！ “(we are) free at last! (we are) free at last! thank god almighty, we are free at last!” “终于自由啦！终于自由啦！感谢全能的上帝，我们终于自由啦！”考点二：简单句中的省略类别用法说明例句陈述句中的省略情景省略（根据说话的情景而不是通过上下文省略某些词语，在日常交际用语中大量存在这类省略现象）(it) doesnt matter at all. 一点没关系。(there is) no problem. 没问题。 (it) sounds ok to me. 听起来我觉得可以。(do you) mind if i sit down? 我坐这儿你不介意吧？应答语省略（在应答语中，常可根据问句内容省略某些词语） will you join us? 你愿意加入我们吗？ well, id love to (join you). 嗯，愿意。a: peter, your hands are very dirty! have you been working in the garden? 彼得，你的手这么脏！你一直在花园里劳作吗？b: no, i havent (been working in the garden). ive been repairing my bike. 不，我没有。我一直在修我的自行车。diane: oh really? so have i. which language are you studying? 黛安娜：哦，真的吗？我也是。你学哪种语言？rob: (im studying) chinese.鲍勃：汉语。结构省略（根据惯常语法结构省略某些词语）ive lived here (for) ten years. 我已在这里住了10年了。two weeks (from) now is new years day. 从现在起再过两周就是元旦了。we found the problem (to be) serious. 我们发现问题严重。he was thought (to be) the cleverest boy in the group. 大家认为在小组中他最聪明。she is going to her uncles (house). 她打算去她叔叔家。today i met her at the tailors (shop). 今天我在裁缝店碰见她了。疑问句中的省略在疑问句中有时根据语境可以省略主语、谓语、主语助动词/系动词be、主语谓语等(have you) had your supper? 吃过晚饭了吗？(it is) going to rain, isnt it? 要下雨了，是吧?(are you) feeling better today? 今天感觉好些吗？(have you) been here before? 以前来过这里吗？(i beg your) pardon? 再说一遍。(do you play drums) all night? 整夜（都敲鼓吗）？who (comes) next? 该谁了？祈使句中的省略祈使句中也可省略某些词语(be) quick! 快！(wait) just a moment! 稍等一会儿。(pay) attention, please! 请注意！感叹句中的省略感叹句中也会出现省略某些词语的现象(thats) excellent! 好极了！what a lovely autumn day (it is)! 多么美好的秋天啊！how amazing (it is)! 多么令人惊奇啊！注：1）在报纸标题或文章标题也常常出现省略句。例如：new japanese prime minister ready for china visit日本新首相准备访问中国；a baby born on a train婴儿诞生在火车上；how to prepare a computer programme如何进行电脑编程。models wanted over the summer. 夏季招聘模特。2）两个或两个以上的不定式并列时，第一个不定式带to，其余的不定式符号to可省略。例如：her job is to take care of the children and (to) wash clothes. 她的工作是照看孩子和洗衣服。3）某些固定词组引起的省略疑问句已成习惯表达，需当作句型牢记。例如：what about having a game of chess? 下盘棋怎么样？why not have a try? 为什么不试一下呢？how come they left you alone here? 他们怎么会把你一人留在这里呢？what if somebody in my group isnt doing any work? 如果我组中有人什么都不干，怎么办？考点三：并列句中的省略在并列句中，后面分句中与前面分句中相同的部分，常可省略，以避免重复。类别例句省略谓语动词they learn french and we (learn) english. 他们学习法语，我们学习英语。john won the first race and jimmy (won) the second. 约翰赢了第一场赛跑，吉米赢了第二场。his father is a doctor, and his mother (is) a nurse. 他爸爸是医生，母亲是护士。they wont go to the summerpalace this weekend, and neither will i (go to the summerpalace). 这个周末他们不去颐和园，我也不去。省略宾语my father planned (all these houses) and they built all these houses. 我爸爸筹划而他们建造所有这些房屋。省略主语系动词coral is not a plant but (coral is) a variety of animal life. 珊瑚不是植物，而是一种动物。many players believe table tennis is not only a physical game but (table tennis is) a psychological game as well. 许多选手认为，乒乓球不仅是体力运动，也是心理较量。省略主语谓语动词she tried to persuade her husband to give up smoking, but (she tried) in vain. 她试图说服她丈夫戒烟，但是徒劳。省略系动词表语john was the winner in 2013, and bob (was the winner) in 2014. 约翰是2013年的获胜者，鲍勃是2014年的获胜者。省略谓语动词宾语i will buy a new car, and he will (buy a new car) too. 我将买一辆新汽车，他也会买。省略主语谓语宾语south korea has increased trade with china and (it has increased trade) with other east-asian countries, too. 韩国已增加同中国的贸易，同时也增加了与东亚其他国家的贸易往来。考点四：复合句中的省略类别用法说明例句宾语从句中的省略在which, when, where, how和why引导的宾语从句中，常可省略与主句相同的部分，仅保留一个连词she cant come, but i dont know why (she cant come). 她不能来，但我不知道为什么她不能。she will go to paris, but i dont know when (she will go to paris). 她将去巴黎，但我不知道她何时去。在对话中，答语有时是一个包含宾语从句的句子，但从句常常省略 will it rain tonight? 今晚会下雨吗？ i hope (it will) not (rain tonight).我希望不下。 is mr. king in his office? 金先生在办公室吗？ sorry, i dont know (whether he is in his office or not). 抱歉，我不知道。在两个或两个以上并列的宾语从句中，第一个引导宾语从句的连词that可以省略，其余的则不可省the girls told him (that) they were on a train trip across the united states from canada. 姑娘们告诉他，她们是坐火车来旅游的，来自加拿大，要横穿美国。在某些形容词或过去分词（如sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied）后所接的宾语从句中，连词that可省略my parents were very pleased (that) i had passed the exam. 我父母亲很高兴我通过了考试。定语从句中的省略定语从句中可以省略作宾语的关系代词；在非正式文体中，也可省略关系副词when和why；关系代词as后面的主谓成分或助动词be也可省略this is the most beautiful place (that) ive ever visited. 这是我参观过的最美的地方。i shall never forget the day (when) i entered tsinghua university. 我永远不会忘记我进清华大学的日子。i like the novel for the very reason (why) you dislike it. 我喜欢那本小说是因为你不喜欢它。she gave the same answer as (he had given) before. 她的回答如前。she is the one (whom) we saw the other day. 她就是几天前我见到的那个。her work changed the way (that) people think about chimps. 她的工作改变了人们对黑猩猩的看法。microcomputers are very small in size, as (is) shown in the picture on this page. 就像本页画面上所呈现的那样，微型计算机体积很小。the first thing (that) im going to do is to take a long vacation! 我想做的第一件事就是度一个长假。状语从句中的省略在时间、地点、让步、方式、条件状语从句中，如果谓语部分有动词be，主语又和主句的主语一致，常把从句中的主语和动词be省略while (you are) cycling, dont forget the traffic lights. 骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。fill in the blank with a proper article if (it is) necessary. 如果必要，用适当的冠词填空。once (it is) seen, it can never be forgotten. 只要看到一次，它就永远不会被遗忘。as (he was) a boy he was educated in many schools and was given the nickname, “the student who asks questions”. 小时候，他在许多学校读过书，得了个“爱提问的学生”的绰号。在以than或as引导的状语从句中，一些成分常可省略there is more salt in it than (there is) sugar (in it). 那里面的盐比糖多。she doesnt earn as much as i (earn much).