高中英语 Unit4 数词 I语法考点超级归纳素材.doc

unit4 数词 i语法考点超级归纳表示数目多少或顺序先后的词叫做数词（numerals）。数词分为两大类：基数词（cardinal numerals）和序数词（ordinal numerals）。考点一：基数词基数词表示数目，下面是最基本的基数词，其他数目均由这些基数词构成。1 one 11 eleven 2 two12 twelve20 twenty3 three13 thirteen30 thirty100 a hundred4 four14 fourteen40 forty1,000 a thousand5 five15 fifteen50 fifty1,000,000 a million6 six16 sixteen60 sixty1,000,000,000 a billion（十亿）7 seven17 seventeen70 seventy8 eight18 eighteen80 eighty9 nine19 nineteen90 ninety10 ten除了上表所列的基数词外，其他基数词的构成方法如下表所示。构成例词2199：由十位数加个位数19构成，中间须加连字符“-”28 twenty-eight 32 thirty-two 44 forty-four 56 fifty-six67 sixty-seven 79 seventy-nine 81 eighty-one 95 ninety-five101999：由19加hundred构成百位数，如有十位数及个位数，中间用and连接（也可不用），若十位数为0时，and不可省。101 one hundred and one 212 two hundred (and) twelve323 three hundred (and) twenty-three 457 four hundred (and) fifty-seven805 eight hundred and five 999 nine hundred (and) ninety-nine1,000以上的数目表达：从后向前分段，每三位数加一个逗号，第一个逗号前的数为thousand，第二个逗号前的数为million，第三个逗号前的数为billion1,029 a thousand and twenty-nine 7,287 seven thousand two hundred and eighty-seven10,000 ten thousand 65,721 sixty-five thousand, seven hundred and twenty-one100,000 a (one) hundred thousand150,206 one hundred and fifty thousand, two hundred and six2,000,000 two million4,261,000 four million, two hundred and sixty-one thousand80,000,000 eighty million150,000,000 one hundred and fifty million6,000,000,000 six billion （英国英语说six thousand million）小贴士：several与hundred, thousand等词连用时，hundred, thousand等词后不加-s，例如：several hundred students几百名学生；several million dollars几百万美元。基数词的用法基数词在句中主要用作主语、表语、同位语、宾语、定语和状语。作主语four were too exhausted to reach the top. 四名战士由于筋疲力尽未能攀上顶端。作表语i am seventeen and my cousin is sixteen. 我17岁，我表弟16岁。作宾语this necklace is worth five hundred. 这条项链价值500块。作同位语you three are on duty today. 今天你们仨值日。作定语nearly 100 million people live here, most of them in the east. 差不多有1亿人生活在这里，其中大多数住在东部。作状语never ride two on a bike; its dangerous. 千万不要骑自行车带人，那很危险。小贴士：数学里“加减乘除”算式的读法如下：5 7 = 12 five plus seven is twelve.23 9 = 14twenty-three minus nine is fourteen.7 8 = 56 seven times eight is fifty-six.28 4 = 7 twenty-eight divided by four is seven.小贴士：数词构成的习语：in (by) twos and threes 三三两两地at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟的（地）nine out of ten 十有八九；几乎总是nine to five朝九晚五（指上下班时间）注意：1. hundred，thousand, million, billion和of连用，表示概数时，须用复数形式。例如：hundreds of 几百；thousands of 几千，数千；tens of thousands of 数以万计；millions of数以百万计的；thousands upon thousands of数以万计的，成千上万的。2. 逢十的基数词的复数形式可表示年龄，用在“in ones基数词的复数”这个结构里，例如：marx began to learn russian in his fifties. 马克思五十多岁时开始学习俄语。3. 逢十的基数词的复数形式可来表示年代，用在“in the基数词的复数”这个结构里，例如：this took place in a small mountain village in the 1970s. 这事发生在20世纪70年代的一个小山村。4. dozen和score的用法同hundred，thousand等词，如a dozen pencils 一打铅笔；three score eggs 60个鸡蛋；several dozen pencils 几打铅笔；dozens of times许多次；scores of visitors大批游客；thousands of passengers 数以千计的乘客；millions of stars 成千上万颗星星。考点二：序数词序数词表示顺序，现将其与最基本的基数词对应列表如下：基数词序数词1 one 1stfirst2 two2ndsecond3 three3rdthird4 four4thfourth5 five5thfifth6 six6thsixth7 seven7thseventh8 eight8theighth9 nine9thninth10 ten10thtenth11 eleven 11theleventh 12 twelve12thtwelfth13 thirteen13ththirteenth14 fourteen14thfourteenth15 fifteen15thfifteenth16 sixteen16thsixteenth17 seventeen17thseventeenth18 eighteen18theighteenth19 nineteen19thnineteenth20 twenty20thtwentieth30 thirty30ththirtieth40 forty40thfortieth50 fifty50thfiftieth60 sixty60thsixtieth70 seventy70thseventieth80 eighty80theightieth90 ninety90thninetieth100 a hundred100tha hundredth1,000a thousand1,000tha thousandth1,000,000a million1,000,000tha millionth1,000,000,000a billion1,000,000,000tha billionth1.序数词构成法构成例词除了个位为“一”、“二”、“三”的序数词外，其他序数词都是在基数词后加词尾-th构成，但要注意少数序数词的拼写变化fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, twentieth两位的数词，只需将个位数变为序数词，中间须加连字符“-”第二十三 twenty-third 第三十二 thirty-second第六十九 sixty-ninth 第八十七 eighty-seventh三位或三位以上的数词，将最后两位数变为序数词，中间用and连接，若十位数为0时，只需变个位数第一百零二 one hundred and second第二百五十 two hundred and fiftieth第七百零三 seven hundred and third 2. 序数词的用法序数词在句中主要用作主语、表语、同位语、定语和状语。作主语the first is that it will save you a great deal of money. 首先是它会节省你大量的金钱。作表语she was the first to arrive. 她是第一个到的。作同位语who is the girl, the first in the last row? 最后一排第一个女孩是谁？作定语today, more people speak english as their first, second or foreign language than ever before. 如今说英语的人比以往任何时候更多了，他们把它作为第一、第二语言或外语。作状语where did you lastsee her? 你最后一次是在哪里见到她的？考点三：数词的其他用法1. 分数词分数词（fractional numerals）由基数词和序数词构成，分子用基数词表示，分母用序数词表示。分子大于1时，分母须用复数形式。例如：分数构成与读法分数构成与读法1/2a / one half4/5four fifths1/3a / one third5/8five eighths1/4a / one quartera / one fourth1 1/2one and a half2/3two thirds3 2/3three and two thirds3/4threequartersthree fourths7 3/4seven and three quarters分数词在句中作定语最多，也可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语和状语。例如：three quarters of chinas energy is produced by burning coal. 中国四分之三的能量是通过燃煤获得的。（定语）nearly a quarter of all the advertisements on tv are about cars. 几乎四分之一的电视广告都是关于汽车的。（定语）注意：作分子的基数词和作分母的序数词之间也可用连字符连接，尤其是分数词作定语时。试比较：a three-quarter majority 3/4的多数three-quarters (three quarters) of the students 四分之三的学生a one-third mile 1/3英里2. 小数表示法小数点读作point，小数点以前的数按基数词读，小数点以后的数字依次一个一个读出。例如：小数读法小数读法0.01zero（或o）point zero one13.97thirteen point nine seven0.9zero（或o）point nine125.06one hundred and twenty-five point zero six0.573zero（或o）point five seven three662.709six hundred and sixty-two point seven o nine8.5eight point five809.314eight hundred and nine point three one fourover 80% of the 3.6 million people are of european (mainly british) origin. 360万人中有超过80%的人是欧洲土著居民（主要是英国人）。3. 百分数表示法百分数由基数词加百分号合成，英语里写作per cent或percent。例如：百分数读法百分数读法0.6%(zero) point six per cent80%eighty per cent5%five per cent150%one hundred and fifty per cent百分数在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和状语。例如：in fact, the korean language borrows about 70percent of its words and phrases from chinese. 事实上，朝鲜语从汉语引进了大约70%的词和短语。it is estimated that 80% of all conversation in english is small talk. 据估计，80%的英语谈话是闲聊。小贴士：数词与符号或缩写式连用时，总是用阿拉伯数字表示，而不用英语单词，如：￥76 $100 8:20 a.m. 45% 26 346 p.m. no. 9 33cm 92kg 4. 倍数表示法英语中倍数主要由“times”表示，“两倍”用twice，“三倍”现在很少用thrice这个词了，用three times较多。表示倍数，常用以下四种句型：句型1：a is. times名词词组my mother is42 and im 21. she is twice my age. 我妈妈42岁，我21岁。她的年龄是我的两倍。句型2：a is . timesas . as bthe meeting room is three times as large as the reading-room. 会议室是阅览室的三倍大。句型3：a is. timesmore than bthe old type of computer is eight times larger than this one. 旧型号的电脑比这台电脑大8倍。句型4：a is. timesthe size (height / length) of bthe earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。小贴士：一句多译：亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。asia isfour times the size ofeurope. asia is four times as large as europe.asia is three times larger than europe.5. 号码表示法英语表示编号的东西时，常用基数词代替序数词，以求简单化。例如：the fifth chapter chapter fivethe tenth lesson lesson tenthe first part part one下表为一些常见的用基数词代替序数词的各种编号：汉语英语读法缩写式第17号number 17number seventeenno. 17第259页page 259page two hundred and fifty- ninepage two fifty- ninepage two five ninep. 259第五行line 5line fivel. 5第302号房间room 302room three o tworm 302第478路公共汽车bus (no.) 478bus (number) four seven eight9号车厢carriage no. 9carriage number nine唐宁街10号no. 10 downing streetnumber ten downing street电话号码62736191tel. no. 62736191telephone number six two seventhree six one nine onecall us today on 0235 776342 or e-mail us at .sc.今天就拨打0235 776342与我们联系或发电子邮件到.sc。7. 时间表示法（1）钟点写法读法6 : 00six oclocksix8 : 10ten (minutes) past eighteight ten 9 : 15(a) quarter past ninenine fifteen10 : 30half past tenten thirty11 : 45(a) quarter to twelveeleven forty-five2 : 50ten to threetwo fifty7: 20twenty past sevenseven twenty4 : 05five past fourfour five5 : 40twenty to sixfive forty小贴士：“整点”有几种表示法： 8:00.classes begin at eight. 8 oclock. eight oclock.（2）年、月、日英语年份的读法比较特殊，4位数时一般是每两位数一读，见下表：写 法读 法221 b.c.two (hundred and) twenty-one b. c.145 a.d.one (hundred and) forty-five a.d.1066one thousand and sixty-six1861eighteen sixty-one1900nineteen hundred1906nineteen hundred and six / nineteen o six1949nineteen forty-nine1983nineteen eighty-three2000two thousand2013two thousand and thirteen注： b.c.或bc是before christ的缩写，意为“公元前”；a.d.或ad是拉丁语anno domini的缩写，英语意为since christ was born，汉语意为“公元后”。凡未超过1 000的公元后的年份都要加a.d.。 a.m.或am是拉丁语ante meridiem 的缩写，意为“上午”； p.m.或pm是拉丁语post meridiem 的缩写，意为“下午”。年份和月份写在一起时，英语与汉语不同，英语的习惯是月份在前，年份在后，中间可用逗号，也可不用逗号。例如：汉语写 法读 法1962年5月may, 1962 / may 1962may nineteen sixty-two2014年8月august, 2014 / august 2014august two thousand and fourteen月与日连用时，日期按序数词读出，口语中有时也按基数词读，月与日的表达方法较多，见下表：汉语写 法读 法9月1日september 1stseptember (the) firstseptember 1sept. 11st of september (the) first of september1st september 1 september 1 sept. 小贴士：月份及其缩写形式见下表：月份全拼缩写形式月份全拼缩写形式januaryjan.julyjul.februaryfeb.augustaug.marchmar.septembersept.aprilapr.octoberoct.maynovembernov.juneju