高中英语 Unit3 代词 I语法考点超级归纳素材.doc

unit3 代词代词是代替名词的词。它还可以代替起名词作用的短语、分句和句子。代词可分为九类：人称代词（personal pronouns），物主代词（possessive pronouns），反身代词（reflexive pronouns），相互代词（reciprocal pronouns），指示代词（demonstrative pronouns），不定代词（indefinite pronouns），疑问代词（interrogative pronouns），连接代词（conjunctive pronouns）和关系代词（relative pronouns）。考点一：人称代词人称代词表示人称范围，有人称、性、数、格之分。见下表：数人称格单 数复 数主格iyouhesheitweyouthey 宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem人称代词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语和介词宾语。作主语he sat down at his computer and began to work. 他在电脑前坐下来就开始工作了。作表语“who is it?” “its me.” “是谁呀？”“是我。”作宾语（介词宾语）its well-known that americans are competitive, and i did enjoy it whenever i won our races! 众所周知，美国人喜欢争强好胜。不管什么时候只要我们赢了比赛，我都会为此欣喜万分。we are so glad you are coming to work with us. 很高兴你要来同我们一起工作。小贴士：lets与let us意思有区别，lets表示建议，包括对方在内，而let us则不包括对方在内。试比较：letsgo, shall we? 我们走吧，好吗？letus go, will you? 让我们走，行吗？代词it的用法it指无生命物、动物、植物my home town is located on the riverside. it has a population of just under a million. 我的家乡位于江边，它的人口不到100万。it作先行代词，引导后面的短语或从句its a good thing that the exams are finished. 考试结束，这是一件多好的事啊！i hate it when people talk with their mouths full of food. 我不喜欢人们说话的时候嘴里塞满了食物。i would appreciate it if you could turn down the radio. 假如你把收音机的声音调低点我会非常感激。it指不知性别的婴儿或无法确定的人they have got a baby and it is lovely. 他们生了小孩，小孩很可爱。指心目中的人或上下文中的人或事物he is sixty-five, but doesnt look it. 他看上去不像65岁的人。表示时间、天气、环境、距离等it was only a short ride. 那只是一段很短的路程。it can be quite cold in winter there. 那里冬天可能相当冷。作先行代词，用于强调句型中it was my mother who first taught me french. 是我的母亲最先教我法语的。用在某些句型中he wants to go abroad, and it is the same with me. 他想出国，我也一样。用在某些动词后面，it词义含糊，构成习语can we make it this saturday? 我们安排本周六可以吗？（make it安排约会；做成，办到）there being no buses, we had tofoot it. 由于没有公共汽车了，我们只好步行。考点二：物主代词物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。数人称种类单 数复 数形容词性物主代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs形容词性物主代词的用法作定语peru gained its independence from spain in 1821. 秘鲁于1821年脱离西班牙而独立。shewas lying in her front garden bleeding very heavily. 她躺在前花园的地上，流血不止。与own连用did they all have families of their own? 他们都有属于自己的家庭吗？名词性物主代词的用法作主语our classroom is larger than theirs. 我们的教室比他们的大。作表语i knew this wallet wasnt his! 我知道那个钱包不是他的！作宾语can you separate oursfrom yours? 你能把我们的和你们的分开吗？和of连用i happened to meet an old friend of mine in the national library. 我碰巧在国家图书馆碰见我的一位老朋友。小贴士：yours常用在书信的末尾，作为客套语。如：对陌生人写yours truly或yours faithfully；对熟人写yours sincerely；对朋友写yours ever或yours。美国英语将副词写在前面，如sincerely yours。物主代词yours还有“你（们）的家属”，“ 你（们）的来信”等意思。例如：merry christmas and happy new year to you and yours! 祝您和您的家人圣诞快乐，新年愉快！考点三：反身代词反身代词也称自身代词，是一种表示反射到自身或强调的代词。构成规律：第一、第二人称由形容词性物主代词，加单数词尾self或复数词尾selves构成；第三人称由人称代词宾格，加单数词尾self或复数词尾selves构成。见下表：数人称反身单 数复 数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves反身代词的用法作表语i am not quite myself today. 我今天感觉不舒服。作宾语and everywhere hegoes, he sends himselfa postcard. 不管走到哪里，他都会给自己寄一张明信片。作介词宾语usually he writes just a short message to himself. 通常，他只给自己写一条短信。作主语或宾语同位语i washed the clothes myself. 我自己洗衣服的。you should ask your mother herself. 你应该问问你母亲自己。小贴士：反身代词可与介词构成短语，如：by oneself独自地，单独地for oneself为自己，独自地of oneself 自动地，自发地to oneself独占地，在心中考点四：相互代词相互代词只有两个：each other和 one another，表示两个或两个以上的相互关系。当代英语里，这两个相互代词可以通用，意义无甚区别。例如：we should help each other / one another. 我们应该互相帮助。所有格形式为：each others，one anothers。例如：the students corrected each others / one anothers mistakes in their homework. 学生互改作业中的错误。考点五：指示代词指示代词是用来指出或标示人或物的一类代词。指示代词常见的有以下四个：this这个 that那个 these这些 those那些 作主语“whos that speaking?”“thisis mary.” “你是谁呀？”“我是玛丽。”this was the start of a new age of space travel. 这次飞行开辟了宇宙航行的新纪元。作表语what i want to say is this. 我想要说的就这一点。作宾语take these to your parents when you go back home. 你回家时把这些东西带给你父母亲。作定语these new parks have a variety of things to see and do. 这些新公园有着各种各样可看可玩的东西。小贴士：one, it, that作替代词的区别：one用来代替刚提到的一个可数的东西；it指代前面提到的事物；that用来替代与上文中相同的事物以避免重复。试比较：we havent got a car. we want to buy one. 我们没有小汽车。我们想买一辆。this new type of car is very dear. we cant afford it. 这款新型汽车很贵，我们买不起。the colour of this car looks better than thatof that car. 这辆车的颜色比那辆车的颜色好看。注意： this和these通常指空间或时间上较近的事物，that和those通常指空间或时间上较远的事物，例如： thatones reserved. 那张桌子有人预定了。this is john. 这是约翰。 that和those一般指已提到的事物，this和these一般指下面将要讲到的事物，但也可以指前面提到过的事物。例如：she had a cold. thats why she didnt come. 她感冒了，这就是她没来的原因。what i want to say is this: pronunciation is very important in learning english. 我想要说的是：语音在学英语中是很重要的。 that和those常常用来代替前面提到的名词，以避免重复，例如：mencius was a thinker whose teachings were very similar to that of confucius. 孟子是一位思想家，他的理论和孔子的理论很相似。their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters. 他们的画就不像以前那些画家的画那样细致了。其他指示代词的用法such（这样的）such was albert einstein, a simple man of great achievements. 这就是艾伯特爱因斯坦，一个取得伟大成就而又纯朴的人。same（同样的）did they still live in the same area? 他们还住在同一地方吗？so（如此） i have finished my homework. 我已完成了家庭作业。 so have i. 我也完成了。it（这个，那个）who is it? 谁呀？ its me. 是我。考点六：疑问代词用来表示疑问或构成疑问句的代词叫做疑问代词。疑问代词一般都置于句首，引导特殊疑问句。常见的疑问代词有who, whom, whose, what, which。whowho was your first best friend? 谁是你的第一个好朋友？whomto whom are you writing the e-mail? 你在给谁写电子邮件？whosewhosecar is this? 这是谁的汽车？whatwhat is the longest trip you have ever taken? 你曾经最长的一次旅行是哪一次？whatwill the city of the future look like? 未来的城市会是什么样子呢？whichwhichstar would you like to go to? 你想到哪颗恒星上去呢？注：who多指姓名、关系等，而what多指职业、地位等。试比较： whois she? 她是谁？ she is my cousin. 她是我表姐。what is she? 她是干什么的？ she is a nurse. 她是个护士。小贴士：whoever和whatever是who和what的强调形式，例如：whatever do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思？考点七：不定代词不明确指代某个（些）人、某个（些）事物的代词叫不定代词。不定代词可以代替名词或形容词，表示不同的数量概念。some与any some多用于肯定句；any意为“若干”，多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句some were insects. 有些是昆虫。im sorry but i havent any change. 对不起，我没有零钱。somebody与anybodysomebody与someone一般只用于肯定句；anybody与anyone多用于否定句和疑问句there isnt anyone else in the school who can do this! 学校里没有其他人能这样做!there is someone waiting for you at the school gate. 有人在学校大门口等你。something与anythingsomething一般用于肯定句；anything多用于否定句、疑问句及条件句中is there anything wrong? 出了什么事吗？something has gone wrong with my computer. 我的电脑坏了。everybody与nobodyeverybody与everyone意同； nobody与no one意思均为“没有人”。everyone in the world can access the internet using his world wide web. 世界上任何一个人只要用他的世界万维网就可以进入因特网。no one knows what happened. 没人知道发生了什么。everything与nothingeverything意为“一切”；nothing相当于not anything，用于否定句。everything is ready for the trip. 旅行的一切准备就绪。nothing is difficult in this world if you put your heart into it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。each与everyeach与every均意为“每一个”，指三者或三者以上，each还可指两者。each强调“个体”，而every强调“全体”。eachcity will have its own spaceport. 每个城市将会有自己的太空港。every minute of the day is filled with urgent matters. 一天当中时时刻刻都会有急事。both与allboth意为“两（都）”，常代替和修饰复数名词；all指三者或三者以上，常代替或修饰复数名词或不可数名词。 all the passengers came on deck. 所有的游客都来到甲板上。youre both lucky. 你们两个都很幸运。either与neithereither指“（两者中的）任何一个”，如果指“三者或三者以上的任何一个”则要用any；neither意为“两者中没有一个”，如果指“三者或三者以上的没有一个”，则要用no或none。neither of these answers is correct. 这两个答案都不正确。there are tall buildings on either side of the street. 街道两边都有高楼。no one与none二者均指三者或三者以上。no one仅指人，none既可指人，也可指物。no one came to his birthday party. 没有人来参加他的生日聚会。（no one等于nobody）none of them came to his birthday party. 没有人来参加他的生日聚会。（none等于not one，none常和of构成短语） how many questions have you answered? 你回答了几个问题？ none. 一个也没回答。（不可用no one）other与anotherother指代单数名词用the other，表示“（两者之中的）另一个”，指代复数名词用others或the others，意为“其他的人（物）”，the others表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。another与单数名词搭配，作代词时，指代单数名词。i have got two mobile phones. one is expensive, and the other is cheap. 我有两部手机，一部昂贵，另一部便宜。some make ten movies a year, others record four cds and hold concerts. 有些明星一年拍10部电影，另外一些明星录四张唱片,，还要举行演唱会。（在没有确定的数目时用others）there are 20 students in our class. nine