初中英语 阅读理答题技巧+实例讲解 仁爱版.doc

初中英语 阅读理解题技巧一、概述中考阅读理解题选材，一般遵循三个原则： 1). 文章不少于三篇，阅读量在1，000单词左右。 2). 题材广泛，包括人物传记、社会文化、文史地理、科普、新闻报道、世界大事等多方面内容。 3). 体裁多样，包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文以及新闻报道、广告、通知、操作说明、图表等。二、阅读理解解题步骤1、第一步：先读题，找出考查的关键词，考点。2、第二步：读文章, 抓住四个w和一个h，就是边读边用铅笔做些标记，把what (事件)，when（时间），where（地点），why（原因），how（经过）划出来。3、第三步：根据题意，初选答案。4、第四步：重读原文，仔细斟酌核对答案。三、中考阅读理解主要考查几种能力：1. 事实细节题。这类题主要考查考生对英语文章事实细节的掌握情况。它又分为两种情况：一是词语细节类，其答案几乎可以直接从原文中找出来，考生只要根据题干中的关键词与原文进行对照，就能找到答案；二是词义转换题，答案是对原文中有关词语和句子的转换，包括同义变换、概念解析、归纳事实等。设计者往往采用了替换词汇(单词、词组或短语)、替换句型、转换表达形式等方式进行命题。解题时运用跳读查找法，同学们要特别注意试题(包括选项)与原文之间的适当变换。常用的提问句型有：1) which of the following is right? 2) which of the following is not mentioned（提到）?3) which of the following is not true in the passage? 4) choose the right order of this passage.5)what does the author(作者) say in?6)the writer mentioned all of the following except（除之外）【出题者的鬼把戏】一般来说，设计这些题目时，编题者常常会换用不同的词、词组、短语、句型、或其它不同的表达方式来表达文段中某一相应的词、词组、短语、句型或表达方式所表达的同一意思，以此来考察读者对文段中某一信息的理解。解答这类阅读理解题尤其要求我们熟练掌握所学范围内的词汇、短语、句型及其意义和用法。【解题技巧】1.明确题意，顺藤摸瓜。根据题干内容从原文中找到相关的句子，然后进行比较和分析，便可确定最佳答案。2.按照要求，寻找答案来源。3.找准关键词，明白其暗示作用。4.多读课文，正确使用排除法。【实例1】， there are 39 independent(独立的) colleges at oxford, attracting students and learned men from across the world. there are over 100 libraries for the students and learned men to use. at university of oxford, they also provide a number of money for the best students. of course, if you want to study here, first you have to reach a certain level of english language. （【2011云南昆明】b）根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。66. how many libraries are there at oxford? a. only 100 b. just 100 c. more than 100 d. less than 10067. what do you have to do first if you want to ask for studying at oxford? you have to_. a. be independent b. pass a certain level test of english language c. study english hard d. be the best students2. 推理判断题。这类题不仅考查考生对文章中某些句子字面意思的理解，而且还考查对句子间逻辑关系的理解、对事物发展结果的推导。这方面的出题多、难度大，考生可得小心。其提问的常用方式有：1) what does the author(作者) think about?2) what can be inferred（推断出） / concluded from（得出结论）?3) what do you think of according to the passage?4) according to the writer, which of the following is right?这类题干中通常常含有infer, suggest, conclude, purpose, be likely to等标志性词语。【干扰项的设置特点】在通常情况下，这类试题的干扰项具有以下特点：或是文章中直接用于表达细节的信息，或是文章中无关紧要或片面推出的结论，或是与文章内容完全相反的结论，或是不合常理或不合逻辑的结论等。【答题误区】 同学们在做类题目时，很容易误选文段中直接用于表达信息的选项或表示片面结论的选项。【解题技巧】一是要全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。二是要忠实原文，切忌脱离原文，凭空臆断。三是注意不要选择表层信息答案，应该立足由已知推断未知。3. 词义猜测题和语义理解题。这类题主要考查考生对英语文章中生词的解释意义、代词的指代意义及短语或句子的含义。其常见的提问方式有：1) the word “_” in the passage probably means _.2) the underlined word “it” in the passage refers to/ means _.3) in this story the underlined word “_” means _.4) what does the writer mean（意思是） by saying “”?5) what does the word / phrase“” in paragraph（段落）mean?6) which of the following can replace（代替） the word / phrase “” in paragraph?【解题技巧】1）、根据同义词猜词义。有时文章中尽管出现有生词，但作者可能以某种方式对生词进行了解释，如利用or, that is (to say), in other words, namely 等释义性词语或短语进行解释，或利用破折号、同位语、同位语从句、定语从句等解释。例如：we are on the night shift from midnight to 8 am this week.2）、根据反义词猜词义。3）、根据定义猜词义。文中常用解释性词语引出生词含义，如that is, mean, stand for, namely, in other words, to be等，有时用破折号，括弧来表示，或者用同位语、定语从句的形式出现。例如：the herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. 4）根据对比关系猜词义。有时作者对文章中的生词给出了一定的对比背景，并且这种背景通常以反义或对照的方式出现。表示这种对比的词和短语主要有 unlike, not, but, while, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast to with, compared with, used to, on the other hand 等。如：he is so homely, not at all as handsome as his brother.5）、根据因果关系或逻辑关系猜词义。有时对生词词义的猜测需要结合上下文的因果关系来进行推断，既可以是根据原因推测结果，也可以是根据结果推测原因。英语中通常用于表示因果关系的词语有 because, as, since, for, so, thus, as a result, of course, so suchthat 等，由已知的“原因”推出“结果”，反之亦然。例1：you shouldnt reproach him for that, for it wasnt his fault（错）. 例2：the fire started on sunday morning in the house of the kings baker (面包师)in pudding lane. the baker, with his wife and family, was able to get out through a window in the roof. a strong wind blew the fire from the bakery (面包房)into a small hotel next door. then it spread quickly into thames street. that was the beginning.the underlined word “family” in the second paragraph means.a. home b. children c. wife and husband d. wife and children6）、根据上下文猜词义（语境理解法）即根据文章的语境情景进行分析和推理，从而猜测出生词的词义。我们平时说“词不离句”，讲的就是对于词语的正确理解依赖于一定的句子(包括上下文)情景。所以同学们在猜测生词词义时，一定要认真读懂与生词密切相关的前后句子，对生词进行合情合理同时又合乎上下文语境的推测。如：the door was so low that i hit my head on the lintel.猜词法的解题方法有很多，在这里只举了几个常见的例子来说明怎么去猜词，具体的方法还需你在实践中自己去不断的总结。【实例1】formal settingin germany, teachers and students relationship is more formal than you might be used to. teachers are respected and students must use the formal sie（德语，您） when talking to teachers.（【2011连云港】（选择型）(b)）35.in paragraph 3,the underlined word respected can be best translated into _. a.受人尊敬的 b.令人害怕的 c.高收入的 d.有权势的4. 主旨大意题。这类题主要考查考生对文章中心思想、段落大意的归纳、总结及概括能力。其提问的方式有：1) which is the best title of the passage? 2) which of the following is this passage about?3) in this passage the writer tries to tell us that_. 4) the passage tells us that_.5) this passage mainly talks about_. 6) the title（标题） of this passage should be7) what is the main idea of this passage? 8) what does the writer mainly tell us in this passage?【解题技巧】1、以原文为依据，不参杂个人意见，要客观不要主观。要克服“我认为怎么样”的观点。2、寻找主题句往往是做好此类题的关键。因此，在做题时，要注意每段的主题句(往往为第一句)。英文叫“topic sentence”，它一般都用来表示一个段落的主旨大意，抓住主题句，就不难确定文章的最佳标题。 【实例1】【2011连云港】（选择型）(b)in germany there are different kinds of high schools. some prepare students for workers, others prepare them for college. all schools are great places for making friends and learning german.short daysmost high schools in germany begin at about 8:00 a.m. and end at about 3:30 p.m. this means your morning will be busy with classes. you will have time to do homework and take part in private(私人的) clubs after school.formal settingin germany, teachers and students relationship is more formal than you might be used to. teachers are respected and students must use the formal sie（德语，您） when talking to teachers.getting to schoolmost students take public transport to school or ride a bicycle. some areas have school buses. it is not common for parents to drive students to school.private clubs in many countries, schools offer official sports and after-school activities. this is less common in germany. after-school activities are usually organized through private clubs. there are clubs for things like soccer, dance, choir, theatre and almost everything else. once you are in germany, ask around at school and talk to other students to find out what private clubs are in your area and meet your interests.different states, different schoolseach of germanys 16 states has its own slightly different school systems. the school system in brandenburg will be a little different from the system in bavaria for example. where you live, your knowledge level and your age will decide what school you can attend.36. from the passage, we can learn that in germany _. a. all kinds of high schools are for college b. age is not important for attending schools c. students can take part in after-school activities from 8:00 a. m .to 3:30 p.m. d. students can join private clubs to meet their interests by themselves37. what can be the best title for this article? a. german private clubs b. german public transport c. german high schools d. german college systems5. 观点态度题。这类题主要考查考生对作者在文章中所表露出来的观点、感情、态度、目的、意图的理解。考生要能够从文章的用词、语气或对某个细节的陈述来推断作者的态度、观点等。其提问方式有：1)what is the opinion（观点） of the writer in this passage?2)what is the writers attitude（态度） towards?3)what is the purpose（目的） of the writer in this passage?【干扰选项】此类试题的干扰项通常具有以下特点：或是自己的某种看法或观点，或是社会的一种普遍种倾向，或是与本文无关或与作者相反的观点或看法等。【答题误区】容易误选与自己的看法相吻合的选项。【技巧点拨】注意作者在文中的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，才能推断出作者的弦外之音。【2011年 河南省】awhen my son, mark, was in the third grade, he saved all his pocket money for over three months to buy holiday presents. the third saturday in december mark said he had made his list and had twenty dollars in his pocket.i drove him to a nearby supermarket. mark picked up a hand basket and went in while i waited and watched in the car. it took mark over 45 minutes to choose his presents. finally he came to the checkout counter (交款处) and reached into his pocket for his money. it was not there! there was a hole in his pocket, but no money. mark stood there holding his basket, tears falling down his face.then a surprising thing happened. a woman came up to mark and took him in her arms. you would help me a lot if you let me pay for you, said the woman. it would be the most wonderful gift you could give me. i only ask that one day you will pass it on. when you grow up, i would like you to find someone you can help. when you help others, 1 know you will feel as good about it as i do now.mark took the money, dried his tears and ran back to the checkout counter as fast as he could. that year we all enjoyed our gifts almost as much as mark enjoyed giving them to us.i would like to say thank you to that very kind woman, and tell her that four years later, mark went house to house collecting blankets (毯子) and clothes for the homeless people in the fire. and i want to promise her that mark will never forget to keep passing it on.根据材料内容选择最佳答案，并将其标号填入题前括号内。48. what happened to mark in the supermarket?a. his gifts were stolen. b. he broke his basket.c. he lost his money. d. he lost his way.49. why did the writer want to say thank you to the woman?a. because she bought mark a nice present.b. because she always paid money for others.c. because she collected clothes for the homeless.d. because she taught mark to help people in need.四、【几点注意】1、注意绝对化的词。如果答案选项中出现绝对化的词，比如：all，always，never，nothing，every 等等，除非文章当中使用了该类词汇，否则，一般都要排除。比如，原文中出现了这样一个句子：almost everyone likes the music. 答题时，要你判断如下这个句子正误（true or false）：everyone likes the music. 该句子应该是错误的。2、答案要避免以点带面，以偏盖全。 尤其是多个选项都有道理，难以挑选正确答案的时候，要注意选择最符合题目要求的一个。3、“傻瓜”原则。文章中没有提到的就当时不知道，不要枉自猜测，自作聪明。一切以文章内容为准。【实战练习】初中阅读理解专题练习（1）everyone has got two personalities (性格) - the one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and real. you dont show your secret personality when youre awake because you can control yourself, but when youre asleep, your sleeping position shows the real you. in a normal night, of course, you often change your sleeping positions. the important position that best shows your secret personality is the one that you go to sleep.if you go to sleep on your back, youre a very open person. you normally trust people and you are easily influenced by new ideas. you dont like to make people unhappy, so you never express your real feelings. youre quite shy and you arent very confident.if you sleep on your stomach, you are a person who likes to keep secrets. you worry a lot and youre always easily becoming sad. you never want to change your ideas, but you are satisfied with your life the way it is. you usually live for today not for tomorrow.if you sleep on curled up (蜷缩), you are probably a very nervous person. you have a low opinion of yourself and often protect yourself from being hurt, so you are very defensive. youre shy and you dont usually like meeting people. you like to be on your own.if you sleep on your side, you have usually got a well-balanced (平衡的) personality. you know your strengths and weaknesses. youre usually careful. you have a confident personality. you sometimes feel worried, but you dont often get unhappy. you always say what you think, even if it makes people angry.（【2011年河南省】b）根据材料内容选择最佳答案，并将其标号填入题前括号内。( )51. you may find the passage in_.a. a science magazine b. a guide bookc. a sports newspaper d. a story book( ) 52. when does the sleeping position best show your secret personality?a. in the daytime. b. at the beginning of sleep.c. at night. d. during the deep sleep.( ) 53. tina hardly tells her secrets to her friends. she probably goes to sleep _.a. on curled up b. on her stomachc. on her back d. on her side( ) 54. what does the word defensive mean in the passage?a. 易怒的 b. 攻击性的 c.外向的 d.有戒心的( )55. what does the passage tell us?a. sleeping on your side is the best way of sleeping.b. changing positions will cause sleeping problems.c. sleeping positions show peoples secret personalities.d. enough sleep makes people look better and healthier.练习（2）【河北省2011】 areporter: how long have you been a firefighter?wilson: for eight years. jp reporter: how did you get started?wilson: first, i had to take a lot of tests in two weeks. then, i went to the firefighter school for four months. i learned how to put out fires and how to use equipment, i also had a full-time training every day!reporter: how do you stay safe on the job?wilson: i wear special clothing. it helps keep me protected from fire. i also carry an oxygen tank (氧气瓶) and a mask (面具). they help me to breathe in a smoke-filled building. reporter: are there any new tools that firefighters use?wilson: we have a special camera that can see in the dark. it can find heat. that way, we can exactly tell the place of a fire. reporter: do you save pets?wilson: just three days ago, i helped save some cats. they were hiding under the beds. pets usually bide during a fire because they are afraid of danger. reporter: do you ever get afraid?wilson: no. there is no time to be afraid. i just think about what to do to put out the fire safely. reporter: what do you like best about being a firefighter?wilson: helping people!( )56. kate wilson has done her job for_.a. 2 weeks b. 3 days c. 4 months d. 8 years( )57. to become a firefighter, kate wilson _at first.a. took a lot of tests b. learned to stay safec. saved some animals d. used fire equipment( )58. kate wilson says she does not get afraid because_.a. she has an oxygen tankb. she knows how to fight firesc. she enjoys finding heat d. she is too busy putting out fires( )59. as a firefighter, kate wilson likes_ most.a. wearing a mask b. asking questionsc. helping people d. hiding in smoke( )60. what did the reporter make this interview for?a. to tell people what a firefighter does.b. to teach people how to prevent fires.c. to make people want to be firefighters.d. to show people how a firefighter is trained.练习(3)we know the mosquito very well. mosquitoes fly everywhere. they can be found almost all over the world, and there are more than 2,500 kinds of them. no one likes the mosquito. but the mosquito may decide that she loves you. she? yes, she. its true that male mosquito doesnt bite(咬) and only the female mosquito bites because she needs blood to lay eggs. she is always looking for things or people she wants to bite. if she likes what she finds, she bites. but if she doesnt like your blood(血), she will turn to someone else for more delicious blood. next time a mosquito bites you, just remember you are chosen. youre different from the others!if the mosquito likes you, she lands on your body without letting you know. she bites you so quickly and quietly that you may not feel anything different. after she bites, you will have an itch(痒) on your body because she puts something from her mouth together with your blood. by the time the itching begins, and she has flown away. and then what happens? well, after her delicious dinner, the mosquito feels tired. she just wants to find a place to have a good rest. there, on a leaf or a wall, she begins to lay eggs, hundreds of eggs. ( )1. “mosquito” means _ in chinese. a. 苍蝇b. 蜻蜓c. 跳蚤d. 蚊子( )2. we know mosquitoes very well because _. a. they can be found easilyb. they fly here and therec. there are many kinds of them d. they can fly( )3. if the mosquito doesnt bite you, it will _. a. get angry with youb. be afraid of you c. make a lot of noised. choose another one( )4. the mosquito bites you _. a. when youre asleepb. because you have choose it c. too quickly to let you knowd. but doesnt like you( )5. which of the following sentences is wrong?a. the itching begins after the mosquito bites you. b. you feel terrible when the mosquito bites you. c. mosquitoes use blood to lay eggs. d. all the mosquitoes dont like to bite people for blood.练习（4）【2011广西百色】bnews 1 yuan longping, the father of hybrid rice, won the world food prize on monday. yuan developed the worlds first popular and widely known hybrid rice. hybrid rice plants can make more rice than regular ones.news 2 have you ever got angry at books that are full of mistakes? dont worry, things will get better soon. last week, china started checking textbooks, dictionaries and childrens books all over the country. the government said the results of the check would come out at the end of june.news 3 people will see a new star in the sky soon. china plants to send a satellite into space by december 2006.it will stay in space for one year. it will go around the moon and take pictures. it must be very expensive, right? thats for sure; 1.4 billion yuan!news 4 have you ever thought of being able to fly around the world in a few hou