高中英语疑难探究“There be+分词+名词”：这是一种什么结构？素材.doc

“there be +分词+名词”：这是一种什么结构？前文讨论了“there be结构”的三个问题，他们分别是：“there be结构”的非谓语形式；“there be结构”的被动语态；“there be + no + doing”的用法。现在，网友提出了一种比较特殊的语言现象：“there be+v-ing+名词”和“there be+v-ed+名词”，如何解释这种表达句式？讨论这个问题，我觉得比较有意义。网友援引了以下语法专著的权威例句：薄冰薄冰英语语法：1. there are now published millions of books very year in china. 现在中国每年出版成百万册书。2. on the following day, there was held a splendid banquet. 第二天大摆盛宴。张道真实用英语语法：1. there were runningin the garden agroup of children aged from seven to twelve. 在花园里有一群七岁到十二岁的小孩在跑着。2. there was shown at the exhibition an electronic computer made in shanghai. 在展览会展出了一架上海制造的电子计算机。3. in the distance there was heard again the lowing of cattle. 从远处又传来了牛叫声。钱歌川英文疑难详解：1. there was bore a child to them. 他们喜获麟儿。2. here, there were found various relics of franklins expedition. 这儿可以发现富兰克林探险的各种遗迹。上述问题和例句，在平时的教学过程中早就注意到了。下面对此做一探讨。英语中的there原本是地点副词，意为“在那里”。此外，它还有一个非常重要的用法，就是：提醒听者或读者注意，充当一个引导词的角色；同时，引起句子结构上的倒装。我们通常说的there be存在句，一般认为，there只是起引导作用，没有实际意义。因为句子的主语在be之后，而且be的单复数是由后面的主语决定，而非由there决定。剑桥出版的当代英语语法(english grammar today)把there称为dummy subject（虚拟主语）：english clauses which are not imperatives must have a subject. sometimes we need to use a “dummy” or “empty” or “artificial” subject when there is no subject attached to the verb, and where the real subject is somewhere else in the clause. “it” and “there” are the two dummy subjects used in english.1. there be 存在句：最原始最典型的倒装谈到倒装句，人们都不陌生，因为它是一个很重要的句式。其实，在一个人刚刚开始学英语的时候，就已经学到了真正意义上的倒装句：there be句型。there is a picture on the wall. 在墙上有一幅画。去掉引导词there，原来的倒装句还原为：a picture is on the wall.there is no such man in our neighborhood. 在我们小区里没有这样一个人。去掉引导词there，原来的倒装句还原为：no such man is in our neighborhood.there be是倒装句表存在，不必细说。2. there +不及物动词+主语：最常见的倒装there lived an old man in the forest long ago. 很久以前，森林中住着一位老人。there stands a temple at the top of the mountain. 山顶上有一座庙。there goes the bell. lets have our class. 铃声响了，我们上课吧。3.“there + be + 过去分词 + 主语” 和“there + be + 现在分词 + 主语”最特殊的倒装“there + be + 过去分词 + 主语”，其实是被动语态的变式，去掉引导词there，还原其本来面目。现在，直接使用网友的句子为例：1. there are now published millions of books very year in china. 去掉引导词there：millions of books are now published very year in china.2. on the following day, there was held a splendid banquet.去掉引导词there：on the following day, a splendid banquet was held.3. there was shown at the exhibition an electronic computer made in shanghai.去掉引导词there：an electronic computer made in shanghai was shown at the exhibition.4. in the distance there was heard again the lowing of cattle. 去掉引导词there：in the distance the lowing of cattle was heard again.5. here, there were found various relics of franklins expedition.去掉引导词there：here, various relics of franklins expedition were found.【特别说明】这实际上就是被动语态。显而易见的是，正是因为there在句首起了引导作用，产生了主语的后移现象。名词短语相对句重比分词大，于是移到了过去分词之后。关于“there + be +现在分词+主语”，其实是不及物动词进行时态的变式，去掉引导词there，还原本来面目。现在，直接使用网友的句子为例：there were running in the garden a group of children aged from seven to twelve.去掉引导词there：a group of children aged from seven to twelve were running in the garden.【特别说明】这实际上就是进行时态。显而易见的是，正是因为there在句首起了引导作用，产生了主语的后移现象。名词短语相对句重比分词大，于是移到了现在分词之后。我认为，任何事物的出现都是有原因的，语言现象亦然。there的上述用法，体现了语言运用的三个方面。概括起来，上述用法不外乎以下几个原因：1. 语用方面：there置于句首，旨在起提示、提醒之作用。(1) there goes the bell. lets begin our class.(1) look, there comes the bus.2. 修辞方面：有时因为句子的主语部分太长，这时可以考虑采用there导出句子。(1)there were running in the garden a group of children aged from seven to twelve.正常语序：a group of children aged from seven to twelve were running in the garden.(2)there was shown at the exhibition an electronic computer made in shanghai. 正常语序：an electronic computer made in shanghai was shown at the exhibition.以上两句的主语分别是a group of children aged from seven to twelve和an electronic computer made in shanghai，稍嫌过长，若按正常语序，则会显得头重脚轻。3. 语法方面：there改变了句子的正常结构。去掉引导词there之后，变成正常语序。分别为：(1) there is a book on the desk. a book is on the desk.(2) there lived an old man in the forest long ago. an old man lived in the forest long ago.(3) there are now published millions of books very year in china. millions of books are now published very year in china.语法上看，there用作引导词，没有实际词汇意义，用于句首引起句子结构的倒装。如果有实际词汇意义（“在那里”），则不然。试比较：there stands a temple on the top of the mountain. (there用作“dummy subject”)there i saw my old friend tom. (there表示“在那里”) 关于这种语法现象，英语语法界有不同的解释。一篇名为there be句型非谓语动词的变化的期刊文章，将此称为“there be句型与过去分词连用”。此文给的例句是：there were stolen quite a number of valuable jewels.但对此句的解释上，此文称“为了便于理解，可将过去分词后置，放到jewels的后边，如there were quite a number of valuable jewels stolen”。把被动语态看作是“there be句型与过去分词连用”以及把stolen改为定语，显然不能自圆其说。另一篇名为there be结构的一些特例的期刊文章，将此称为“there be的被动语态形式”：“there be结构可以用被动语态形式来表达，这时表示“存在”的实意动词be变成了助动词，过去分词与其后的主语有被动的主谓关系”。此文随后附了三个例子：there are now published millions of books every year in china. 现在中国每年出版上百万册书。in the distance there was heard again the lowing of the cattle. 远处又传来牛群的哞哞声。there are said to have been discovered on the very spot the remains of an ancient civilization. 据说正是在这个地点发现了古代文明的遗址。（我认为，只有该句属于“there be的被动语态形式”，其余两句不是。）英语语法网里也有相应的描述，只是将之简单称为“there be句式用于被动式”，说“这时be即变成了助动词”。例句与薄冰的一致：there are now published thousands and millions of books every year. 现在每年出版上亿册书。on the following day, there was held a splendid banquet. 第二天举行了盛大的宴会。仔细分析这几个句子里的分词与名词短语，不难看出它们为什么要放在分词的后面，而不是在传统的位置（分词之前）。there were stolen quite a number of valuable jewels.there are now published millions of books every year in china.in the distance there was heard again the lowing of the cattle.there are said to have been discovered on the very spot the remains of an ancient civilization.there are now published thousands and millions of books every year.on the following day, there was held a splendid banquet.therell be left open no single we