初二上英语(新目标)各单元知识点总结.doc

U1 where did you go on vacation?1.短语：decide to do决定decide on/uponfeel like2.语法：一般过去时口诀：过去式之歌过去式构成有方法，一般词尾加ed。如果词尾有个e，直接加d就可以。辅音字母y在尾，变y为i加ed。“一辅重闭”作尾巴，双写之后ed加。标准过去式加ed，少量不规则分别记。am和is对was，are要变were没问题。have和has用had，do和does变did。一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的时间状语连用。如：lastyear,yesterday等；也可表示过去经常反复发生的动作，常和often,always等频率副词连用。1.一般过去时的形式：动词be:第一人称单数和第三人称单数用was,其余的人称一律用were。动词have:一律用had,没有人称和数的变化。行为动词：一律用过去式，没有人称和数的变化，行为动词的过去式有两类，一类是规则动词，另一类是不规则动词。3. 复合不定代词something,somebody,someone,anything,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,noone,everything,everybody,everyone等。（1）它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语，但不能用作定语。（2）something,someone等和anything,anyone等的区别与some和any的区别一样，前者一般用于肯定句，后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。具体使用时应注意以下几个语法特点：特点1其定语修饰语的位置：复合不定代词受定语修饰时，定语应放在它们后面。如：Thereisnothingwrongwiththeradio.这收音机没有毛病。Haveyouseenanyoneanybodyfamous?你见过名人吗?特点2复合不定代词与指示代词：指人的复合不定代词若用作主语，其谓语动词一般用单数，相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数he,him,his(不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词they,them,their。如：Ifanybodycomes,askhimthemtowait.要是有人来，让他等着。指事物的复合不定代词若用作主语，谓语动词只能用单数，相应的人称代词也只能用it，而不用they。如：Everythingisready,isntit?一切都准备好了，是吗?特点3其后是否接of短语：anyone,everyone等只能指人，不能指物，且其后一般不接of短语。若是指物或后接of短语，可用anyone,everyone(分开写)。如：anyoneoftheboys(books)孩子们(书)当中的任何一个(本)everyoneofthestudents(schools)每一个学生(一所学校)4.enough 形容词副词前，to do 后5. few,afew,little,alittle虽然都表示“少”，但（1）few,afew是可数的,little,alittle是不可数的。（2）afew,alittle含肯定意味，few,little含否定意味。这里所谓的“肯定意味”和“否定意味”应该这样来理解：同样是半杯水，口渴者会认为：Thereislittlewaterintheglass.而不口渴的人则会认为：Thereisalittlewaterintheglass.6. because是连词，其后接句子；becauseof是复合介词，其后接名词、代词、动名词、what从句等Unit2 How often do you exercise?一、本单元短语总结1.hardly ever 几乎从不，很少2.how often 多久一次3.twice a week 一周两次 4.the result of的结果5.as for 至于，关于 6.want sb to do sth想要某人做某事7. be good for对有益 8.kind of 有点儿，有几分9. try to do sth尽力去做某事 10.look after 照看，照顾11. the same as同一样 12.on weekends 在周末13.go to the movies 去看电影 14.play soccer 踢足球15.help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事 a lot of 许多，大量17.keep in good health 保持身体健康二、重点知识详解1.how often 多久一次,询问动作的频率，答语always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never等， “多久几次”答语every day, once a month, twice a week, three times a week等等。how long 多长，提问一段时间或者物体的长度；hour、minute；cmhow soon 多久以后，提问“in+一段时间”；in five dayshow far 多远 用来提问路程；kmhow many 多少，用来提问可数名词数量；how much 多少 用来提问不可数名词的数量或价格等。2. Here are the results of the activity survey of Green High School.本句为倒装句here, there, out, in, up, down等副词开头并起强调作用时，可采用倒装结构，将副词置于句首，主谓语交换位置就好。其中主语须为名词，谓语的单复数形式由名词的数来决定。结构：Here+谓语+主语Here comes a bus. Here are some apples.当主语为代词时，不需要倒装，即谓语动词仍放在主语之后。Here you are.Here it is.3.most 的用法：（1）most作形容词直接用于名词前作定语，意为“大多数的，大部分的”。Most students like watching TV.（2）most作代词常与of连用构成“most of the+名词”或“most of +代词宾格”，意为“大部分，大多数”。其中of后可接可数名词复数形式，也可接不可数名词，作主语时谓语动词要和of后的名词保持一致。Most of the apples are red.Most of us dont like him, because he is too lazy.4.be good for对有好处，对有益 be bad for对有害处 be good at 擅长，善于做do well in be good to 对友好（和善，慈爱）be friendly to =be kind to 5.be/keep in good/poor/bad health身体好/不好6.have a habit of有一个的习惯7.try to do sth 尽力去做某事，努力做某事 try doing sth 尝试，试着做某事 try ones best to do sth 尽某人最大努力去做某事 try on 试穿 have a try 试一试，试试（try为名词）8.look after =take care of 照看，照顾look afterwell=take good care of照顾的好9.help sb do (to) do sthhelp sb with sth 帮助某人做某事10.be the same as+n/pron/v-ing 和一样，与相同 be different from 与不同 11.kind of =a bit=a little有点儿，有几分. +形容词和副词，表程度。12.although=though ,是连词，引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然，尽管”。在英语里如果用了although 或者though，就不能用but , 但可以用yet 或still.。although 和though 意思相同，用法也基本一样。但是在让步状语从句中，though的位置比较灵活，although则一般用于句首。另外，在短语even though（即使）和as though（仿佛，似乎）中不能换用 although。Although he was ill, he (still) worked hard.三、语法归纳一般现在时1.构成：主语+动词+（宾语）（1）一般现在时中，be动词有三种形式，am, is, are。be动词:第一人称单数之后用am, 第二人称及复数人称后用are，第三人称单数后用is。（2）一般现在时中，谓语动词为实义动词时，一般用动词原形，当主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。（3）一般现在时中，谓语动词若是情态动词，则没有人称和数的变化。2.动词第三人称单数形式的变化规则：（1）一般情况下，在动词后直接加s，如likes, runs, works, learns, drinks, 等等。（2）以字母s, x, ch, sh, o结尾的动词，后加es.如watches, fixes, teaches等等。（3）以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词把“y”变成“i”再加es. 如studies, tries。若以“元音字母+y”结尾的动词则直接加s.如plays, stays。3.一般现在时的意义和用法：（1）表示经常性，习惯性或反复发生的动作。常与always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never, in the morning, twice a month等表示频率的时间状语连用。We often go to school by bus.（2）表示目前存在的状态或客观事实。My mother is a teacher.The earth travels around the sun.（3）表示某人的爱好，习惯，性格，能力等。I like reading.U3 Im more outgoing than my sister+U4 whats the best movie theater?固定搭配 have fun (in)doing 做某事有乐趣 have a good time enjoy oneself make sb do让某人做be|get close to接近think over仔细考虑 of想出 about考虑、关心be up to 由。决定（一）形容词、副词比较级和最高级的构成：1. 单音节词和少数双音节词比较级和最高级的规则变化：规则原级比较级最高级1.在词尾后直接加-er/esttalltallertallest2.词尾是e，只加-r/stnicenicernicest3.以辅音字母加y结尾的，把y变i再加-er/esthappyhappierhappiest4.重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这个辅音字母，再加-er/estthinthinnerthinnest2. 其他双音节词或多音节词,在该词前面加-more/mostbeautifulmore beautiful(the) most beautiful3. 由形容词加ly构成的双音节词和多音节词,都是在该词前加-more/most.quicklymore quickly(the) most quicklydifficultlymore difficultly(the) most difficultly4. 不规则变化:good/wellbetterbestbad/badlyworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest（二）形容词比较级和最高级的用法：1. 原级的用法:用于两者之间对比，意思为“和相同”A+v.+as.+形容词原级+as BTom is as honest as Jack.Her skin is as white as snow.My dog is as old as that one.He is not as (=so) tall as I.The weather here is not as(=so)cool as the weather in Harbin.2. 比较级的用法:1）A+形容词比较级+than+ BSusan is happier than Jane.His brother is younger than me.Beijing is more beautiful than Osaka.形容词比较级前还可以用much, even, still, a little，far, a lot, a bit, much more来修饰。Very, so, too, quite 不能修饰比较级。2）数字+形容词比较级+thanIm two years older than you.She is a head taller than me.3）比较级+and+比较级，表示“越来越”The earth is getting warmer and warmer.China becomes more and more stronger.4）the +比较级，the +比较级结构，表示“越就越”The more I study it, the more I like it.5）which/who +is +比较级Which city is bigger, Beijing or Tianjin?Who is happier, you or me?3. 最高级用法：用于三者及以上的人或事物的比较,最高级前加the，最高级前有物主代词，序数词和名词所有格时，不加定冠词，后面跟带in或of表范围的短语。1）one of the +最高级Shanghai is one of the most beautiful cities in China.Our city is one of the safest cities in the world.Most people like apples.Most of the boys are good.It is our nearest neighbor in space.2）最高级意义的表达方法:例句最高级She is the best in her class. 比较级She is better than any other student in her class.No other student in her class is better than she.原级No other student in her class is as good as she.（三）副词比较级和最高级的用法：1. 原级主要的句型：1）as+副词原级+asTom runs as fast as Jones.not as/so+副词原级+asHe didnt come as/so early as Li Lei.2）too+副词原级+to do sth.Jean rides too slowly to catch up with me.3）so +副词原级+ thatJean rides so slowly that she cant catch up with me.4）副词原级+enough to do sth.Jean doesnt ride fast enough to catch up with me.2. 比较级的用法：1）比较级+than。当前后使用的动词相同时，通常用助动词来代替后面的动词，该动词或助动词可以省略。Lily run faster than Mary(did).2）比较级+and +比较级The days are getting longer and longer in summer.3）the morethe moreThe harder you work, the better you will learn.3. 最高级的用法：副词最高级前一般有the，也可省略。He works (the) hardest of all the students in the class.U5 Do you want to watch a game show? think of find out game show go on one of try ones best as famous as have a discussion about such as dress up do a good job interesting information learn from talk show soap opera watch a movie a pair of look like around the world one day a symbol of take sb.s placesomething enjoyable重点搭配：How about+ 名词、代词、Ving 怎么样？ =What aboutexcept+to do 期望做.mind +n./ding 介意做stand +n./doing忍受try ones best to do 尽力做.happen:发生、出现 sth. + happen+地点、时间 某地、某时发生 sth. + happen+to +sb. 某人出了某事 Sb. + happen+to do 某人碰巧做某事 It+ happens/happened+that 碰巧发生某事be famous for 因而出名be famous as 作为而出名III.Grammar-Infinitive used as object不定式 want, hope, decide, agree, choose, plan, fail, would like+ to do know, ask, show, teach, think, guess, understand, find out + what,how.+to do like, love, begin, start + to do/ doing find, think, feel + it + adj.+ to do stop, forget, remember, try + to do/ doingUnit 6 Im going to study computer science.I.短语 grow up be sure about make sure sendto the meaning of in common write down take up tooto every day be able to different kinds of at the beginning of have to do with hardly ever practice doing finish doingII.Grammar-the usage of be going to表示一般将来时(见U7) definition adverbials time or adverbial clause of time时间状语从句 the changes of be be的变化 followed by the original forms of verbs后跟动词原形 difference between be going to and willUnit 7 Will people have robots?I.短语 on computers on paper on the earth live to be in danger play a part in sth. look for in the future the sameas get bored look like space station computer programmer hundreds of over and over again wake up fall down have to do agree with sb. make sb. do sth. help sb. with sth. over and over againII.Grammar-一般将来时时间状语1tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,tomorrowmorning/afternoon/evening2）nextyear/week/month/hour/day/century3）in+一段时间4)inthefuture,thisafternoon/Sunday/evening,fromnowon,oneday,someday(未来的)某天soon基本结构1、will/shall+动词原形（否定句在will/shall后加not）表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态，will用于各种人称;shall只用于第一人称。2、begoingto+动词原形begoingto(其中be有人称和数的变化)，用来表示将要发生的动作以及计划、安排和打算要做的事。3、TherewillbeThereis/aregoingtobeTherewontbeThereisnt/arentgoingtobeWilltherebe? Yes,therewill.No,therewont.Is/Aretheregoingtobe?Yes,thereis/aregoingtobeNo,thereisnt/arentgoingtobeUnit 8 How do you make a banana milk shake?I.短语 milk shake turn on pourinto a cup of yogurt a good idea on Saturday cut up put into. one more thing a piece of at this time a few fillwith cover with one by one a long timeII.可数名词与不可数名词1）可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时，用单数形式；指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下：1.一般的名词词尾直接加-s。如：bookbooksroomroomshousehousesdaydays2.以s,ss,ch,sh,x结尾的名词，在词尾加-es。如：busbusesglassglasseswatchwatchesdishdishesboxboxes3.以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，要先将y改为i再加-es。如：citycitiesbodybodiesfactoryfactories等等。4.以f或fe结尾的名词，要将f或fe改为v再加-es。如：halfhalvesleafleavesknifekniveswifewives5.特例悄悄话：特例常常考，要记住。childchildren manmenwomanwomenpolicemanpolicemen（规律：manmen）tomatotomatoespotatopotatoes悄悄话：初中英语以o结尾的名词变复数时只有这两个词加-es，其余的当然加-s喽！如：photophotos footfeettoothteeth悄悄话：oo变成ee。 sheep,Chinese,Japanese单、复数同形悄悄话：变复数时词形不变。 people单数形式表示复数意义，要求谓语动词用复数；people的复数形式peoples通常指“多个民族”。2）不可数名词：是不能用数字计算的名词，例snowwaterbreadchalkweatherhopeadvice等等。(1)前面不能用a/an不能加数词如：onetwo等。(2)无得数形式。用howmuch提问。例Howmuchmeatisthereinthebasket.蓝子里有多少肉。(3)有些情况下，不可数名词可用of短语来表达数量，如:量的表达法1、表示容器的名词+ofacupofteathreebottlesofmilk2、表示单位的名词+ofapieceofpapertwoslicesofbreadUnit 9 Can you come to my party知识总结与归纳：重点词组1. study for a test 为考试做准备2. go to the doctor 去看医生3. have a lesson 有（上）课4. go to the lesson 去上课点拨 lesson 意为“课；课程”，常用have a lesson 表示“有（上）课”，还可用go to a lesson 表示“去上 课”。如：Lets go to a swimming lesson this summer vacation.拓展 give sb. a lesson 表示“ 给某人上一课”，而teach sb. a lesson表示“给某人一次教训”。.5. go to the concert 去听音乐会6. the day after tomorrow 后天7. have training 有训练8. thanks a lot 非常感谢（你）9. on weekdays 在工作日（非周末休息日）10. the whole day 一整天11. come over 顺便来访“come over to 地点” 表示“ 顺便到访某处”。重点句型1. Can you come to my party on Wednesday?星期三你能来参加我的聚会吗？Sure, Id love to. 可以，我很愿意去。Sorry, I cant. I have to对不起，我不能去。我必须点拨 can 是情态动词，Can you? 是熟人和朋友之间常用的表示邀请或请求的句型。同意接受时，常用Sure, Id love to. / Certainly. / Of course. 等回答（Id love to 是I would love to 的缩写形式，相当于Id like to）。若表示拒绝，一般不直接说No，而应说（Im）Sorry, I cant. 以示礼貌，然后说明理由；也可用Id love / like to, but 委婉地说明不能接受的原因并表示歉意。2. Maybe another time. 也许下一次吧。点拨 another 表示“ 另一个，又一个”，可作代词或形容词，指三者（或以上）中的或不确定数量中的另一个，后面通常跟单数名词或代词one。链接 “the other（ 单数名词或one）” 指两者中的另一个，是特指。如：My uncle has twochildren. One is a son, and the other is a daughter.练习选词填空：Can I have （other / another）apple, please?3. Whats today? 今天是什么时间？ Its Monday the 16th. 今天是十六号，星期一。点拨 提问星期和日期，通常用句型Whats today? 如：Whats today? Its Sunday the 1st.拓展 询问星期，用What day is（it）today?如：What day is（it）today? Today / It is Sunday. 询问几月几号，则用Whats the date today?如：Whats the date today? Its May 5th.4. Thank you for doing 谢谢。5.look after=take care of 照顾6. must与haveto的区别区别1：must多表示主观需要或责任感的驱使有必要或有义务去做某事，多译为“必须”，haveto多表示客观存在的环境所限,即客观要求(无奈)而为之，多译为“不得不干某事”7. sothat引导目的状语从句时，表示“以便；为了”，so形容词或副词that.引导的肯定的结果状语从句，意思是“如此以致于”（四）写作： 今天，Tom收到了好朋友Betty的一封电子邮件，Betty邀请他明天去参加她的生日聚会。请根据下面的提示，帮Tom写一封电子邮件给Betty。1. 谢谢她的邀请。2. 很抱歉，不能去。 3. 母亲病了，得呆在家里照顾母亲。 4. 向她说声“生日快乐”。词数：不少于60词。参考例文：Hi Betty,Thank you very much for your invitation. Im sorry I cant go to your birthday party. My mother is ill. She has a bad headache and the doctor asks her to stay in bed for a few days. I have to stay at home and look after her. Im really sorry. Im visiting you after my mother feels better. Here I say “Happy birthday!” to you. Yours,TomUnit10 If you go to the party，youll have a great time!1. have a great time=have a good time =have fun =enjoy oneself1、过得高兴；玩得愉快2. let sb in / out 让某人进去/出来3. take sth away 把某物拿走4. bring、take5. ask sb to leave 叫某人离开6. travel around the world 环游世界7. go to college 上大学8. make /earn /get (a lot of/m