高中英语语法复习 第四讲 非谓语动词讲练.doc

四 非谓语动词语法精讲 一、 概述： 在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式；动词的-ing形式；过去分词。（一）非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：1） 如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用:they built a garden. they suggested building a garden.2） 都可以被状语修饰：the suit fits him very well. the suit used to fit him very well. 3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化（过去分词除外）。例：he was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）he avoided being punished by his parents.（ing形式的被动式） we have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时） having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式） 4）都可以有逻辑主语they started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）the boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语） we are league members.（谓语动词的主语） we being league member, the work was well done.（ing形式的逻辑主语）（二） 非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有： 1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动词的-ing形式），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。 2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式、动词的-ing形式和过去分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。 3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式、动词的-ing形式和过去分词），在句中作状语。非谓语动词的句法功能一览表： 主语表语宾语补语定语状语同位语不定式-ing形式过去分词 （三）、非谓语动词的各种形式：1、 不定式的形式：不定式分为带to 和不带to的不定式两种（以write为例）主 动被 动一般式to writeto be written进行式 to be writing/完成式to have writtento have been written完成进行式to have been writing/否定式：not + (to) do not (to) be writing not (to) be written not (to) have written等2. -ing形式的形式：（以write;go为例）-ing形式及 物 动 词 write不及物动词go主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式writingbeing writtengoing完成式having written having been writtenhaving gone否定式：not + writingnot + being writtennot + having written not having been written等二、非谓语动词的用法比较1）动词不定式和-ing形式作主语比较 -ing形式作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性动作，不定式作主语表示具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。例如： 1. _ is a good form of exercise for both young and old（met 1992） a. the walk bwalking cto walk dwalk 答案是b2. it is not unusual for workers in that region _.a to be paid more than a month laterb. to be paid later than more a month c to pay later than a month more d. to pay later more than a month 答案是a. 2. 动词不定式、-ing形式、过去分词作表语比较 （1）如果-ing形式的作用相当于名词时，不定式和-ing形式作表语的区别同作主语一样。 his job is building houses our task now is to increase food productionthe real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers the most important thing is to put theory into practice the purpose of new technologies is to make life easier，_ it more difficult anot make bnot to make cnot making ddo not make （key：b） （2）如果-ing形式的作用相当于形容词时，-ing形式作表语时不是说明主语的内容，而是表示主语所具有的特征或所处的状态。即主语“令（使）人.”；过去分词表示主语“感到.” what you said was encouraging. i was surprised at the news. 3动词不定式和-ing形式作宾语比较 （1）有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，如：want，wish，hope，manage，demand，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expect等。 we agreed _ here，but so far she hasnt turned up yet（nmet 1995） ahaving met bmeeting cto meet dto have met （key：c） （2）有些动词后只跟-ing形式作宾语，如：admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，escape，excuse，finish，forgive，imagine，mind，miss，practise，resist， risk，suggest，deny, put off等。 the squirrel was so lucky that it just missed_ （met 1987） acatching bto be caught cbeing caught dto catch （key：c） i would appreciate_ back this afternoon（met 1992） ayou to call byou call cyou calling dyoure calling（key：c） （3）有些动词后既可以跟不定式又可以跟-ing形式，意义上无多大区别，如：love，like，hate，prefer，intend，start，continue等。 i intend to finishfinishing the task this morning (4) 有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟-ing形式，但意义上有区别，如：forget，remember，mean，regret，stop，try等。 the light in the office is still on oh，i forgot _ （met 1991） aturning it off bturn it off cto turn it off dhaving turned it off （key：c） you were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting well，now i regret _ that（nmet 1995） ato do bto be doing cto have done dhaving done（key：d）4、动词不定式、-ing形式、过去分词作宾语补足语和主语补足语比较 （1）有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语补足语或主语补足语，如：ask，tell，order，want，wish，warn，allow，advise，permit，forbid等。the patient was warned _ oily food after the operation（nmet 1996） ato eat not beating not cnot to eat dnot eating （key：c） （2）有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟-ing形式、过去分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语，但意义不同，如：see，watch，notice，observe，hear，feel，have, make等，且不定式不带to，但在被动结构中必须带to.不定式指动作的全过程；-ing形式指正在进行的动作的一部分，且都表主动意义；过去分词表被动意义，指已经完成的动作，being done也表被动意义，但表正在进行的动作。 paul doesnt have to be made_ he always works hard（nmet 1995） alearn bto learn clearned dlearning（key：b） the manager discussed the plan that they would like to see_ the next year（2000） acarry out bcarrying out ccarried out dto carry out（key：c）we stood on the playground watching the national flag being raised. 5不定式、-ing形式、过去分词作定语比较 （1） 不定式作定语表示“将要”，-ing形式表示“正在”，过去分词表示“已经”，且只表被动。特别要注意比较to be done; being done; done作定语的用法。 注意：-ing形式的完成式不用来作定语。 the olympic games，in 776 bc，did not include women players until1912（nmet 1997） afirst playing bto be first played cfirst played dto be first playing（key：c） when i got back home i saw a message pinned to the door _“sorry to miss you；i will call later”（nmet 1999） aread breads cto read dreading （key：d） （2）-ing形式相当于名词时作定语表示被修饰名词的用途，-ing形式相当于形容词时作定语表示被修饰名词的动作。 a swimming pool动名词作定语，a swimming fish现在分词作定语。（3） 有些不及物动词既可用-ing形式，也可用过去分词作定语，但意义不一样。falling leaves fallen leaves developing countries developed countries boiling water boiled water 6动词不定式作状语修饰动词、形容词，表示原因、目的和结果，-ing形式、过去分词作状语修饰动词和句子，表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随和结果。 _ late in the morning，bob turned off the alarm（nmet 2001） ato sleep bsleeping csleep dhaving slept（key：a） _ such heavy pollution already，it may now be too late to clean up the river（nmet 2000） ahaving suffered bsuffering cto suffer dsuffered（key：a） _ more attention，the trees could have grown better（met 1990） a given bto give cgiving dhaving given（key：a）注意：答题时要分清是非谓语动词作状语、主语，还是祈使句。三、非谓语动词的其他要点、非谓语动词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生，非谓语动词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。不定式的进行式表示用于描述在我们谈论的时间（现在或过去）正在继续的动作。例1：a lot of young people are learning to drive cars. (同时发生) 例2：all of us expected to discover a new oil field. (非谓语动词动作发生在后) 例3：he is said to have studied english for three years. (非谓语动词动作发生在前) 例3：we enjoy watching color tv. (与谓语动词动作同时) 例4：he forgot having promised to write things for us. （非谓语动词动作发生在前）例5：singing a song, he came into the room.（非谓语动词动作与谓语动词动作同时发生） 例6：having written his composition, he went to have a heart to heart talk with wang. (非谓语动词动作发生在前)例7：its nice to be sitting with you. (不定式的进行式表示现在正在继续的动作)例8：i noticed that he seemed to be smoking a lot. (不定式的进行式表示过去正在继续的动作)、动词不定式的完成式有时用在intended, expected, meant, were to, was to等过去式的动词后面，表示未实现的行为。例如： 例9: i meant to have sent the book to you by mail. （我本想把这本书邮寄给你的。） 例10: he was to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill. (他原是要任新大使的，但是他病了。)、不带to的几种用法1、不定式的进行式、完成式与情态动词连用表推测、责怪等。(略)2、在 let; make; see; hear; feel; watch; notice; help; observe; have;等后可跟不带to的不定式作宾补.例11：she lets her children stay up very late. 例12：i made them give me the money back.例13：have mrs. hansen come in, please. 例14：ive never known him (to) pay for a drink.3、why (not) 句型中例15：why pay more at other shops? we have the lowest prices in town.例16：why not let me lend you some money?4、and, or, except, but, than后例17：id like to lie down and go to sleep. 例18： do you want to have lunch or wait till later?例19：we had nothing to do except (to) look at the posters outside the cinemas.例20：its easier to persuade people than (to) force them.5、解释do的精确意思的句中，可以含有不带to的不定式。例21：all i did was (to) give him a little push. 例22：what a fire-door does is (to) delay the spread of a fire long enough for people to get out.、动词不定式、-ing形式的复合结构1、介词for+名词/代词表示不定式的逻辑主语。常用于：itis + adj .+ for sb. + to do sth.结构.it is inconvenient for me to write the whole book by hand.it is necessary for you to hurry up. otherwise you will be late.that is for you to eat. it is time for us to have dinner. this is a problem for us to solve.for the children to enter college，many parents employ tutors.2、 物主代词my、your等和所有格的词如johns可与带-ing的形式连用。im annoyed about johns forgetting to pay. do you mind my making a suggestion?在非正式英语中，当这些词在语法上起着句子中宾语的作用时，常用me, you, john这样一些形式im annoyed about john forgetting to pay. do you mind me making a suggestion?语法精练：1. （2002全国）having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. a. to see b. to be seen c. seeing d. seen2. （2002全国）the research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. a. begins b. having begun c. beginning d. begun3. （2003北京春）mr. smith, _ of the _ speech, started to read a novel. a. tired; boring b. tiring; bored c. tired; bored d. tiring; boring4. （2003上海春）friendship is like money: easier made than _. a. kept b. to be kept c. keeping d. being kept5. （2003上海春）_ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. a. the president will attend b. the president to attend c. the president attended d. the presidents attending6. （2003上海春）unless _ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. a. invited b. inviting c. being invited d. having invited7. （2003上海春）she will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _ in making the earth a better place to live. a. to have played b. to play c. to be played d. to be playing8. （2002北京）- how do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?- the key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers? a. to solve; making b. to solving; made c. to solve; making d. to solve; ;made9. （2002上海）in or