英语语音基础知识.doc

英语语音基础知识一关于语音的几个概念 1字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u, 2音标：词的语音形式。 3音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素，分为元音音素和辅音音素两大类。其中元音音素20个，辅音音素28个。元音：发音时声带振动，呼出的气流通过口腔时不受阻碍，这样形成的语音称作元音。元音发音响亮，口腔中气流不受阻碍，是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20个元音。 辅音：不论声带振动与否，发声时呼出的气流通过口腔或鼻腔时受到一定阻碍，这样的语音称为辅音。辅音发音不响亮，口腔中气流受到阻碍，不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28个辅音。（其中包括ts、dz、tr、dr） 。 4音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。apple, student, teacher, understand 5开音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name， bike ; b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi 6闭音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad, , sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it 7重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。 二. 元音： i:sea, he, see, piece, ceilingisit, build, miss, mythebed, desk, headbad, land, bank, stampa:fast, class, plant, calm hot, want:door, sport, warm, boughtu:good, who, blue, soupulook, put, women, couldcup, come, blood, rough:girl, work, serve, nurseago, forget, dollar, doctor, famouseicake, they, play, eight, greataibike, light, try, find, height, eyeuphone, cold, boat, soul, growauhouse, towniboy, oilidear, idea, deer, here, fiercepear, care, there, fairutour, poor三. 容易混淆的元音 1)e bed -bad men- man pen-pan lend -land 2)i: ei real -rail greet-great mean-main read- raid 3)e ai bet -bite red -write said -side head-hide 4)au : househorse loudlord south- sauce now- nor 5)au found -fond gown -gone down- don 四. 辅音 ppen, picnicb bed, big，breakttell, studentdday, played, wantedkcold, sky, quick, back, accept, gbig, go, guess, languagemman， milknnine, knife, autumnbank, uncle, English, sing,rread, write,lland, world，luckffive, cough, laughvvoice, of，livehhot, who, hourthink, thankssit, miss, science, case, scarf this, bathezzoo, close,pleasure，treasuresure, she, social, nationwwall, what, answerjYes，yield，yelltchild, teach, catchdjoke, bridgetsboats， studentsdzgoods，boardstrtree， tripdrdream，drop五. 容易混淆的辅音 1)v -w vet wet vest -west; vine -wine; very- well 2)s - sinkthink sort thought missmyth mass -math 3)z- closingclothing breezebreathe bays -bathes 4)n - thin thing sin sing winwing ran- rang 六. 读音规则 1)重读音节：bag egg fish not cup2)非重读音节 banana, student, today, afterEg：stu-dent Chi-na sec-ond au-tumn in-deed七. 特殊读音 1.音的连读：在连贯地说话或朗读时,在同一个意群(即短语或从句)中,如果相邻的两个词前者以辅音音素结尾,后者以元音音素开头,就要自然地将辅音和元音相拼,构成一个音节,这就是连读。连读时的音节一般不重读,只需顺其自然地一带而过,不可以加音,也不可以读得太重。如:not at all这个短语。连读时听起来就像是一个单词。注意:连读只发生在句子中的同一个意群中。在两个意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音和元音出现,也不可连读。如:Please take a look at it.这个句子中take a look at it是同一个意群,那么take与a可连读,look与at可连读,at与it可连读。其中最常见的是连音r， 即拼写中一个词尾不发音的字母r，碰到后一个词的词首是元音， 将r与后面的元音连读。如；here are；four eggs；在There is a book in it.一句中There和 is 连读，book与in往往不连读,因为book与in分别在两个不同的意群中。Eg：not at all, half an hour, I love you and all， after all 2.失去爆破：所谓失爆（或者爆破），是指当p，b，t，d，k，连贯出现在同一单词内部或连贯出现在前一单词结尾与后一单词开头，有前一个要嘎然而止，只做口型不发其音。如黑板，blackboard. blackboard中k失爆了，因为它后面的b也是爆破音。sit down - si(t)down,似乎听不到任何人会把sit 的t音完完整整地发出来,这个音几乎必然地永远失去。Eg：good girl, good student, good job 中的d失去爆破，只做口型不发其音。3.音的同化： 当两个音放在一起时会有同化现象产生。如：would you 中d和j 读成dCant you see it? 中 t和j 读成t Miss you 中 s和j 读成 八. 重音 1.单词重音 A)双音节词 a)一般在第一个音节重读。letter, sorry b)有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前缀的词，第二个音节是重音。 about, believe, address, decide, report, condemn, respect, compare, inform, discuss, impress, mistake, enforce, prepare, employ, permit, escape, produce, exclaim,translate c)有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关, 一般名词的重音在第一个音节上，其它的词性在第二个音节上。 record, record; insult, insult; conduct, conduct; present present; content, content d)有些复合词和带有前缀 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的词，有两个重音。 outside, retell, well-known, unreal, fifteen, Chinese, pre-war, post-war B)多音节词 a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。difficult, communist, family, economy, opportunity,democracy. b)有一些双音节词，加了前缀和后缀成了多音节，但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。 carefully, indefinite, comfortable, conductor, according, disturbance, complicated,establishment, c)词尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后缀的词，重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。 courteous, calligraphy, editorial, historian, periodic, mathematics, experience,sufficient, identify, translation, religious, curiosity, protective d)词尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后缀的词，重音在该后缀上，而且有一个次重音。entertain, employee, mountaineer, Japanese, cigarette 2.句子重音 A) 英语的节奏：（轻）-轻-重-轻-（轻）或重-轻-（轻）（轻）重 B) 英语句子的长短：是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的，而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。 C) 实词重读（副词重读），虚词轻读(冠词，单音节介词，单音节连词，人称代词，反代词，物主代词，关系代词，相互代词，助动词，情态动词和系动词be. D) 实词不重读的特殊情况 a) 实词第二次出现 He thinks of that as a child thinks. b) 一个名词被第二个名词修饰 I met her in the railway station. c) 代替词 Which book do you want? The small one. d) 感叹词中的 what 和how What a good day it is! How beautiful she is! e) street 在专有名词中 Wangfujing Street. f) this在这些短语中，this morning/afternoon/evening E)虚词重读的特殊情况 a) 情态动词，助动词和系动词be在句首，句尾和否定时。 Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can. I dont like you. He isnt a worker. b) 情态动词表示可能，惊奇和肯定时。 They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room. c) 介词在句首和句尾。 In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with. d) 引导复合句的连词在句首。 If you wish, Ill visit you. When he comes, Ill tell him. e)反身代词表示强调。 He couldnt come himself.Tongue twisters （绕口令）Of /i:/ and /i/Quick kiss, quicker kiss, quickest kiss.I feel I need a cup of weak green tea.The geese were feeding green leaves beneath the trees.We eat meat, peas, beans and cheese for our three meals.Of /e/ and / /Say well and do well, end with one letter; Say well is good, do well is better.Where are you going, my little cat?I m going to town to buy a new hat.Of /:/, / and /The first early bird heard an early worm stir in the earth.The worker in a dirty shirt works in the first workshop.The girl is learning German in earnest.Butter and sugar and eggs and flour, But you never must open to the oven door.Of / :/ ,/ /and /:/A large cart passed Martins garden off his guard.The hard hearted guard stood in the dark.Twinkle, twinkle, little star,How I wonder what you are!As your bright and tiny spark,Lights the traveler in the darkOf /u:/, / u /The cook understood that the sugar was no good.He looked at a good cook to cook the good food.At noon in June when the blooms they droop,And the roofing sky is blue,And the doves they croon through the gloom of the treesExercises：A big black bear bit the back of a big black pig. Then a big black bug bit the back of the big black bear. And when the big black bug bit the big black bear, the big black pig bit back the big black bear.She sells sea shells by the sea shore.The shells she sells are surely seashells.So if she sells shells on the seashells.I am sure she sells seashore shells.Spring brings many charming thing:Birds are flying, Lambs are dancing,Flowers blossoming, Trees are buddingLarks are saying: “Good morning”.Mother met a monkey in the middle of the market and make a mailbox of money.If many men knew what many men knowIf many men went where many men go,If many men did what many men do,The world would be better; I think so, dont you?Nicky saw blue l