形容词副词用法2.doc

形容词的用法形容词常用于修饰名词，说明该词的性质、特征等。它在句中主要用作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语，如：The primitive language of signs is not always very clear.（定语）原始语言手势的意思并非总是很清楚的。Groups of new, modern buildings have sprung up along the river.（定语）一群群新的现代建筑沿江拔地而起。The football game was marvelous.（表语）足球赛精彩极了。Im sorry that Im late.（表语） 对不起，我迟到了。Dont leave the door open, please.（宾补） 请不要将门敞着。He spent three days in the snow, cold and hungry. （状语） 他又冷又饿地在风雪中过了两天。形容词的分类形容词就起构成来说，分为单字形容词和复合形容词。单字形容词有的不带词缀，如big, good, hard, round, square; 有的带词缀，如contemptible, economic, Spanish, impossible, unkind, disloyal, monolingual, multimedia, voiceless, instructive, unthinkable等。复合形容词的构成是多种多样的，它们可以是：形容词+形容词，如bitter-sweet, deaf-mute, phonetic-syntactic名词+形容词，如grassgreen, duty-free, war-weary形容词/副词+-ing,如 good-looking, easy-going, hard-working形容词/副词+-ed, 如 newly-born, well-known名词+-ed, 如hand-made, town-bred, sunstanned名词+-ing,如ocean-going, law-abiding, mouth-watering形容词+名词+-ed, 如 kind-hearted, absent-minded形容词, 就其句法功能来说，可分为中心形容词和外围形容词。大多数形容词既能充当名词修饰语，有能充当主语补语可宾语补语，这种形容词构成这类词的主体，故称中心形容词。如：Green apples are sore.Pillar-boxes are green. They have painted the windows green.此外还有少数形容词只能充当修饰语, 或是只能充当补语,这少数形容词叫做外围形容词。有的语法学家把只能用作修饰语的形容词称做“定语形容词”，把只能用作补语的形容词称做“表语形容词”，有的语法学家把它们统称为外围形容词。例如可以说：This is utter nonsense.但是不可以说：*The nonsense is utter.可以说：This child is asleep.但是不可以说：*This is an asleep child形容词, 就其词汇意义来说，有可分为静态形容词和动态形容词。静态形容词描绘人和物的静态特征，如tall, short, big, small, shallow, deep, ugly, beautiful, solid, liquid等。大多数形容词都是静态的，但也有少数带有动作含义，这部分形容词叫做动态形容词，如abusive, adorable, calm, cheerful, complacent, dull, faithful, generous, gentle, hasty, impudent, irritable, irritating, jealous, lenient, loyal, mischievous, nice, noisy, obstinate, playful, reasonable, rude, sensible, shy, slow, suspicious, tidy, timid, troublesome, untidy, unscrupulous, vicious, vain, vicious等。我们之所以要区分静态形容词和动态形容词，是因为它们在用法上有区别。（1）动态形容词可与系动词的进行体搭配，而静态形容词不可以。例如可以说：She is being witty.不可以说： *She is being beautiful.(2)动态形容词可用于以动be词开头的祈使句，而静态形容词不可以。例如可以说：Be patient! Be careful!不可以说：Be tall!(3) 动态形容词可用语使役结构,而静态形容词不可以。例如可以说：I persuaded her to be generous.不可以说： * I persuaded her to be pretty.有些形相似、义相别的词alone（独自地） lonely（孤独的）alive（活的） living（活生生的） lively（活跃的）blooming（花正开的） booming（繁荣的）credible（可靠的） creditable（高贵的） considerable（应考虑的；相当多的） considerate（体贴人的）desirous（想望的） desirable（合意的） efficient（有效力的） sufficient（足够的） exhaustive（彻底的） exhausting（使人筋疲力尽的） healthy（健壮的） healthful（有益健康的） healthily（旺盛地；相当大地） honorable（荣誉的） honorary（名誉的） historic（历史性的） historical（历史上的）imaginative（富于想象力的）imaginable可想象到的） imaginary（想象的） industrial（工业的） industrious（勤勉的） legible（易读的） eligible（合格的） later（较迟的） latter（后者的） likely（可能的） likable（可爱的） respectful（有礼貌的） respective（各自的） respectable（可尊敬的）respecting（说到、关于）-ly 结尾的形容词在英文里，有些形容词是以-ly 结尾的，不要误认为是副词。这类词常见的有：brotherly（友爱的） deadly（致命的） earthly（世俗的） friendly（友好的） likely（可能的） leisurely（空闲的） lovely（可爱的）manly（男子气概的） weekly（每周一次的） yearly（每年一次的）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词，如daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early等。例如：The Times is a weekly paper. 时代周刊为周刊。The Times is published weekly. 时代周刊每周发行一期。用形容词表示类别和整体1） 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接，如the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry等。例如：The poor are losing hope. 穷人行将失去希望。2） 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用，如 the British，the English，the French，the Chinese 等。例如：The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英国人颇有幽默感。只能作修饰语的形容词下列两类形容词只能作修饰语用，不能作补语用：1）起强调作用或特指作用的形容词。例如：a mere child a firm friend the only reason total nonsense sheer arrogance the very enda certain winner a particular worker a definite loss the sole argument a true scholarthe specific point a complete fool the chief excuse the exact answer the principal objection作修饰语的形容词的顺序当名词中心词带有两个以上的形容词作前置修饰语时，这些形容词词序通常遵循一定的规则：如表示大小、形状、年龄、颜色等形容词与一般描绘性形容词并列时，通常是一般描绘性形容词在前，其他形容词在后。例如：a brave young man a very courageous old lady these beautiful tiny round crystals当表示大小、长短、高低、形状的形容词与表示颜色的形容词并列时，通常是大小、形状在前，颜色在后。如：a little brown jug a tall grey building当表示年龄、新旧的形容词与表示颜色的形容词并列时，也是年龄、新旧在前，颜色在后。如： a new pink blouse, a dirty old brown skirt当表示大小、长短、高低、形状的形容词与表示颜色的形容词并列时，通常是大小、形状在前，颜色在后。如：a little brown jug a tall grey building当表示年龄、新旧的形容词与表示颜色的形容词并列时，也是年龄、新旧在前，颜色在后。如： a new pink blouse, a dirty old brown skirt如果在被修饰名词之前还有表示材料的形容词（或名词），那么这种形容词（或名词）就应更加贴近名词中心词。例如： the small whitewashed thatched cottage a round brown wooden tablea useful oblong(长方形的, 椭园形的)tin box these steep grey Norwegian rocky hillsa very attractive round Chinese cloisonn(景泰蓝)vase many beautiful old European cathedral cities当名词中心词带有多个形容词时，起顺序大体如下：限定词一般描绘性形容词表示大小、长短、高低的形容词表示形状的形容词表示年龄、新旧的形容词表示颜色的形容词表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词表示物质、材料的形容词表示类别、用途的形容词名词中心词。如： a charming small round old brown French oak writing desk.限定描述大长高，形状年龄与新老；颜色国籍出材料，用途类别往后靠。all these last few days a light blue silk skirt the first two paragraphs another three English books some beautiful little red flowers上述形容词都不能用做补语。例如不能说： a child is mere, the nonsense was total, the friend is firm, 等等。这种现象有时和搭配有关，同一个形容词在某种搭配里既可以作修饰语也可以作补语，如：a complete victory the victory is complete a complete foolt*he fool is complete某些源自名词的形容词。例如：an atomic scientist (=a scientist specializing in atomic science)criminal law (=law concerning crime) a medical school (=a school for students of medicine)a woolen dress (a dress made of wool)只能作补语的形容词下列形容词只能做补语，不能做修饰语：1）某些表示健康状况的形容词，如：well, faint, ill, unwell, Im very well. Hes been ill for a long time. She felt faint.2)某些以a-开头的形容词，如ablaze,着火的, afire, aflame, afloat, afoot, afraid, agape, aglow, akin, alike, alive, alone, aslant, asleep, astray, awake, aware, away, awashThe wooden house was quickly ablaze. The sky was aglow with the setting sun.The two brothers are very much alike. I was alone in the house. He held himself aloof from the others.副词及其基本用法副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构以表示程度、方式、时间、地点以及对话语的态度等。The door acted very quickly. The sun appeared rather briefly.That machine can cut bread fairly rapidly. This is by far the most interesting book I have ever read.副词的构成和分类大多数副词由形容词后加后缀-ly构成。例如：politepolitely sadsadly immediateimmediatelygladgladly heavyheavily busybusily simplesimply dulldully有些副词是介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成，意义是 “向”Backward(s), downward(s), forward(s), northward(s), onward(s), upwars(s), 等。有些副词由名词加后缀-wise构成，表示方向、位置、状态、样子等。如clockwise (in the direction of a clock), crabwise (in the manner of a crab), money-wise (in connection with money), cricket wise, education-wise, sale wise, sidewise。还有少数副词不带后缀，如fast, hard, well, long, slow, straight, quick 等，还有的采取词组的形式，如all but, not half, kind of, sort of 等。副词的分类1。 副词，按词汇意义可分为：1）程度副词(Adverbs of degree) 修饰形容词、副词、动词，表示程度。如almost, a bit, awfully, completely, considerably, deeply, definitely, fairly, greatly, hardly, immensely, (a) little, much, nearly, partly, pretty, slightly, scarcely, terribly等。2) 方式副词(Adverbs of manner) 修饰动词，表示动作进行的方式如 angrily, anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, conscientiously, half-heartedly, gratefully, intentionally, loudly, merrily, mildly, nervously, quickly, politely, rudely, slowly, softly, willingly, warmly等。3）时间副词(Adverbs of time) 表示动作发生的时间范畴。如ago, already, before, early, finally, immediately, just now, late, lately, later on, now, presently, recently, right away, shortly, soon, today, tomorrow, tonight, yesterday,等。时间副词也包括频度副词（Adverbs of frequency)， 如always, constantly, continually, frequently, hardly, ever, never, occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, scarcely ever, sometimes, usually等。4)地点副词 表示动作发生的位置或方位，如above, along, anywhere, around, away, back, below, down, downstairs, everywhere, elsewhere, here, home, in, inside, near, nowhere, on, out, outside, over, past, round, somewhere, there, up, upstairs, backwards, homewards等。2。副词，按句法功能有可分为：1）句子副词 这类副词通常做评注性状语，修饰整个句子，表示说话人对正个句子的态度和看法，其中很多和方式副词同形，但句法功能不同。如obviously, actually, unexpectedly, fortunately, unfortunately, allegedly, surely, undeniably等。2）连接副词 如therefore, however, moreover, thus.这类副词通常充当连接性状语，在句子之间起连接作用。3）解说副词 如as, namely等。4）疑问副词 如when, where, why, how, whence, whither, whereby等。5）关系副词 如when, where, why, how6) 感叹副词 如how.三、形容词的比较等级：（一）形容词的比较级和最高级的构成1单音节词和少数双音节词的比较级和最高级的构成情况构成方式原级比较级最高级一般情况加-er或-estnewlongNewer longerNewest longest以e 结尾的词加-r或-stFine lateFiner laterFinest latest以“辅音+y” 结尾的词变y为i再加-er 或-estEarly happyEarlier happierEarliest happiest重读闭音节的词末尾只有一个辅音字母先双写辅音字母，再加-er或-estHot thinfatHotter thinnerfatterHottest thinnestfattest2 多音节词和部分双音节词在其前面加more或 most。如： 原级 比较级 最高级usefuldifficult more usefulmore difficult most useful most difficultdelicious more delicious most delicious【重点3有几个形容词的比较级和最高级属于不规则变化。 原级 比较级 最高级 good/well better best bad/ill worse worst many/much more most little less least far farther farthest old older oldest（二） 形容词比较级的用法 1形容词的比较级可以单独使用： Be more careful next time. 下次小心点。 Which book is better? 哪本书更好？2也可以和than连用，表示两者相比，than后可以跟：a. 名词或代词： He is older than me / I . 他年龄比我大。b. 动名词 Skiing is more exciting than skating. 滑雪比滑冰更刺激。c. 从句：I was a better singer than he was. 我唱歌比他好。（三）形容词比较级的修饰语1形容词比较级前可加much, a lot, a bit, a little, slightly之类表示程度的状语： Hes feeling much better today. 他感到今天好多了。2也可在比较级前any, no, some, even, still这类词：Do you feel any better today?3比较级前还可加其他表示数量的词：My sister is ten years younger than me.【难点】（四）形容词比较级的特殊用法1和more有关的词组 ：1) the morethe more越就越。例如：The harder you work，the greater progress youll make. 越努力，进步越大2) no more than 与一样。例如： The officials could see no more than the Emperor.3） more than超过，不只是。例如： There are more than two thousand people in the hall.2和less有关的词组1) less than 不到 不太It was ready in less than a week.2) no less than 多达 不少于 No less than 2 million people came. 至少来了2百万人。3) more or less 基本上 大体上 大约 The work is more or less finished.3还有as + 形容词或副词原级 + as1) not so/asas。例如：He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。2) 当as as 中间有名词时采用以下格式：as +形容词+ a +单数名词/；as + manymuch +名词。例如： This is as good an example as the other is. 这个例子和另外一个一样好。 I can carry as much paper as you can. 你能搬多少纸，我也能。3) 表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。例如 This room is twice as big as that one. 这房间的面积是那间的两倍。Your room is the same size as mine.（五） 形容词最高级用法1the + 最高级 + 比较范围1）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，例如： The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.说明 形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示非常。例如：It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 这是个很重要的问题。 注意：使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。 （错）Tom is the tallest of his three brothers. （对）Tom is the tallest of the three brothers. 2） 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost。例如：This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 这帽子差不多是最大的了 注意：序数词通常只修饰最高级。例如： Africa is the second largest continent.3） 最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。例如： Mike is the most intelligent in his class. 或者：Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.（六）形容词最高级的特殊用法 1. 形容词最高级可用作表语，这时定冠词the 可以省略。 例句：I think her plan is best. 我认为她的计划最好。 2.形容词最高级还可和at 构成许多短语作状语，如 at best, at least, at most等。例句：Ill be with you at latest by ten. 我最迟十点钟就来陪你。四、副词的比较等级：（一）概念：副词和形容词一样，也有原级、比较级和最高级三个等级。其构成方式有规则变化和不规则变化两种情况。规则变化的一般规律是：单音节词的比较级和最高级在词尾加-er或-est; 多音节词以及-ly结尾的副词（early除外），前面加more 或most.。不规则的变化式只能采用“各个击破”的办法去记忆。1）规则变化原级比较级最高级Soon loudfast wide Earlyhappily carefullySooner louderFaster wider earliermore happily more carefullySoonest loudestFastest widest earliestmost happily most carefully2）不规则变化原级比较级最高级Well badly littleMuch farBetter worse lessMore farther（距离） further（程度）Best worst leastMost farthest furthest（二）副词的比较级的用法1、单独使用： Try to do better next time. 下次争取干好一点。Hell come back sooner or later. 他迟早会回来的。Please speak more slowly. 请讲慢一点。2、和than一起使用：He swims better than I do. 他游泳游得比我好。 Can you do any better than that? 你能不能干的好一些？ He arrived earlier than usual. 他到的比平时早。3、比较级前可有状语修饰You must work much faster. 你必须大大加快干活的速度。Can you come over a bit more quickly? 你能稍稍快点来吗？4. asas和not soas结构 这两个结构也可结合副词使用：1） asas 可用在肯定句中，表示 “像一样”，后面的副词要用原级： She can run as fast as a deer. 她能跑的像鹿一样快。2）在否定句中，asas和soas都可以用： I dont go there as much as I used. 我现在到那里不象过去那么多了。 I didnt do as(so) well as I should. 我做的不如我应做的那么好。3）这种句子中也可以有一个表示程度的状语： She can read twice as fast as he does. 她阅读的速度比他快一倍。（三）副词最高级的用法：副词最高级可修饰动词，前面多数不带定冠词the:He laughs best who laughs last. (谚语) 谁笑在最后谁笑的最好。Of the four of us, I sang (the) worst. 我们四人中我唱的最差。（四）副词比较级和最高级的一些特殊用法：副词比较级和最高级还可用在一些特别结构短语中。1）more and more 越来越 It rained more and more heavily. 雨下得越来越大了She went farther and farther away. 她越走越远了。2）the morethe more 越，越： Themore I work, the more I accomplish. 我干得越多，完成的就越多。3）had better 最好：Wedbetter not disturb him. 我们最好不要打扰他。What had we better do? 我们最好怎么办？三） 形容词与副词的比较等级 原级的构成和用法构成： 形容词、副词的原级即本身 用法： 表示双方在程度、性质、特征等方面相等时用“ as + 原级 as ” 不等时用 “ not so /as + 原级as ” 倍数用 “ 倍数 as + 原级 as ”1）双方比较， 表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级than “ 的结构 2）表示一方不及另一方时，用“ less + 原级 than”结构his room is less beautiful than that one.3) 表示一方在程度或数量上超过另一方时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语， 如 even , a lot , a bit , a little, still, much , far , yet ,by far等修饰.如 he works even harder than before注意： by far 通常用于强调最高级。 用于比较级一般放在比较级的后面，若放在前面，应在二者中间加 the . 如 ：He is taller by far than his brother .He is by far the taller of the two brothers4) 表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“ the + 比较级（主语谓语）the +比较级（主语谓语）” 结构 （越.越） The harder he works , the happier he feels .5) 不与其他事物 相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级 and + 比较级”结构。The girl becomes more and more beautiful . The weather is getting colder and colder .6） 某些以ior 结尾的形容词进行比较时, 用to 代替than .这些词有inferior (劣等的，次的）,superior , junior(资历较浅的）, senior .如：he is superior to Mr Zhang in chemistry.7) 倍数表达法A is + 倍数 the size ( height / length /width /depth ) of BA is + 倍数 as as B A is + 倍数 比较级 than B4 最高级的用法1）三者或三者以上相比， 表示最高程度时，用“the + 最高级” 的结构表示。 这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如 ：ZhangHua is the tallest of the three . He works (the ) hardest in his class .2) 最高级可被序数词以及much , by far , nearly , almost , by no means , not quite , not really , nothing like (没有什么能比得上）等修饰。 如： This hat is by far the biggest .How much did the second most expensive hat cost ?3) 表示“最高程度” 的形容词，如 excellent , extreme, perfect等 没有最高级， 也没有比较级 。4）形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的的词往往省略。如：He is the tallest boy in his class .5) 作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。5. 由 as / so 组成的形容词或副词短语。1） as much as + 不可数名词数量。如：Each stone weighs as much as 15 tons . She could earn as much as ten dollars a week .2) as many as + 可数名词数量 如： I have as many as sixteen reference books.3) as early as 早在 As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island .4) as far as 远道， 就 而言We might go as far as the church and back . As far as I know , he has been there before .5) may / might as well 不妨，不如 Then you might as well stay with us here .6) as as sb can be到了最的程度,极其They are as unreliable as they can be .(他们极其不可信）7) as as one can = as as possible ( 尽某人可能）He began to run as fast as he could6. 几组重要词语辨析1） very 和 much 的区别可分等级的形容词和副词前使用very 不用 much .表示状态的过去分词前用very 。如： a very frightened boy ; a very tired child a very complicated problem 以 -ing , -ed 结尾的分词 多用 much , very much , greatly 修饰。如：We were greatly shocked by the news about Tom. too 前用much 或 far , 不用very , You are much / far / a lot too nice.注意; 修饰绝对意义的形容词，一般不用very , 而用 quite, completely , well , entirely 等修饰.如：quite wrong / mistaken / sure completely dead ; quite impossible , quite perfect 等 .7.请区分下列词组1.more than 不只是（= not only) Miss Li is more than a teacher. Shes our best friend.2. more than + 数词，多于，超过，相当于overThere are over/ more than 70 students in our class.3. more than与其说 不如说 He is more diligent than clever4.more than 极其地，非常地（=very) They are more than satisfied. 5. This is more than+ 从句 此事非某人所能5. sth is more than + 从句 ( 此事非某人所能 )Eg :This problem is more than I can solve. This is more than I can say.6. more than one 不只一个（谓语动词用单数） more than once 不只这一次More than one person _ this secret.7. more than not more than 不超过，至多 at the most no more than 仅仅 ， 和 一样少 no more than 两者同样不not more than 前者不如后者；不比 更8 less than (少于）not less than ( 不少于）= at leastno less than （和一样多）= as much as类似地：no fewer than = as many as 和一样多 no worse than = as good as 和一样好 no better than = as bad as 和一样坏 no richer than = as poor as 和一样穷no later than = as early as 和一样早1.This _ girl is Lindas cousin . A.pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty C. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish2. Mr Smith owns _ collection of coins than anyone else I have ever met . A. large B a larger C. the larger D. a large3.Mary cant speak English _ her friends , but her written work is perfect .A. as well as B. as often as C. so much as D. as good as4. How _ can you finish your composition ? A.often B. soon C. long D. rapid5. it was _ late to catch a bus after the party ; therefore we called a taxi . A. too very B. much too C. too much D. far6. It takes us quite long t