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_形容词与副词重难点、易错点透析 形容词和副词是英语语法的基础知识点,也是高考英语的高频考点。为了帮助学生们掌握这一基础知识,尤其是高考考查的重难点、热点以及学生的易错点,现作如下归纳:重点一:考查形容词和副词的基本用法1.形容词修饰名词或代词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。常放在被修饰的名词前作定语;放在系动词后作表语;放在宾语之后作宾语补足语。此外,形容词还可以用作状语。典例1The boy five only had three notes in his wallet.A. ages; five dollar B. aged; five dollars C. aged; five dollar D. aging; five dollars解析C。aged是形容词,意为“岁的”,“aged five”是形容词短语作后置定语修饰其前的名词“the boy”;第二空考查复合形容词“数词+连字符+名词”的用法,连字符连接的名词用单数,用“five dollar”来修饰名词note,意为“五元的票子”。典例2This kind of apple tastes and sells .A. well; well B. good; good C. good; well D. well; good解析C。taste在本句中作系动词,后接形容词good作表语,所以第一空用good;sell不是系动词,所以后接副词well作状语。2.副词用来修饰形容词、动词、副词或句子。副词在句中主要作状语,一般位于形容词之前,动词之后或句子之首;作表语放在系动词后;作定语放在被修饰词之后;放在宾语之后作宾语补足语。典例1There could be with the washing machine. It doesnt work.A. something wrong seriously B. something seriously wrongC. something wrong serious D. something serious wrong解析B。形容词修饰不定代词,要放在不定代词之后;副词修饰形容词,要放在形容词之前。副词seriously修饰形容词wrong,要放在wrong之前,即:seriously wrong;seriously wrong修饰不定代词something应放在something之后。典例2Work will get done when people do it together, and the rewards are higher too.A. easily B. very easy C. more easily D. easier解析C。根据题中所提供的情景“the rewards are higher too”可判断,此空要用比较级;所以用副词的比较级“more easily”来修饰谓语动词,在句中作状语,放在动词之后。意为“人们在一起工作时,工作会做得更容易”。重点二:考查形容词作定语的后置规律形容词作定语一般位于所修饰的名词前,但在下列四种情况中形容词要后置:1.形容词短语作定语时;2.常作表语的形容词(afraid, alike, alive, alone, asleep, awake, aware, ashamed; ill, well, unwell, unable, worth, present, glad, fond, ready等)作定语时;3.修饰复合不定代词时;4.else常放在疑问代词和不定代词之后,作后置定语。典例I will never know what was on his mind at that time, nor will .A. anyone B. anyone else C. no one D. no one else解析B。句意是:我永远不知道当时他心里是怎么想的,其他人也不知道。根据词法,else修饰不定代词,常放在不定代词之后,作后置定语。重点三:考查多个并列的形容词作定语的排序几个并列的形容词作定语,其语序通常为:限定语(a, an, the)+所有格名词及其修饰语+序数词+基数词(two,several,other,many)+描绘性形容词+大、小、新、旧+形状+年龄、时间+颜色+国籍、来源+材料+目的+名词。典例Its a clock, made of brass and dating from the nineteenth century. (2013年上海卷)A. charming French small B. French small charmingC. small French charming D. charming small French解析D。charming是描绘性形容词+ small是表示“大、小、新、旧”的形容词+ French是表示“国籍、来源”的形容词+被修饰名词“clock”。所以它们的排序是:charming small French。重点四:副词的排列顺序1.频度副词always, usually, often, never等一般放在行为动词前,或者情态动词、助动词或be动词之后;2.方式副词通常放在“动词(+宾语)”之后;3.程度副词一般放在被修饰的动词、形容词或副词之前;4.同时有表示时间、地点和方式的副词时,其顺序一般为:方式+地点+时间。典例The middle-aged man said his daughter rode .A.every day to school hurriedly B. hurriedly every day to schoolC. every day hurriedly to school D. to school hurriedly every day解析D。同时有表示时间、地点和方式的副词时,其排列顺序一般为:方式+地点+时间。重点五:考查ed形容词和ing形容词的区别ed形容词,通常说明人,意为“(某人)感到”;ing形容词通常说明事物,意为“(某事物)令人”或“令人的(事物)”;此外,过去分词还可用修饰表示脸部或表情的名词前作定语(face/look/appearance/expression)。典例Judging from her look on her face, Catherine was entirely unprepared for the news.A. shocking; frightening B. shocking; frightenedC. shocked; frightening D. shocked, frightened解析C。shocked意为“惊愕的,受震惊的”,可用来修饰人的面部表情,her shocked look意为“她那惊愕的表情”;frightening意为“吓人的、可怕的”,用来修饰其后的名词news,the frightening news意为“可怕的消息”。重点六:形容词和副词的比较等级1.原级的用法表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时,用“as+原级形容词/副词+as”的结构;表示前者不如后者时,用“not so(as) +原级形容词/副词+as”的结构。注意“asas”句型引导的是比较状语从句,第一个as是副词,第二个as是连词。典例It is just among countries to host the Olympics as to win an Olympic medal.A. so fierce a competition B. as fierce a competitionC. such a fierce competition D. too fierce a competition解析B。句中已给出一个as,所以本题考查“asas”引导的比较状语从句;第一个as是副词,is是系动词,后接形容词,所以用“as fierce a competition”。2.比较级的用法(1)两者比较,表示一方超过另一方时,用“比较级+ than”的结构表示。典例The film is , I have to say, not a bit interesting. Why? Its than the films I have ever seen.A. far more interesting B. much less interestingC. no more interesting D. any less interesting解析A。根据句法,此句是由than引导的比较状语从句,is是系动词,所以后接形容词的比较级,程度副词修饰形容词比较级应放于比较级前。而根据句意,前一句说这部电影一点也不有趣;后一句进行反问为什么?我觉得他比我之前看的任何电影都有趣多了,所以用“far more interesting”。(2)表示一方不及另一方时,用“less +原级(+than)”的结构表示。典例Youd be exposed to a lot pollution if you moved to a town with pure water and air.A. more B. most C. less D. least解析C。本题考查隐含式比较级。句意为:如果我们搬到水质纯净、空气清新的小镇去,我们受到的污染将会少得多。空格前的a lot作程度副词修饰比较级,根据句意,应选择less来修饰不可数名词pollution。(3)考查比较等级的修饰语表示一方在程度或数量上超过另一方时,可在比较级前加程度副词:a little, a bit, a little bit, slightly; much, far, by far(更,非常地), a lot, a great/good deal, rather; still, yet等来修饰;而any表示“稍稍,一点”,常用于表示否定或疑问的比较级的句子中。by far用于最高级,应放在定冠词the之前,如果比较级前不带冠词,by far放在比较级之后。典例This is by far movie that I have ever seen. (2013年辽宁卷)A. an inspiring B. a much inspiring C. the most inspiring D. the more inspiring解析C。句意为:这是迄今为止我所看过的最具激励性的电影。根据标志性词语“by far”及“I have ever seen”可知此处使用最高级;by far用于最高级,应放在定冠词the之前。(4)用“the +比较级+句子其他成分,the +比较级+句子其他成分”表示“越越”。典例In the exam, the you are, the mistakes youll make.A. carefully;little B. more carefully,fewer C. more careful;fewer D. more careful;less解析C。根据句法,这句是个比较状语从句,又是一个倒装句。其结构是“the +比较级+句子其他成分,the +比较级+句子其他成分”。第一个空作系动词are的表语,所以第一空用形容词的比较级;第二空修饰其后的可数名词mistakes,所以第二空用fewer来修饰可数名词mistakes。(5)其他含比较级的短语和句式比较级+and+比较级(表示自身程度的改变);more than“多于,不只是,不仅仅是,非常”;no more than“仅仅,只有”;not more than“不超过,至多”;morethan“与其不如”;less than“少于,不到,不太,极不”;no less than “多达,不少于”;more or less“几乎,大约,差不多”;sooner or later“迟早”;whats more“另外,而且”;whats worse“更糟糕的是”;no soonerthan“一就”。典例If parents have children help with housework, the children will feel needed. , they will learn to take care of themselves. (2013年安徽卷)A. On the contrary B. In a word. C. That is to say D. Whats moreJ解析D。on the contrary“相反”;in a word“总之”;That is to say“也就是说”;Whats more“另外,而且”。句意是:如果父母让孩子帮忙做家务,孩子们会感到他们为人所需,而且他们还能学会照顾自己。根据前后句句意,可知后句为递进关系,故选用“Whats more”。3.最高级的用法(1)如果有三者或三者以上比较对象,要用最高级。通常用“the +最高级+of/in+比较范围”表示“之中最”;副词的最高级前可省略定冠词the。典例Next to biology, I like physics . (2012年新课标卷)A. better B. best C. the better D. very well解析B。句意是:除了生物,我最喜欢物理了。next to意为“仅次于”,暗含的语境是:与除生物以外的其他学科相比,所以此题用最高级。(2)“(the) least +原级”表示“最不、丝毫”。典例Tom has won the first prize in the English speech contest; He is still very excited now and feels desire to go to bed.A. the most B. more C. worse D. the least解析D。根据句意可知,“汤姆获得英语演讲比赛一等奖,他现在还非常兴奋”,所以用“feel the least desire to go to bed”,意为“丝毫不想去睡觉”,这与他现在还感到非常兴奋的语意相一致。重点七:倍数表达法1.由“主语(A)+谓语+倍数+as+形容词(副词)的原形+as+比较对象(B)”结构构成,表示“A是B的倍”。典例Its said that the power plant is now large as what it was.(2013年安徽卷)A. twice as B. as twice C. twice much D. much twice解析A。根据句法,句中出现了一个as,所以本题考查“asas”倍数表达法。倍数应放在第一个as之前,第一个as是副词,谓语动词是系动词,所以后接形容词large。2.“主语(A)+谓语+倍数+as+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词+as+比较对象(B)”结构组成,表示“A是B的倍”。在此结构中,常考“主语(A)+谓语+倍数+as+ much+不可数名词+as+比较对象(B)”和“主语(A)+谓语+倍数+ as+ many+复数名词+as+比较对象(B)”这两种用法。典例1The farmers plan to produce three times in the year before last to meet the increasing need of people.A. of crop as much this year as B. as much crop this year asC. as more crop this year as D. much crop this year than解析B。crop是不可数名词,所以用形容词much来修饰。根据句法,此题考查“主语(A)+谓语+倍数+ as+ much+不可数名词+as+比较对象(B)”。典例2After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced cars in 2012 as the year before.A. more than twice B. as twice as manyC. twice as many as D. more than twice as many解析D。“more than twice”表示倍数,放在“asas”结构前,意为“是的两倍多”。由于题干中已经给出第二个as,所以此题考查的是“主语(A)+谓语+倍数+ as+ many+复数名词+as+比较对象(B)”结构。3.由“主语(A)+谓语+倍数+as +形容词+a (an)+可数名词单数+as+比较对象(B)”结构组成,表示“A是B的倍”。典例All the secondhand goods are sold at before.A. twice as lower price as B. as twice low price thanC. twice as low a price as D. twice lower price than解析C。在形容词比较结构中,将倍数放在原级或比较级前,即“twice as low as”或“twice lower than”;price是可数名词,所以其前要加不定冠词,所以排除A、B和D项。4.由“主语(A)+谓语+倍数+形容词(副词)的比较级+ than+比较对象(B)”结构组成,表示“A比B大或重等几倍”。典例The town of Qianqiao has grown so fast that its at least what it used to be.A. larger three times B. three times larger thanC. larger the three times D. three times as larger as解析B。根据句法,如果用比较连词than,句中就必须用比较级;如果用“asas”结构,第一个as后应用形容词或副词的原级;此外,倍数应放在比较级或第一个as之前。拓展有时我们用“主语(A)+谓语+形容词或副词的比较级+than+比较对象(B)+by +倍数”这一结构,表示“A比B大或重等几倍”。例如:The time I spent is more than that he spent by three times.我花费的时间是他花费时间的三倍。5.由“主语(A)+谓语+倍数+the +度量名词(size, length, width, height, depth, weight, age, amount, price, cost, value, speed) +of+比较对象(B)”结构组成,表示“A是B的几倍大小/长短/数量等”。注意在此类结构中,不要漏掉度量名词前的定冠词the。典例High speed trains travel at 300 kilometers an hour, which is about normal trains.A. four times the speed as B. the speed four times ofC. four times as the speed of D. four times the speed of解析D。本题考查倍数的表达法。用“主语+谓语+倍数+the +度量名词+of +比较对象”。句意:高铁每小时行驶300公里,它是普通火车速度的4倍。6.由“主语(A)+谓语+倍数+what引导的从句(B)”结构组成,表示“A是B的几倍”。典例His income today is double it was five years ago.A. that B. which C. what D. as解析C。根据句法,此题考查“主语+谓语+倍数+what引导的从句”结构。难点一:形容词与副词难点1.形容词作状语,表示谓语动作发生时,主语所处的状态及其变化。副词在句中作状语表示原因、时间、伴随、方式、结果或让步等关系。典例After fifteen days of fantastic space trip, the three astronauts walked out of the spaceship, .A. tired but happy B. tiredly but happilyC. tiredly and happily D. tired and happy解析A。根据句意与句法,此句应用形容词作伴随状语,表示谓语动作发生时,主语所处的状态。tired与happy是不同属性的形容词,所以用but来连接这两个对等的形容词。2.考查形容词such和副词so的用法(1)so+形容词/副词(2)so+ many/few +复数名词(3)so+ much/little+不可数名词(句中little表示“少”,而不是“小”的意思)(4)such a/an+形容词+单数可数名词(5)so+形容词+a/ an+单数可数名词(6)such+形容词+可数名词的复数/不可数名词典例I cant believe that there are many poor people in rich a country.A. such; such B. so; such C. so; so D. such; so解析C。根据词法,第一空表示“如此多”,尽管中心词是名词,应用so来修饰;第二空用来修饰形容词,所以用“so+形容词+a/ an+单数可数名词”。“so rich a country”相当于“such a rich country”。3.enough,nearby修饰名词前置或后置;enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置;程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面。典例We only had $200, which was to buy a new iphone 6.A. nowhere near enough B. near enough nowhereC. enough near nowhere D. near nowhere enough解析A。考查副词的排序。“nowhere near”是固定短语,意为“差得远,远不及”,相当于一个形容词,enough作副词用,修饰形容词或副词时,应放在被修饰词之后。4.such 与no, any, one, several连用,应放在这些词之后。典例Everything comes with price; there is no such thing as free lunch in the world.A. a; a B. the;/ C. the; / D. a; /解析D。price是可数名词,表示泛指,所以第一空用不定冠词a;no与such连用时,应放在such之前,such后接的名词前不用冠词,所以第二空不用冠词。5.“can not too”意为“无论怎样也不为过”,类似的还有“can nevertoo; can notover/enough”。典例Such is the kindness of the nurse that the patient can never be thankful to her.A. enough B. too C. so D. very解析B。此题考查固定结构“can nevertoo”意为“无论怎样也不为过”。6.“other than / otherthan”意为“除了,不是”。典例The form cannot be signed by anyone yourself.(2011年全国卷)A. rather than B. other than C. more than D. better than解析B。rather than“而不”;other than“除了”,相当于but和except;more than“超过,不仅仅,不只是”;better than“比好”。句意为:这张表格只能由你自己本人签字。7.prefer表示“更喜欢”,本身就具有比较级。典例Which sweater do you , the yellow one or the pink one?Neither. I like a light blue one.A. like B. like best C. prefer D. prefer better解析C。根据句意,表示两者之间比较,要用比较级,不能用最高级,所以不能选B项。prefer意为“like sth better”,本身就具有比较级,不能再用比较级。难点二:no/ not+形容词或副词的比较级+than1.no+形容词或副词的比较级+than= as+形容词或副词比较级的反义词+as,意为“与一样都不”,表示两者全部否定。2.not/never+形容词或副词的比较级+than和less+形容词或副词的原级+than,两种结构都表示“不如”,含有“一者不如另一者”的含义,带有肯定的意味。典例The dish is delicious. At least its than the one we had yesterday.A. not worse B. no worse C. not better D. no better解析B。not worse than“没有比更糟”;no worse than“和一样好”;not better than“不比好”;no better than“与一样差”。句意是:这道菜很可口,至少它与我们昨天吃的那道菜一样可口。难点三:隐含式比较级有时省略或不点明被比较的对象,而是通过语境来暗示被比较的对象。典例1I think watching TV every evening is a waste of timethere are meaningful things to do. ( 2013年天津卷)A. less B. more C. the least D. the most解析B。本题考查隐含式比较级。根据句法,句中破折号是插入语,对前面的部分作解释说明。句意是:每天晚上看电视浪费时间,因为我有(比看电视)更有意义的事情可以做。故选比较级more。典例2It may not be a great suggestion. But before is put forward, well make do with it. (2013新课标卷)A. a good one B. a better one C. the best one D. a best one解析B。句意是:这也许不是一个很好的建议,但在提出一个更好的建议之前,我们会设法应付的。根据句意,本题应用比较级。难点四:比较级表示最高级含义。1.比较级用于否定句中,表示最高级含义。典例How is your recent trip to the Yellow mountain?Ive never had one before.A. a pleasant B. a more pleasant C. a most pleasant D. the most pleasant解析B。否定词never与比较级“a more pleasant”连用,表示最高级含义,句意为:我以前从来没有过这样愉快的旅行,说明最近到黄山的旅行最愉快。而本句中没有比较范围,所以不能用最高级“the most pleasant”。2.比较级+than+ the other+复数名词/ any other+单数名词/ any of the other+复数名词。例如:She goes to school earlier than the other girls.她比其他女孩早上学。China is larger than any of the other countries in Asia.中国是亚洲最大的国家。3.比较级+than+ anything/ anyone else。例如:Tom cared more for money than for anything else.汤姆最爱钱。难点五:比较状语从句中的省略与替代在比较从句中为了避免重复,通常用that/those;one/ones替代前面所提到的名词,以避免重复。one 表示“泛指”,替代单数可数名词;ones表示泛指,替代复数可数名词;that替代不可数名词或有后置定语的可数名词单数,those替代有后置定语的可数名词复数。典例1The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than on the small ones. (2013年四川卷)A. one B. this C. that D. it解析C。此句是由than引导的比较状语从句,比较对象the traffic为不可数名词,表示特指,以避免重复,所以用that来替代。one指代“同类中的一个”;this指代下文即将提到的事物;it指代“同一物”。JP3典例2I like this shirt better than that one, but it costs almost more than twice .A. as much B. as many C. so much D. so many解析A。考查倍数表示法。表示“A是B的倍”,用“主语(A)+谓语+倍数+ as +形容词(副词)的原形 (+as +比较对象(B)”结构构成。根据句意,表示钱,是不可数名词,所以as后用much。此句可补为“, but it costs almost more than twice as much as that one.”。易错点一:如果有两个明确的比较对象,比较级前应用不定冠词the。典例There are two twin brothers in the shoe factory, works as a shoe designer, the other a worker.A. a taller of which B. a taller of whomC. the taller of which D. the taller of whom解析D。如果有两个明确的比较对象,比较级前要用“the+比较级”,表示“两者中较的一个”;句中先行词是“two twin brothers”指人,所以在介词of后,用关系代词whom。易错点二:容易混淆的形容词与副词辨析1.以ly结尾的词性辨析(1)下列单词以ly结尾,但却是形容词而不是副词:deadly, friendly, lively, lonely, lovely, likely, silly, timely, ugly等。(2)表具体意义(不带ly)和引申意义(有ly)的副词:不带ly结尾的副词表示具体的行为和动作,说明的动作或状况有可测量性和可见性;而以ly结尾的同源副词所表达的常常是抽象性的行为和状况。wide宽的;widely广泛地,普遍地,到处high高的;highly高度地,非常地deep深的;deeply深入地,深深地low位置低;lowly地位卑微典例Food safety is important, so the government spares no efforts to prevent food pollution.A.highly B. reasonably C. strongly D. naturally解析A。highly“高度地,非常地”;reasonably“合理地”;strongly“强烈地”;naturally“自然地”。句意是:食品安全非常重要,因此政府不遗余力防止食品污染。(3)有无ly意义大不相同的形容词、副词:dead死的;deadly致命的,非常的close近;closely仔细地,紧密地,亲近地late晚,迟;lately最近hard努力地,猛力地;hardly几乎不,简直不free免费地;freely自由地, 随意地loud大声的;loudly大声地(含有喧闹的意思)near在近处,在附近;nearly几乎most大部分,非常;mostly主要地,大部分地rare稀有的;rarely很少地, 几乎不direct径直地,直接地;directly直率地,立即典例It was snowing heavily. The little pet cat felt freezing cold, so it sat to the fire.A. closing D. closed C. close D. closely解析C。紧靠着火炉坐着,是指实际距离近,用与形容词同形的副词close;closely也为副词意为“仔细地,紧密地”,一般指抽象意义;closing是形容词意为“结尾的,结束的”;closed是形容词意为“关闭着的,封闭着的”。2.almost与nearly之间的区别表示“几乎,差不多”,常可互用。两者都可以用于肯定句中;修饰all, every, always等词或用在行为动词的否定式前。但在not, pretty, very后只用nearly,不用almost;在与表示否定意义的词never, no, none和any以及由no或any构成的合成词连用时,只能用almost,不能用nearly。但可以说not nearly,而不能说not almost。典例1He isnt particular about his food.Yes. He eats anything.A. nearly B. almost C. possibly D. mostly解析B。句意是:他几乎什么都吃。不定代词anything可与almost连用,而不能与nearly连用。典例2This summer is very hot.Yes, but its not as hot as last summer.A. nearly B. almost C. near D. mostly解析A。句意是:今年夏天远没有去年夏天那么炎热。“not nearly”是固定短语,意为“远非”。易错点三:not a bit与not a little之间的区别not a bit意为“一点也不”,相当于“not at all”;not a little意为“很,非常”,相当于“very, much”。典例Are you feeling tired after the game?. In fact , I can join in another one.A. not a little B. not a bit C. very D. quite解析B。句意是:赛后你感到累吗?我一点也不累,实际上我还能参加一场比赛。not a little“非常”,而not a bit“一点也不”,符合本题语境。易错点四:搭配特别的形容词或副词1.修饰绝对意义的形容词,一般不用very,而用quite, completely, well, entirely。如:quite wrong(mistaken, sure); completely dead; quite impossible; quite perfect等。典例We drove to the airport to meet an expert from Korea, about 40 years old, her hair grey, like a white-haired girl.A. wide B. well C. much D. completely解析D。根据句中“like a white haired girl”可知,这位韩国专家头发完全花白了,所以用“completely grey”。2.修饰以a开头的形容词,多用特殊的修饰词,如quite alone, very much alone, wide awake, fast/sound asleep, very much afraid等。典例After watching the movie the Life of Pi, Mary lay in bed with her eye open while all her family were asleep.A. widely; soundly B. wider; soundly C. widely; sound D. wide; sound解析D。表示眼睛睁得大、嘴张得大等时,要用wide修饰open;表示“酣睡”时,常用“sound/fast/deep asleep”或“sleep soundly”来表达。3.修饰一些特殊形容词的修饰语有:be well worth, much the same, freezing cold, quite different, terribly cold/frightening, wide open。典例His first lecture is of great use to our development. But his latest one is worth attending.A. better B. more C. best D. much解析A。根据句意,他的第一份报告与最新的报告之间存在内在的比较关系,所以要用比较级;此外,修饰形容词worth,应用副词well,所以此空用它的比较级形式better。巩固与提高:1.You were tired out after the mountain climbing, werent you? . I could hardly rise to my feet.A. Not at all B. Not really C. Not a bit D. not a little2.Since you like this kind of car so much, why not buy one ?Well, Id like to. But I cant afford car.A.that expensive a B. that an expensiveC. an expensive that D. a that expensive3.What is the model plane like?Well, the wings of the plane are of its body.A. more than the length twice B. twice more than the lengthC. more than twice the length D. more twice than the length4.Its said that professor is going to give us a lecture this weekend.A. a famous young Ame
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