高考英语 虚拟语气冲刺三步曲.doc

虚拟语气冲刺三步曲根据多年学习、教学和复习的经验，我把虚拟语气复习应试的策略归纳为以下三步。你们通过这三步，即“自主学习”、“合作学习”和 “检测评价”就会对虚拟语气的各种用法清清楚楚，运用自如。一、虚拟语气的十种用法 自主学习 虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。为了帮助读者学习运用虚拟语气，提高综合运用英语的能力，笔者参照一些专著，整理归纳了虚拟语气在下面十种句式中的用法。（一） 虚拟语气用于条件状语从句虚拟条件句谓语动词构成形式：条件状语从句主句与现在事实相反if +主语+动词过去式(be动词一律用were）主语 + would/should + 动词原形与过去事实相反if+主语+动词过去完成式主语 + would/should + have +过去分词与将来事实相反a 谓语动词用过去式b 谓语用were to + 动词原形c 动词用should + 动词原形主语+would/should+动词原形 注意：主句中的should通常用于第一人称，would可用于任何人称，同时也可根据意思用情态动词could，might等代替should, would。 1、表示与现在事实相反： lf l were you，l should study english if he had time，he would attend the meeting 2、表示与过去事实相反： if you had come yesterday, you would have met him. 3、表示与将来事实相反： if you came tomorrow，we would have the meeting. if it were toshould rain tomorrow，the meeting would be put off 4、当条件状语从句表示和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它们所表示的时间来调整。例如： if you had followed the doctors advice，you would be quite all right now.(从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在。) 5、以上句型可以转换成下列形式： 1)从句省略if用倒装句式“werehadshould主语”。例如： were i in school again1 would work harder. had you been here earlier，you would have seen him. should there be a meeting tomorrow, i would come 2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。例如： without air，there would be no living things but for(要不是)the rain we should have a pleasant journey. (二)虚拟语气用于宾语从句 1、“wish+宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望，汉语可译为“可惜”，“就好了”，“悔不该”，“但愿”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句的谓语动词用过去式，表示将来不能实现的愿望，用“would(could)+动词原形”；表示过去不能实现的愿望，用“had+过去分词”或“(could)would + have + 过去分词。例如： i wish it were spring all the year round， i wish you could go with us we wish we had arrived there two hours earlier 2、虚拟语气在动词arrange，command，demand，desire，insist，order，propose，request，require，suggest，recommend等后面的宾语从句中，用“(should) + 动词原形”。例如：we suggested that we (should) have a meeting the doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days he demanded that we (should)start right away 【易错提醒】1）与insist相比如果宾语从句的动作已经发生宾语从句的谓语动词不用虚拟语气，如果尚未发生insist的宾语从句用虚拟语气。例如：mike insisted that he had never stolen anythingwe insisted that she (should)go with us.2）suggest作“暗示”，“表明”解释时其宾语从句不用虚拟语气。the expression on his face suggested that he was angry with you.(三)虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句，作advice，idea，order，demand，plan，proposal，suggestion，request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句，其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“(should)+动词原形”。例如： we all agreed to his suggestion that we(should)go to beijing for sightseeingmy idea is that he(should)do exercises firsthe is working hard for fear that he（should ）fall behind others. (四)虚拟语气在以as if(as though)引导的表语从句或状语从句中的应用。 如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用“had+过去分词”；表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用would(might，could)+动词原形”。例如： he looks as if he were an artist he speaks english so fluently as if he had studied english in england it looks as if it might rain， 但as if( as though )后的从句也常用陈述语气，这是因为从句中的情况往往是可能发生的或可被设想为真实的。例如： it looks as if our side is going to win (五)虚拟语气用于主语从句 在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用“should+动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等。例如： it is necessary (important，natural，desirable，advisable，strange，appropriate，essential, etc) that she should clean the room every day. it was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that you should have been so careless. it will be desired ( suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed etc.) that she should finish her homework this afternoon， 在上述三种主语从句中，should意为“应该”，可以省去，但不可换用would，主句所用动词的时态不限。【指点迷津】这种从句表示的是事实。如果说话人对这种事实表示惊奇，就可用虚拟语气。反之，如果不表示惊奇，that从句也可用陈述语气。例如：it is strange that he did not come yesterday it is a pity that you cant swim (六)虚拟语气用于定语从句 这种从句用在“ it is (high)time(that)”句型中。定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，或“should+动词原形”来表示（should不能省略），意为“(现在)该”。例如： it is (high) time we left(should leave) it is high time we were going (七)虚拟语气用于引导的感叹句中 if only i had taken his advice. 我要是听他的话就好了。 if only i were a bird! 我如果是一只鸟就好了。 (八)虚拟语气在if it were not for中的应用此结构，意为“如果没有”，表示同现在事实相反的假设。例如： if it were not for the rain，the crops should(would)die if it had not been for意为“如果当时没有”，表示同过去事实相反假设。例如： if it had not been for your timely help，i would have failed (九)虚拟语气在would rather, would just as soon（宁愿）后接从句的应用 id rather you paid me now. (从句用过去式指现在) 。 id rather you painted the wall green next time(从句用过去式指将来)id rather she hadnt done that(从句用过去完成式指过去)id just as soon you didnt speak rudely to her.我宁愿你对他说话有礼貌。(从句用过去式指将来) (十)虚拟语气在简单句中的应用 1)表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌，使语气委婉，常出现在日常会话中。例如：it would be better for you not to stay up too late would you be kind enough to open the door? 2)用于一些习惯表达法中。例如：would you like a cup of tea? you had better go now 3)用“may+动词原形”表示“祝贺”、“但愿”。may须置于句首。例如： may you be happy!may you succeed! 二、虚拟语气典型错误解析合作学习 1.他如果知道这事的话，他就不会问你了。误：if he knows it，he couldnt ask you.正：if he knew it，he couldnt ask you.【简析】表示与现在事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句中的谓语用“过去式（be的过去式用were）”，而主句中的谓语动词，用“ would（should，could，might）+动词原形”。2.如果人们知道很多关于“非典”的情况，就不会那么害怕。误：if people knew much about sars, they couldnt be that afraid.正：if people had known much about sars, they couldnt have been that afraid.【简析】表示与过去的事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的谓语动词用“had+过去分词，”主句中的谓语动词用“would(should，could，might)+have+过去分词”。3、如果明天下雨，会议将推迟举行。误：if it rains tomorrow，the meeting would be put off.正：if it rained tomorrow，the meeting would be put off.正：if it should rain tomorrow，the meeting would be put off.正：if it were to rain tomorrow，the meeting would be put off.【简析】表示与将来事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句与主句的谓语动词与“表示与现在事实相反的假设”的谓语动词相同，或条件状语从句用“were to/should+动词原形”。4.我如果昨天碰见他了，我今天就不去他家了。误：if i had met him yesterday，i would not have gone to his home today.正：if i had met him yesterday，i would not go to his home today.【简析】当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。条件状语从句说的过去，主句指的现在，故从句中用“had+过去分词”，主句中用“would+动词原形”。5.如果我再上学的话，我要更加努力学习。误：i were in school again，i would study harder.正：were i in school again，i would study harder.【简析】如果条件状 语从句中有were，had， should，省略if时，要把were，had或should提到主语之前。例如：had you been here earlier，you would have seen him.你如果早点儿到这儿，你就见到他了。should there be a meeting tomorrow，i would come.如果明天开会，我就来。6.如果不是经费问题，我就再去美国。误：werent it for the expense，i would go to the united states again.正：were it not for the expense，i would go to the united states again.【简析】在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词（if）的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式7.若不是新中国，我们过不上这样幸福生活。误：but for new china，we dont live a happy life.正：but for new china，we couldnt live a happy life.【简析】用but for ，only for，with，without引起的词组表示条件状语时，通常用虚拟语气。又如：with her help(=if i had her help)，i would do the experiment better。有了她的帮助，我会把实验搞得更好。without the party，we would have failed.没有党，我们早就失败了。8.我要是美女该多好啊。误：i wish i am a beautiful woman.正：i wish i were a beautiful woman.【简析】“wish+宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望，汉语可译为“可惜”，“就好了”，“悔不该”，“但愿”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用过去式；表示将来不能实现的愿望用“would/could+动词原形”，表示过去未能实现的愿望时用“had+过去分词”或“could/would + have+过去分词。”例如：i wish it were spring all the year round.但愿一年到头是春天。i wish you could go with me.你能跟我一起去就好了。i wish i had arrived there yesterday.昨天到就好了。9.医生命令他在床上呆几天。误：the doctor ordered that he would stay in bed for a few days.正：the doctor ordered that he(should) stay in bed for a few days.【简析】在“一坚持（insist），二命令（ order ，command ）， 三建议（suggest，propose，advise），四要求（ask，demand，require，request ）等后面的宾语从句中用（should）+动词原形，不用would。注：在现代英语中，suggest后跟的宾语从句在口语中可用陈述语气。例如：i suggest that you dont ask him home for the vacation.我建议你不要邀请他到你家度假。10.迈克坚持说他从未偷过任何东西。误：mike insisted that he should never steal anything.正：mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.【简析】与insist相比如果宾语从句的动作已经发生，宾语从句的谓语动词不用虚拟语气；尚未发生，宾语从句用虚拟语气。例如：we insisted that she (should)go with us. 11.他的建议是我们要到乡下看一看。误：his suggestion is that we will go about the countryside.正：his suggestion is that we (should) go about the countryside.【简析】作advice，suggestion，order，demand，request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句，其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构（should）+动词原形。例如：we all agreed to his suggestion that we(should)go to the great wall next holiday.我们都同意他的建议下一个假期去长城。12.他要是买了ibm pc586，他就在那里了。误：if he had bought ibm pc586，he should have been there.正：if he had bought ibm pc586，he would have been there.【简析】主句中的would，could，might可用于各种人称，但should只用于第一人称。13要是我是你，我就会去参加聚会。误：if i was you，i would go to the party.正：if i were you，i would go to the party.【简析】在非真实条件句中，if从句中的谓语动词用过去式，如果是be， 则不论人称，一律用were；主句中的谓语动词用would/could/might+动词原形。14.这个美国女孩说起汉话来就像中国人一样。误：this american girl speaks chinese as if/though she is a chinese.正：this american girl speak chinese as if/though she were a chinese.【简析】因为这个美国女孩不是中国人，这里as if引导方式状语从句，修饰主句中的谓语，从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。又如：they talked as if/though they had been old friends.他们说话的神情就像是老朋友似的。三、虚拟语气强化训练 检测评价专项训练i. 2013年高考题i.单项填空 从a、b、c、d四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1.(2013北京)34. if we a table earlier, we couldnt be standing here in a queue.a. have bookedb. bookedc. bookd. had booked2.(2013北京)35. you neednt take an umbrella. it isnt going to rain. well, i dont know. it do.a. mightb. needc. wouldd. should3.(2013全国大纲)26. since nobody gave him any help, he have done the research on his own.a. can b. must c. would d. need4.(2013福建)30.do you think george has passed the driving test?no. if so, he _his car to our college yesterday.a. would driveb. drove c. would have drivend. had driven5.(2013安徽)28. i to my cousins birthday party last night, but i was not available a. went b. had gone c. would go d. would have gone6.(2013安徽)34. it be the vocabulary that caused you the problem in the exercise， because you know a lot of words.a. may b. couldnt c. should d. neednt7.(2013湖南)32. he _ sleep, although he tried to, when he got on such a hunt for an idea until he had caught it. a. wouldntb. shouldntc. couldntd. mustnt8.(2013江苏)30. i should not have laughed if i you were serious.a. thought b. would think c. had thought d. have thought9.(2013江西)29.when i was a child, i _ watch tv whenever i wanted to.a. shouldb. couldc. mustd. need10.(2013辽宁)31. harry is feeling uncomfortable. he _too much at the party last night.a. could drinkb. should drinkc. would have drunkd. must have drunk11.(2013陕西)12. my mom suggests that we eat out for a change this weekend. a. should b. might c. could d. would12.(2013陕西)21. the children lost in the woods; otherwise, they would have been at the lakeside camp as scheduled.a. must have got b. must get c. should have got d. should get13.(2013四川)5. -why are your eyes so red? you _ have slept well last night. a. cant b. mustnt c. neednt d. wont14.(2013天津)9. no one be more generous, he has a heart of gold.a. could b. must c. dare d. need15.(2013天津)14. if he had spent more time practising speaking english before, he able to speak it much better now.a. will be b. would be c. has been d. would have been16.(2013新课标)29.the door open , no matter how hard she pushed.a. shouldntb. couldntc. wouldntd. mightnt17.(2013重庆)26.what are you doing this saturday? im not sure. but i go to the rolling stones concerta. must b. would c. should d. might18.(2013重庆)29. it rained cats and dogs this morning. im glad we took an umbrella. yeah, we would have got wet all over if we a. hadnt b. havent c. didnt d. dont19.(2013浙江)3. i _ myself more - it was a perfect day.a shouldnt have enjoyed b neednt have enjoyed c wouldnt have enjoyed d couldnt have enjoyed 20.(2013浙江)8.eye doctors recommend that a childs first eye exam _ at the age of six months old.a was b be c were d is答案： 1-5dabcd 6-10bccbd 11-15aaaab 16-20cdadbii.单项填空 从a、b、c、d四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1were it not for the snowy weather, we _all right. a. would be b. would have been c. were d. may be2._ more careful, his ship would not have sunk. a. if the captain were b. had the captain been c. should the captain be d. if the captain would have been3. if he _me tomorrow, i would let him know. a. should call b. should not have been ableto call c. were not able to call d. are not ableto call4. if you asked your father, you _permission. a. may get b. might get c. should have got d. maybe get5. _today, he would get there by friday. a. would he leave b. was he leaving c. were he to leave d. if he leaves6. _i you, i would go with him to the party. a. was b. had been c. will be d. were7. the millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, _all practical value by the time they were finished. a. could lose b. would have lost c. might lose d. ought to have lost8. had paul received six more votes in the last election, he _our chairman now. a. must have been b. would have been c. were d. would be9. if you _ jerry brown until recently, youd think the photograph on the right was strange. a. shouldnt contact b. didnt contact c. werent to contact d. hadnt contacted（联系）10. _ the english examination i would have gone to the concert last sunday a. in spite of b. but for c. because of d. as for11. look at the terrible situation i am in! if only i _ your advice a. follow b. would follow c. had followed d. have followed12. had paul received six more votes in the last election, he _ our chairman now. a. must have been b. would be c. were d. hadnt contacted13. if the horse won today, it _thirty races in five years. a. would have won b. won c. must have won d. did have won14. there is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _a sudden loud noise. a. being there b. should there be c. there was d. there having been15. the board deemed(董事会认为) it urgent that these files _right away. a. had to be printed b. should have been printed c. must be printed d. should be printed16. jean wagners most enduring contribution to the study of afro-american poetry is hisinsistence that it _ in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference. a. is to be analyzed b. has been analyzed c. be analyzed d. should have been analyzed17. i would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but i _fully occupied the whole of last week. a. were b. had been c. have been d. was18. i apologize if i _ you, but i assure you it was unintentional. a. offend b. had offended c. should have offended d. might have offended19. if you hadnt taken such a long time to get dressed, wed _there by now. a. be b. have been c. were d. had been20. the sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun _round the earth. a. were circling b. circles c. is circling d. be circling21. i wish that i _ with you last night. a. went b. have gone c. could go d. could have gone22. i wish i _with her. a. would be b. am c. was d. were23. i wish that i _the concert last night. a. could b. have attended c. could have attended d. attended24. the picture exhibition bored me to death. i wish i _to it. a. had not gone b. have not gone c. did not go d. can not have gone25. “i wish you _me to put these things away,” he said. a. will help b. help c. are helping d. would help26. if the watergate incident _ , nixon would not have resigned from the presidency. a. did not occur b. had not occurred c. was not occurring d. be occurring27. i hadnt expected james to apologize but i had hoped _. a. him calling me b. that he would call me c. him to call me d. that he call me28. george would certainly have attended the proceedings _. a. if he didnt get a flat tire b. if the flat tire hadnt happened c. had he not had a flat tire d. had the tire not flattened itself29. the teacher suggested that her students_ experiences with esp（专业英语）. a. write a composition on their b. to write composition about the c. wrote some compositions of his or her d. had written any compositions for his30. he speaks chinese as fluently as if he _a chinese. a. were b. had been c. is d. has been31. as usual, he put on a show as though his trip _ a great success. a. had been b. has been c. were d. was32. looking round the town, he felt as though he _ away for ages. a. has been b. was c. is d. had been33. john is so strongly built that he looks as if he _as elephant. a. lifts b. is lifting c. lifted d. could lift34. he described the town as if he _ it himself. a. had seen b. has seen c. saw d. sees35. at that thought he shook himself, as though he _ from an evil dream. a. woke b. wakes c. would wake d. had woke36. most insurance agent（保险公司）would rather you _ anything about collecting claims untilthey investigate the situation. a. do b. dont c. didnt d. didnt do37. although most adopted persons want the right to know who their natural parents are, some who have found them wish that they _ the experience of meeting. a. hadnt b. didnt have had c. hadnt had d. hadnt have38. it is important that the toefl o