阅读理解细节理解.doc

阅读理解细节理解题解题技巧尽管近几年高考英语阅读试题中推断题呈不断上升的趋势，但细节题仍然占有较大比 例， 而且已由过去简单的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查同学们对 英语语言的理解能力，因此难度比往年有所增加。 一、 题型特点与命题方式 所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。 一般包括直接理解题（在原文中可直接找到答案，常用 who, what, when, where, why 和 how 等提问。 ）语义转化题（需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达 上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论） 、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图 画题等。抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其它类型问题的基础。这 类题型的题干常为： When / Where did the story happen? Which of the following statements is (not) correct? Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?Which is the right order of the events given in the passage? All the statements are true except 该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。所以，搜查信息 在阅读中非常重要， 它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、 数据、 图表等细节信息。 在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都属于这类围绕主体展开的细节。 做这类题一般采用寻读法， 即先 读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析 对比，找出答案。 二、 解题思路与应试技巧 细节题是针对文中某个细节、 某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题， 正确答案的根据一定 可以在原文中找到，即原文的改写往往成为正确选项。 通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征： 1、对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确 选项。 2、词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态， 给考生制造障碍。 3、语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案。 4、正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项（适用于寻找错误选项的题 目） 。 干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，若不仔细辨别，很容易把它当成正确选项。干扰 项有以下特征： 1、将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际 上却是错误选项。 2、把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情 当成已发生的事情。 3、无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。 4、偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四” ，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不 小心就会误选。 5、文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一 个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。 下面结合最新高考试题，对细节题的不同类型加以解读。 这类题型主要有三种形式：问句式，不完整的陈述句和排除法。 1问句式 A其发问形式主要有以下几种： How did something happen? Which of the following people should(not) do it? Which of the following did somebody have to deal with. ? Where should somebody do something?B解题技巧 在解这类题时，可采用“对号入座”的办法，即带着问题找句子，先看文章后面的问题(这常常被认为是非常有效的方法)，注意记忆关键的词语，如。人物、时间、事件等，确定每道题目的发问中心，也，就是说，某个问题是针对什么提问的。这样我们就可以带着问题去阅读文章，做到有的放矢。 把每个问题的发问中心反馈到原文中去。当读到有关解答发问中心的信息时，可在有关信息下面画一直线以示突出。如果问题的顺序没有按顺序给出，可以在原文信息下画线的同时，把问题的题号也标出来，便于最后检查，并节约时间。在原文中找出对发问中心的解答信息后，可把原文信息放到问题中去，与每一选项进行对照，与原文信息相符的那项，即是正确的答案。 Cattle have served humanity since prehistoric(史前) days as beasts of burden and as supplier of leather, meat, and milk. Some of the earliest written records concern the sale of cattle. These valuable animals are unusual in that they do not have front teeth in their upper jaw. Instead they chew with their back teeth and gums (齿龈). Cows swallow their food quickly and store it in the fat stomach or rumen, the first of the four compartments stomachs in their. Questions: According to the passage, what is the rumen? A. The first stomach compartment. B. The name of the upper jaw. C. The stomach where digestion (消化) takes place. D. The name of the bacteria(细菌) in the cows stomach. 带着发问中心及选择项目阅读原文。当我们读到rumen这个词时，可在它下面画一横线，紧接此词下面一句“first of the four compartments in their stomachs”，正是解释rumen的，可在它的下面画一虚线并可标出题号和选择项。 2不完整的陈述句式 A常见形式有： Something can be best classified as . A certain kind of person is someone who . People are looking for better ways to . According to the author, “it” was caused by . B解题技巧： 这类题的答案与原文在字面上的差异很大，有时还要找出与前句的内容在逻辑上的联系，因此答这类题时准确理解是关键，一定要冷静，仔细分析。在做不完整的陈述式题目时候，仍可参考上面列举的解题步骤。第一步，阅读题目，找出问题的发问中心。第二步，带着这些问题来阅读文章。第三步，根据前两步的分析和判断，选择出最符合题意的答案。 3排除式 A常见形式有： Which of the following are NOT mentioned in the passage? Which of the following is TRUE? Which of the following is NOT listed in . ? Which of the following is NOT included in the passage? B解题技巧： 做这类题时，首先要仔细阅读题后的选项，牢记各个选项所阐述的不同内容，然后阅读原文。凡是原文中的信息与选择项内容相同的，我们可以在这些信息下面划线，以作为排除的内容。如果基本选项的内容在原文找不到相应的信息，那么该选项即为该题的答案。这类题与前两种题型不同，后者答案应包括在原文内容中，即与所述的事实具有直接或间接的联系，而前者的答案是被排除在原文内容之外的，因此在答题时要将与原文内容有关的三个选项排除，剩下的一个才是答案。 Life on LandLife on land probably began about 430 million years ago, though it has existed in the water for perhaps as long as 3000 million years. When we think of the first life on land, we probably think of strange animals coming out of the oceans, but, in fact ,no animals could have been living if plants had not been on land first. Plants had to be on land before animals arrived. They supplied the first land animals with the surrounding and food necessary, since they-the plants are the only form of life that is able to get and store energy.The first plants to exist out of the water were probably certain kinds of algae (海藻) which were followed by other plants that grew close to the ground and needed water in which to reproduce. Which of the following is TRUE? A. Algae have existed for more than 430 million years. B. It is impossible that algae might be the earliest plant on land. C. Plants get food from animals in the oceans. D. Evolution began after animals appeared on land. 这是一道事实询问题。需要把短文第一段首句“Life on land probably began about 430 million years ago”和短文第二段首句“The first plants to exist out of the water were probably certain kinds of algae”联系起来考虑，正确答案为A。B、C、D三项与短文内容均不符，应排除。【考例分析1】For many parents, raising a teenager is like fighting a long war, but years go by without any clear winner. Like a border conflict between neighboring countries, the parent-teen war is about boundaries: Where is the line between what I control and what you do? （2010湖北卷B篇）Why does the author compare the parent-teen war to a border conflict?A. Both can continue for generations B. Both are about where to draw the line C. Neither has any clear winner D. Neither can be put to an end 【考例分析2】 The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral. They compared how accurately participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies. （2010湖南卷C）What were the people asked to do in the study?A. To make a face at each other. B. To get their faces impressive.C. To classify some face pictures. D. To observe the researchers faces.【考例分析3】 Confucius suggested Rule as a principle for the conduct of “Do not do to others what you would not want others to you. ”He assumed that all men were equal at birth, though some potential than others, and that it was knowledge that set men apart. Socrates focused on individual, and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom. He believed that some had more potential to develop their reason than others did. Like Confucius, he believed that the superior class should rule the inferior(下层的)classes. （2010江西卷C）Socrates shared with Confucius the idea that .A. all men were equal when they were bornB. the lower classes should be ruled by the upper classC. the purpose of man was to seek freedom and wisdomD. people should not ask others to do what they did not want to【考例分析4】Since Beijings first ski resort was opened ten years ago, the sport has enjoyed astonishing increase. There are now more than a dozen resorts. Clothes markets in the cityhave added bright colored ski suits to their winter collections. Mr. Wei, a manager of a newly-opened ski resort in Beijing, sees the growth of an industry that could soon lead Chinese to head for the ski resorts of Europe. In recent years ski resorts offering natural snow have opened in China. But many are in faraway areas of the country and cant really match the equipment and services of some ski resorts in Europe. （2010全国卷IIC）Why are some Chinese likely to go skiing in Europe?A. To visit more ski areas. B. To ski on natural snow. C. For a large collection of ski suits. D. For better services and equipment.【考例分析5】He longs for conversations with an editor who will help him turn his good ideas into great ones. He wants someone to get excited about what hes doing and to help him turn his story idea upside down and inside out, exploring the best ways to report it. He wants to be more valuable for your paper. Thats what you want for him, too, isnt it? (2010北京卷B)What does the reporter want most from his editors in their talks? A. Finding the news value of his stories. B. Giving him financial support. C. Helping him to find issues. D. Improving his good ideas【考例分析6】But Parbati doesnt catch elephants just for fun. “My work,” she says, “is to rescue man from the elephants, and to keep the elephants safe from man.” And this is exactly what Parbati has been doing for many years. Increasingly, the Indian elephant is angry: for many years, illegal hunters have attacked it and its home in the jungle has been reduced to small pieces of land. It is now fighting back. Whenever wild elephants enter a tea garden or a village, Parbati is called to guide the animals back to the jungle before they can kill. （2010上海卷A）For Parbati, catching elephants is mainly to . A. get long lasting excitement B. keep both man and elephants safe C. send them back to the jungle D. make the angry elephants tame【考例分析7】Parbati hasnt always lived in the jungle. After a happy childhood hunting with her father, she was sent to boarding school in the city. But Parbati never got used to being there and many years later she went back to her old life. “Life in the city is too dull. Catching elephants is an adventure and the excitement lasts for days after the chase,” she says. （2010上海卷A）Before Parbati studied in a boarding school, _. A. she spent her time hunting with her father B. she learned how to sing love songs C. she had already been called an elephant princess D. she was taught how to hunt tigers【考例分析8】It is hardly surprising that clothing manufacturers （生产商）follow certain uniform standards for various features（特征）of clothes. What seems strange , however, is that the standard adopted for women is the opposite of the one for men. Take a look at the way your clothes button. Mens clothes tend to button from the right, and womens form the left. Considering most of the worlds population-men and women-are right-handed, the mens standard would appear to make more sense for women. So why do womens clothes button from the left? (2010重庆卷C)What is surprising about the standard of the clothing industry?A. It has been followed by the industry for over 400 years.B. It is different for mens clothing and womens.C. It works better with men than with women.D. It fails to consider right-handed people.【考例分析9】 The engineer Camillo Olivetti was 40 years old when he started the company in 1908. At his factory in Ivera, he designed and produced the first Italian typewriter. Today the companys head office is still in Ivrea, near Turin, but the company is much larger than it was in those days and there are offices all around the world.By 1930 there was a staff of 700 and the company turned out 13,000 machines a year. Some went to customers in Italy, but Olivetti exported more typewriters to other countries. (2010安徽卷A)From the text we learn that_.A. by 1930 Olivetti produced 13,000 typewriters a yearB. Olivetti earned more in the 1960s than in the 1950sC. some of Olivettis 700 staff regularly visited customers in ItalyD. Olivetti set up offices in other countries from the very beginning【考例分析10】After World War , the population of most large American cities decreased; however, the population in many Sun Belt cities increased. Los Angeles and Houston are cities where population shifts（转移）to and from the city reflect the changing values of American society. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, city residents（居民）became wealthier. They had more children so they needed more space. They moved out of their apartments in the city to buy their own homes. They bought houses in the suburbs（郊区）. (2010安徽卷C)Why did American city residents want to live in the suburbs after World War ?A. Because older American cities were dying.B. Because they were richer and needed more space.C. Because cities contained the worst pare of society.D. Because they could hardly afford a live in the city.答案解析：1选B。细节理解题。由第一段最后两句可直接判断答案为B项。2. 选C。细节理解题。由第五段的第一句 they observed pictures of. expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral可知，参与者被要求把面部表情的图片进行分类。所以C项正确。3. 选B。细节理解题。根据第三自然段最后一句，跟孔子一样，苏格拉底认为，上层阶级应该统治下层阶级。故选B。4. 选D。细节理解题。根据第二段的Mr. Wei, a manager of a newly-opened ski resort in Beijing, sees the growth of an industry that could soon lead Chinese to head for the ski resorts of Europe以及此段的最后一句But many are in faraway areas of the country and cant really match（敌得过）the equipment and services of some ski resorts in Europe.可知。5. 选D.由倒数第三段的第一句话可知这名记者希望他的编辑能帮他把好的想法变成更好的想法，与D项最接近。其他三项文中均未提到。6. 选B。根据第四段“My work,” she says, “is to rescue man from the elephants, and to keep the elephants safe from man.”可以得出答案B。7. 选A。由第三段“After a happy childhood hunting with her father, she was sent to boarding school in the city.”一句可知选A合适。8. 选B。细节理解题。从第一段第二句话What seems strange , however, is that the standard adopted for women is the opposite of the one for men. 得出的。句意：然而令人奇怪的是适应于女性的标准和适应于男性的标准正好相反。所以是B项“男性的服装和女性的不同”。9. 选A。细节理解题。根据第一段的By 1930 there was a staff of 700 and the company turned out 13,000 machines a year.可知“到1930年，该公司已有员工700人，每年生产打字机13，000台。”10. 选B。细节理解题。根据第二段的“In the late 1940s and early 1950s, city residents（居民）became wealthier. They had more children so they needed more space. ”可知他们更富有而且需要更多的空间。巩固练习： （1）Most people who enjoy movies do not really care how they are made. They just want to enjoy a good story. Movie producer and director George Lucas wants people to see the best made movies. So, his latest movie Star Wars was made without using film. Star Wars was made using digital cameras. A digital camera does not use traditional film. It captures images on videotape. The images recorded on videotape are the placed in a computer. George Lucas says that using digital cameras permits him to have much more control over the final product. For example, the image can be changed after it is placed in a computer. An expert can change color, add or take out objects, add people or beings who are not real. Much of what is seen in the new movie Star Wars is not real. Huge buildings, spacecraft and alien beings from other worlds were produced in a computer. Movie experts say digital technology is the real future of the motion picture industry. A theater will no longer have to wait days or weeks to show a new movie. Theaters will be able to receive copies of new movies by linking computers. Or they will use small computer disks to get a copy of the movie. When the new movie Star Wars was released last month, only 94 theaters around the world had the digital equipment needed to show it. So Mr. Lucas company produced about 6,000 copies of the new digital movie on traditional film for release in most theaters. However, most people who have seen the movie say these film copies are of much better quality than other filmed movies. Critics say the new digital technology is very costly. Many theater owners will not buy the new technology, yet many of the people who worked on the new movie Star Wars say they would not like to work with film again. They said using digital equipment was faster, and videotape is much less costly than film. One cameraman said the director of a movie can immediately see what was just recorded, something impossible to do with film. 1. According to George Lucas, what makes the best made movies possible? A. A good story. B. Film. C. Digital cameras. D. Videotape. 2. Which is NOT true for the real future of the motion picture industry, according to movie experts? A. Linking computers for copies of new movies. B. Showing filmed movies in theaters. C. Using small computer disks to get a copy of the movie.D. Having the digital equipment needed to show the movie. 3. According to the passage, which is true about the new movie Star Wars? A. There are about 6,000 copies of the new digital movie. B. It has been shown in only 94 theaters around the world. C. It is the best among filmed movies. D. It is the product of the new digital technology. 4. Which of the following is NOT the advantages of the new digital movie? A. The director can have the objects and people added or taken out. B. It will be more convenient for theaters to get such kind of new movies. C. People all agree that the new digital movies are less costly than the filmed movies. D. The director can monitor the recording and check what was recorded just now. （2）As the US wakes up to Chinas rising status as an economic and strategic competitor, US parents are urging their children to learn Chinese, reports Julian Borger. The US is being swept by a rush to learn Mandarinfrom wealthy New York mothers hiring Chinese nannies（保姆）for their small children to a defence department education project in Oregon. The forces driving Mandarins momentum（势头）are parental ambition for children facing a future in which China is almost certain to be a major player, and the government is worried about that America may get left behind in that new world. The bottleneck is the supply of teachers. Mandarin instructors are difficult to import and difficult to train. There are visa problems in bringing over teachers from China but the biggest barrier is cultural. Teaching in Asia is generally done by rote and the change to western, interactive styles of instruction can be a large leap. On the other hand, it requires enormous firmness for westerners to learn a language like Chinese, with its thousands of written characters. According to the Asia Society in New York, all of Americas teacher-training institutions turn out only a couple of dozen homegrown Mandarin teachers.