英语本科毕业论文-中英现行公务员体制特点的比较.doc

此文档收集于网络，如有侵权，请联系网站删除 本科毕业论文 中英现行公务员体制特点的比较学生姓名： 学生学号： 200310206149 院（系）： 外国语学院 年级专业： 2003级英语本科4班 指导教师： 二七年五月A Comparison of Characteristics of Present Civil Service System between Britain and ChinaMa QiaoyiUnder the Supervision ofWei XingcaiSchool of Foreign Languages and CulturesPanzhihua UniversityMay 2007精品文档ContentsAbstract.IKey Words.I摘要.II关键词.IIIntroduction.1I. Similarities.3 A. Selecting Principle.3 B. Combination of Knowledge and Expertise.3 C. Position Classification and United Management.4 D. Implementation of Merit System.5 E. Professional Ethics and Service Standard.6II. Differences7 A. Different Categories of Civil Servants.7 B. The Law of Civil Servants.8 C. Classification of Civil Servants.8 D. Political Conception of Civil Servants.9 E. Management of Civil Servants.10 F. Relationship between Civil Servants and Political Party.11 G. Property of Civil Servants.12 H. Two Standards of Talent.12Conclusion.15Acknowledgements.16Bibliography.17AbstractThis thesis mainly discusses the comparison of characteristics of present civil service system between Britain and China. The modern civil service system originates in Britain; the present civil service system in Britain is the development of the modern civil service system. Similarly, the present civil service system in China also draws lessons from the modern civil service system. So the present civil service system of Britain and China has some similarities, for example, the two countries adhere to the selecting principle of fairness, equality, competition and choosing the best. But because Britain and China have differences in political system and domestic conditions, there are some differences, such as Britains not having formal law of civil servant, Chinas having it; Britains advocating political neutrality, Chinas insisting on the basic line of Communist Party and so on. Through the comparison of characteristics of present civil service system between Britain and China, we can understand the present civil service system of Britain and China and find advantages and disadvantages of them, and we can understand whether they are suitable for two countries political systems and domestic conditions or not.Key WordsCivil service system; civil servants; similarity; difference摘要本课题主要论及中英两国现行公务员制度特点的比较。现代公务员制度起源于英国，其现行的公务员制度是在现代公务员制度基础上发展而来的。中国的公务员制度在建立过程中借鉴了英国现代公务员制度的有益经验，因而，两国现行的公务员制度有着一些共同的特点，如：两国选拔公务员都坚持公开、平等、竞争、择优的原则。但是，由于两国政治体制和基本国情的不同，两国现行的公务员制度也存在不同的特点，如：英国没有正式的文官法，中国有法可依；英国公务员提倡政治中立，中国公务员坚持和体现党的基本路线等等。通过对中英两国现行公务员制度特点的比较，我们可以更清楚地了解两国现行的公务员制度，认识到两国现行公务员制度的利弊所在，同时了解两国公务员制度与两国的政治体制和基本国情是否相适应。关键词公务员制度；公务员；相同点；不同点IntroductionIn the modern world, government as the central position of development of economic and society will get more and more attention. As a successful government, its function must be limited; its action must be legal; its power must be distributed according to different functions; its decision of a policy must be highly democratic; its information of policy must be highly open. Of course, it also owns a group of civil servants who are intelligent, capable and have high morale. All these must rely on the developed modern civil service system. Because talent is most expensive in 21st century, if the developed modern civil service system is built, it will attract talents who come from all sorts of departments of society and make talents grow up quickly through encouragement and training. In other words, if a government wants to increase its abilities, it must build the developed modern civil service system and train a group of civil servant who is active and initiative, intelligent and capable. Because “regardless of formulation of policy, provision of service, management of contract, the vitality of effective government is intelligence and capability, activity and initiative of civil servant.”(Shijiefazhanbaogao, 1997, P97). From that, we can know that the developed and rational civil service system is so important to a successful government.The modern civil service system originated in the middle of 19th century in Britain, and it was the result of power fighting between rising bourgeoisie and feudal power. From 1830 to the ending of 19th century, Britain drafted a series of decrees and policies; it laid a foundation for the establishment of the whole of modern civil service system. The period between the ending of 19th century and the middle of 20th century was the developing and perfect period of modern civil service system. From 1979 to 1997, Britain made a series of reform, and then the present civil service system in Britain came into being. In other words, after bourgeois reforms, parliament became the highest power office; bourgeoisies rank had risen quickly. The establishment of bourgeois government needs suitable personnel system, so civil service system came into being. The present civil service system in Britain was built and developed gradually with market economics and bourgeois democratic politics. The sign of establishment of present civil service system in Britain is: first, the separation of political staff and professional staff; second, establishment of the selecting principle of fairness, equality, competition and choosing best.The issue of Temporary Regulations for National Civil Servant was symbol of establishment of present civil service system in China in August 14, 1993. Modern civil service system as a system used by most modern countries, which has originated in more than 100 years ago, expresses the common rule of personnel management especially the modern personnel management, China introduced it bravely, reformed and used it critically. The present civil service system as a component part of socialism with Chinese characteristics, it was established with the reform of economic system and political system. So it complies with establishment and development of socialist market economy and conforms to Chinese domestic conditions. We can say that the present civil service system in China was built on the foundation of experience of foreign civil service system, especially the modern civil service system in Britain. Its according to the needs of reform and open and modern construction, the demands of socialist democratic politics and market economic system.I. SimilaritiesSince the present civil service system in Britain and China are built on the foundation of the modern civil service system in Britain, there are some similar characteristics between them, such as:A. Selecting PrincipleIn the aspect of choosing of civil servant, Britain and China adopt the selecting principle of fairness, equality, competition and choosing the best. The laws and regulations about civil servant should be published; civil servants employment, assessment, encouragement, promotion and demotion, appointment and dismissal should be fair and open. Citizens should get opportunity to join the examination of civil servant and get post equally according to their abilities. The employment and engagement of civil servants should adopt competitive form, survival of the fittest. Employ excellent talents through competition preferentially. From 1918 Britain began to carry out the examination system all over the country, all new civil servants must take part in examination, and then government chooses excellent talents from them. In China, for ensuring the excellence, capability and honesty of civil servant, it also stick to the principle of fairness, equality, competition and choosing the best, extends equal treatment to all , and chooses the talents who possess both competency and political integrity from examination. The selecting principle is advantageous to improve the structure of civil servant contingent, to enhance the whole quality and expertise level of civil servant contingent, and to attain the aim of reinforcing vitality, increasing efficiency, reducing production costs and ensuring coordination of offices.B. Combination of Knowledge and ExpertiseRegardless of Britain or China, they demand that civil servants knowledge structure should be combination of knowledge and expertise. Civil servants manage affairs of country and society; they may meet with difficulties in the process of work. Some difficulties could be solved by expertise, but the others need use literature, history or other knowledge. So civil servants need master expertise, at the same time, they need understand other knowledge. In Britain, government examines the knowledge structure of people who want to be civil servant for politics, economics, society and culture firstly, and then assesses their expertise. Only having passed these two kinds of examination, they can enter into next assessment. In the same way, people who want to be civil servants must pass examination of knowledge and expertise in China, and then they can get opportunity to take part in the interview. So knowledge and expertise are important to civil servant. C. Position Classification and United Management“Classification of position is the starting point of personnel administrative, and also it is the foundation of personnel administrative.”(Weiqing,1994, P641). With regard to the way of civil servant management, Britain and China carry out the policy of classification of position and united management. From 1920 to 1968, the civil servant grading schemes of Britain civil servants have changed many times, and it is common for old and new systems to be used side by side. All grades from senior civil servant band and above are part of the “senior civil service”, which is overseen by Cabinet Office that on behalf of the civil service as a whole. Below the senior civil servants, each individual department can put in place it own grading and pay arrangements. In the reform of civil service system in1968, the civil servants were simplified to 3 levels, 10 departments and 19 teams, and they were managed by every department head or special organization under the leadership of the cabinet. In China, according to Temporary Regulations for National Civil Servant, Chinas national administrative departments carry out classification of position system. Classification of position is the necessary demand of scientific management, the establishment of present civil service system in China is the result of classification of position of cadre contingent in itself. The civil servant contingent was divided into two component parts of leading post and un-leading post, three sorts of comprehensive managements, specialized technology and administrative justice. No matter what kind of civil servants they are, they are managed by personnel departments of every central or local department directly. At the same time, the present civil service system in China emphasizes that Communist Party leads civil servant contingent. No matter what sorts of civil servants they are, they are the important component part of cadre contingent. It is the important embodiment and guarantee to the cadre personnel system.D. Implementation of Merit SystemThe assessment system of civil servants in Britain and China is the centre of civil service system. It is the foundation of civil servants employment, promotion, salary and welfare, reward and punishment. It provides the guide to improve personnel system. Objective and fair assessment is advantageous to encourage fairness and increase efficiency, and it defends the honesty of civil servant contingent. It is the important component part of civil service system, the important link of personnel administration, the important channel to find and choose excellent talents. Britain attaches importance to general talent, so its assessment includes the ability of observing and analyzing problem; the ability of communicating and exchanging; the consciousness to esteem customers; the ability of macroscopic decision; the ability of dealing with interpersonal relationships; the ability of leading and managing; the group consciousness; the efficient working ability; the ability of planning and organizing; the global consciousness. Committee of assessment fills up the report form of assessment according to the elements and standards of the report form of assessment and the success and relevant data in ordinary times, then get the result through inspection and assessment. The result will be examined and ratified by minister, but it wont be published. If ones result is not good, office workers will inform him and explain reasons. If he thinks the result is not reasonable, he can put forward his evidence and expound his reason, and then request minister correct the mistake. In China, the assessment includes morality, ability, working behavior, and success. The result will be given to civil servant through written report. If anyone doesnt agree to the result, he can apply for assessing again. In the aspect of promotion of civil servants, Britain and China emphasize the merit system, namely it pays attention to ability and working success in process of assessment, gives awards according to success, emphasizes combination of encouragement and punishment, and treats everyone equally without discrimination. Regardless of Britain or China, if civil servants want to promote, they must pass the assessment, and the essence of assessment is being successful working performance. In other words, working success decides civil servants being promoted or not and the promoting rank. Its advantageous to dispel rottenness and to guard against product of “moth” in government work.E. Professional Ethics and Service StandardIn the aspect of civil servants working way, Britain and China emphasize that civil servants must pay special attention to professional ethics and service standard. Civil servants are servants of country and people who assume the responsibility of seeking happiness for people, but because they master power under given conditions, they also have possibility and condition of seeking private interests. So government should strengthen the establishment of professional ethics. In Britain, the professional ethics is the important embodiment of rulers idea; it includes professional ideal, professional spirit, professional skill, professional responsibility, professional sense of honor, and professional discipline and so on. The core values of civil servant are defined as integrity, honesty, objectivity and impartiality. Britain has perfect civil servant superintendence system, which oversees and controls civil servants actions. And there is a series of corresponding punishment methods; its crucial to normalize civil servants actions. In China, Temporary Regulation for National Civil Servant regulates the disciplines that civil servants must observe strictly; it includes unshakable politics, being loyal to country, administration according to law, serve the people, pragmatism and creativity, being honest in carrying out official duties, unity and cooperation and so on. It provides standard for civil servants actions under given conditionsII. DifferencesWe cant deny that the modern civil service system was developed and reasonable, the present civil service system in Britain and China keep some merits of the modern civil service system, so they have some similar characteristics. But as all know, Britain and China are different countries; they have differences in political system, domestic conditions and culture, so there are some different characteristics in the present civil service system, such as:A. Different Categories of Civil ServantsThe categories of civil servants are different. Generally, we think British civil servant is the permanent bureaucracy in central administrative department except political worker. It doesnt include Member of Parliament, prime minister, minister, political secretary, judge, soldier and worker of government enterprise or local government. British civil servants retain their jobs when a new government is elected. In other words, they can hold the post permanently only if they dont make serious mistakes. In China, The Law of Civil Servant regulates that civil servants are the staffs who do duty according to law, enter into countrys administrative troop; are afforded salary and welfare by country. It not only includes workers of administrative offices, but also includes workers of Communist Partys offices, judge offices, and democratic parties offices and so on. It reflects the foundational characteristics of present political system in China. No matter what kinds of offices, they are the principal parts of political system; their workers all do the duties of managing affairs of country and society. So it is suitable and reasonable to consider workers of these offices as civil servants. Its necessary to keep the unity of workers of offices and the unity of cadre personnel system. China is a socialist country lead by Communist Party, The Communist Party is the unique political party in office, so China has no distinguishment among civil servants, regardless of leading post or un-leading post, and they must serve the people heart and soul.B. The Law of Civil ServantsBritain has no formal law of civil servant, but China has it.