高中英语从篇章结构角度提高学生阅读理解能力课件.ppt

题型训练 阅读理解 erinhe 一 考查的内容 本部分测试考生理解关于一般性话题的英语简短文章的能力 具体 强调 一般性话题 和 简短文章 暗示选材不会超越中学生应有的知识涵盖面 二 考查的目的1 这个题型集中 全面地考查考生从阅读中准确获取信息的能力 2 强调考生对语篇的整体把握能力 3 对语言文化因素的运用能力和解决实际问题的能力 三 试题的类型1 客观性试题一般要求考生通过扫读全文或细读文章的某个部分 从而获得解题所需要的信息 考题中的细节题 2 主观性试题要求考生透过文章的字面信息进行分析 归纳 推理或想象 如对作者的写作意图 人物性格特征 行为动机 事件的前因后果 故事的发展走向 文章的中心思想等作出合理判断 考题中的主旨大意题 篇章结构题 写作的目的和对象 以及猜词义和句义题 四 题目的类型 1 主旨归纳题1 主题型主旨归纳题2 作者意图类的主旨归纳题3 标题类主旨归纳题 主旨归纳题答题要诀 1 善用寻读法 找准主题句1 读首句抓大意 这些文章开门见山提出主题 随之用细节来解释或发展主题句所表达的主题思想 在说明文 议论文 科技文献和新闻报道多采用这种格式 2 读尾句抓大意 这类文章通常先摆出事实依据 层层推理论证 在表述细节后归纳要点 最后自然地得出结论 即段落的主题 3 从段落中抓大意 此类文章往往以一句或几句话来表达主题 在主题句出现后 再举例陈述细节或继续论证 即引题 主题思想 解释或继续论证 4 归纳要点抓大意 文章没有明确的主题句 考生必须根据文章的内容 进行综合分析 找出共同的东西 归纳成一般概念 这类文章通常是叙述一件事的发展过程 或是陈述一系列同等重要的细节或事实 2 推理判断题 正确理解作者的观点 立场和寓意纵观全文 看清文章机构 抓住细节 周密分析 合理推断作选择时要使你所选答案与作者的立场保持一致 这也是一条原则 3 词义理解的解决方法 根据定义和解释来猜测词义根据同义 反义 同等 同位 对等关系猜测词义据因果关系和上下文猜测词义 4 细节题 steps 1 每段的topicsentence2 总结mainidea style structure3 浓缩mainidea 选择tiltle体会作者的purpose attitude forwhom4 解决detail与whole的关系 段落中 准确理解所猜newwords与sentence的意思 threeyearsago fiveparrotsweresetfreeinawildplaceofarizona thousandsofmilesfromthechannelisiandsinjerseywheretheyhadbeenlookedafterbyzookeepers noevolutionarystrategiesinformedthemhowtobehaveinthisnewiandscapeofmountainouspineforestunoccupiedbytheirkindfor50years totheresearchers surprise theyfailedtomakecontactwithagroupofwildparrotsimportedfrommexicoandsetfreeatthesametime within24hoursthereintroducingendedinfailure andthepoorbirdswerebackincages ontheirwaytothesafetyofthearizonareintroductionprogramme eversincethen theprogrammehasenjoyedgreatsuccess mainlybecausethebirdsnowbeingsetfreearemexicanbirdsillegallycaughtinthewild confiscated 没收 onarrivalnorthoftheborder andraisedbytheirparentsinthesafetyoftheprogramme theexperienceshowshowlittleweknowaboutthebehaviourandpsychology 心理 ofparrots aspeterbennett abirdresearcher pointsout reintroducingspeciesofhighintelligencelikeparrotsisalotmoredifficult peoplelikeparrots alwaystreatingthemasnothingmorethanpetsorvaluable collectables nowthatmanyspeciesofparrotareinimmediatedangerofdyingout biologistsareworkingtogethertostudythenaturalhistoryandthebehaviourofthisfamilyofbirds lastyearwasanimportantturningpoint conservationistsfoundedtheworldparrottrust basedathayleincornwall tosupportresearchintobothwildandcagedbirds researchonparrotsisvitalfortworeasons first asthearizonaprogrammeshowed whenreintroducingparrotstothewild weneedtobeawareofwhatthebirdsmustknowiftheyaretosurviveintheirnaturalhome wealsoneedtolearnmoreabouttheneedsofparrotskeptaspets particularlyasthetrust scampaigndoesnotattempttodiscouragethepractice butratherurgespeoplewhobuyparrotsaspetstochoosebirdsraisedbyhumans stepsi topicsentenceofeachparagraph 1 thereintroducingendedinfailure andthepoorbirdswerebackincages 段中 2 theexperienceshowshowlittleweknowaboutthebehaviourandpsychology 心理 ofparrots 段中 3 biologistsareworkingtogethertostudythenaturalhistoryandthebehaviourofthisfamilyofbirds 段首 4 researchonparrotsisvitalfortworeasons 段首 ii mainidea 几年前 人们将几只笼养的鹦鹉放归自然 但由于这些鹦鹉难以适应野外生活 又飞回了他们的笼子里 这一现象引起人们的关注 我们应该对它们的行为和心理有更多的了解 style expositionstructure 1 由实验引出一个现象2 分析实验失败的原因3 这个试验的必要性4 建议人们应该怎么做 iii 1 写作目的通常有以下三种 娱乐读者 说服读者接受某种观点 告知读者某些信息 2 forwhomthispassageis iv therelationshipbetweeneachparagraphorinoneparagraph 55 whatdoweknowabouttheareawherethefiveparrotswerereintroduced a itslandscapeisnewtoparrotsoftheirkind b itusedtobehometoparrotsoftheirkind c itisclosetowheretheyhadbeenkept d pinetreeswereplantedtoattractbirds 对原文句子的同义重复noevolutionarystrategiesinformedthemhowtobehaveinthisnewiandscapeofmountainouspineforestunoccupiedbytheirkingfor50years iv 56 thereintroducingexperiencethreeyearsagoshowsthatman raisedparrots a canfindtheirwaybackhomeinjerseyb areunabletorecognizetheirparentsc areunabletoadapttothewildd canproduceanewspecies 正确选项的特征就是对原文相关信息的同义重复 分别有词汇 句子或词句之间等不同层面的重复totheresearchers surprise theyfailedtomakecontactwithagroupofwildparrotsimportedfrommexicoandsetfreeatthesametime iv 57 whyareresearchesonparrotsimportantaccordingtothepassage a thetrustshowsgreatconcernfortheprogramme b weneedtoknowsmoreabouthowtopreserveparrotsc manypeopleareinterestedincollectingparrots d parrots intelligencemaysomedaybenefitpeople 正确选项的特征就是对原文相关信息的同义重复 分别有词汇 句子或词句之间等不同层面的重复第4段researchonparrotsisvital importantfortworeasons first asthearizonaprogrammeshowed whenreintroducingparrotstothewild weneedtobeawareofwhatthebirdsmustknowiftheyaretosurviveintheirnaturalhome iv 58 accordingtothepassage pepleareadvised a totreatwildandcagedparrotsequallybtosetupcmfortablehomesforparrotsc nottokeepwildparrotsaspetsd nottoletmoreparrotsgotothewild 第4段最后一句wealsoneedtolearnmoreabouttheneedsofparrotskeptaspets 主句 particularlyasthetrust scampaigndoesnotattempttodiscouragethepractice butratherurgespeople whobuyparrotsaspets tochoosebirdsraisedbyhumans 从句 理解长难句 practice wheniwassevenmyfathergavemeatimex myfirstwatch ilovedit woreitforyears andhaven thadanotheronesinceitstoppedtickingadecadeago why becauseidon tneedone ihaveamobilephoneandi malwaysnearsomeonewithanipodorsomethinglikethat allthesedevices 装置 tellthetime whichiswhy ifyoulookaround you llseelotsofemptywrists salesofwatchestoyoungadultshavebeengoingdownsince2007 butwhilethewisehaverealizedthattheydon tneedthem others apparentlyincludingsomedistinguishedmenofourtime arespendingtotalfortunesonthem brandssuchasrolex patekphilippeandbretlingcommandshockingprices upto 250 000forapiece thisisridiculous expensivecarsgofasterthancheapcars expensiveclotheshangbetterthancheapclothes butthesedaysallwatchestellthetimeaswellasallotherwatches expensivewatchescomewithextrafunctions butwhoneedsthem howoftendoyoudiveto300metresintotheseaorneedtofindyourdirectionintheareaaroundthesouthpole sowhypaythatmuchoffiveyears schoolfeesforwatchesthatallowyoutodothesethings ifjusticeweredone theswisswatchindustryshouldhavecolseddownwhenthejapanesediscoveredhowtomakeaccuratewatchesforafive poundnote insteadtheswissreinventedthewatch withtheaidofmillionsofpounds worthofadvertising asamessageaboutthemanwearingit rolexesareforthosewhospendtheirweekendsclimbingicymountains apatekphilippeisforonefromarichornoblefamily abreitlingsuggestsyouliketopilotplanesacrosstheworld watchesarenowclassifiedas investments 投资 a1994philipperecentlysoldfornearly 350 000 while1960srolexeshavegonefrom 15 000to 30 000plusinayear butawatchisnotaninvestment it satoyforself satisfaction amatteroffashion pricesmaykeepgoingup they vebeenrisingfor15years butwhenoffashion pricesmaykeepgoingup they vebeenrisingfor15years butwhenfashionmoveson theownerofthat 350 000beautywillsuddenlyfindhisprideandjoyisnomoreagoodinvestmentthanmychildhoodtimes i topicsentenceofeachparagraph para1 idon tneedawatchnowbecausesomethingscantellmetime 归纳要点抓大意 para2 others apparentlyincludingsomedistinguishedmenofourtime arespendingtotalfortunesonthem 段首 pare3 butwhoneedsthem 段中 para4 giveussomeexamplesofwatchproducers 归纳要点抓大意 para5 watchesarenowclassifiedas investments 投资 段首 ii mainidea 作为有计时功能的手表已被同样有此功能的手机 ipod等代替 但是另一方面社会上有一些人却花很大一笔钱买手表 手表作为计时工具的作用正在逐渐改变 人们将它作为一种投资 style expositionstructure 1 3段作者觉得花大量的钱在表上很荒唐 应该没有人买表 4段 厂家有一定的消费群 5段 人们买表是为了投资 iii 3 浓缩主题 选择标题62 whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage atimexorrolex bmychildhoodtimexcwatches notforme dwatches avaluablecollection 主旨归纳题答题要诀 浓缩主题 选择标题标题位于文章之首 用来高度概括文章内容 点明文章主题 它是文章中心思想的最精炼的表达 可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容 抓住文章讨论的中心 标题的特点是 短小精悍 多问短语 概括性强 一般要求能覆盖全文大意 表达精确 不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩 选择标题应注意一下几点 1 要在阅读原文的基础上 仔细考虑选项与文章主题是否有密切的关系 2 再看它对文章的概括性和覆盖性如何 看题目是否过大还是过小 3 要避免下列三种错误 概括不够 以偏概全 过度概括 以事实 细节替代抽象 具体的大意 作者的态度和意图ridiculous ifjusticeweredone butwhenfashionmoveson theownerofthat 350 000beautywillsuddenlyfindhisprideandjoyisnomoreagoodinvestmentthanmychildhoodtimes 作者对此事持反对的态度 forwhom therelationshipbetweeneachparagraphorinoneparagraph 59thesalesofwatchestoyoungpeoplehavefallenbecausethey ahaveotherdevicestotellthetimebthinkwatchestooexpensivecprefertowearanipoddhavenosenseoftime第一段的大意allthesedevices 装置 tellthetime 对原文句子的同义重复 60 itseemsridiculoustothewriterthat apeopledive300metresintotheseabexpensiveclothessellbetterthancheaponesccheapcarsdon trunasfastasexpensiveonesdexpensivewatcheswithunnecessaryfunctionsstillsell第2段topicsentence的具体解释 细节与段意之间的相互作用 篇章结构 butthesedaysallwatchestellthetimeaswellasallotherwatches expensivewatchescomewithextrafunctions butwhoneedsthem 61whatcanbelearntaboutswisswatchindustryfromthepassage aittargetsrichpeopleasitspotentialcustomers bit shardfortheindustrytobeatitscompetitors citwastesahugeamountofmoneyinadvertising dit seasyfortheindustrytoreinventcheapwatches 对第4段的某个细节的推理判断 是其中一个商家针对的消费人群 rolexesareforthosewhospendtheirweekendsclimbingicymountains apatekphilippeisforonefromarichornoblefamily abreitlingsuggestsyouliketopilotplanesacrosstheworld 对原文中三个句子的解释 瑞士三种品牌表所针对的消费者 dafewyearsago paulgernerbegantogatheragroupofarchitectsinlasvegastoaskthemwhatitwouldtaketodesignapublicschoolthatused50percentlessenergy costmuchlesstobuildandobviouslyimprovedstudentlearning ithinkhalfofthenfellofftheirchairs gernersays gernermanagesschoolfacilities 设施 forclarkcounty nevada adistrictroughlythesizeofmassachusetts by2018 143 000additionalstudentswillenterthealreadycrowdedpublic educationsystem gernerneeds73newschoolstohousethem fourarchitectureteamshavenearlyfinisheddesigningprimaryschoolprototypes 样品 theyplantoconstructtheirschoolsstartingin2009 thedistrictwillthenassesshowwelltheschoolsperform andthreewinnerswillcopythosedesignsin50to70newbuildings greenschoolsareappearingallover butinclarkcounty whichstandsoutforitsvastness suchaggressivetargetsaredifficultbecausedesignrequirementslikemorenaturallightforstudentsgoagainsttherealitiesofadesertclimate oneofthebiggestchallengesisgettingtherightsiteorientation 朝向 markmcginty adirectoratsharchitecture says hisfirmrecentlycompletedahighschoolinlasvegas youhavethesamebuilding samesetofwindows butifitsorientationisincorrectanditfacesthesun itwillbereallyexpensivetocool surprisingly themanresponsibleforoneofremostprogressivegreen designcompetitionshasdoubtsaboutideasofeco friendlybuildings idon tbelieveinthenewgreenreligion gernersays gerner