高考英语 句子成分及练习课件.ppt

语法复习 句子成分 一 句子成分 一 句子成分的定义 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分 句子成分有主要成分和次要成分 主要成分有主语和谓语 次要成分有表语 宾语 定语 状语 补足语和同位语 句子成分详解表 二 主语 主语 subject 是一个句子所叙述的主体 一般位于句首 但在therebe结构 疑问句 当主语不疑问词时 和倒装句中 主语位于谓语 助动词或情态动词后面 主语可由名词 代词 数词 不定式 动名词 名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示 例如 1 duringthe1990s americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular 2 weoftenspeakenglishinclass 3 one thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls 4 toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure 5 smokingdoesharmtothehealth 6 therichshouldhelpthepoor 名词 代词 数词 不定式 动名词 名词化的形容词 7 whenwearegoingtohaveanenglishtesthasnotbeendecided 8 itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage 主语从句 it作形式主语 真正的主语为后面的不定式 三 谓语 谓语 predicate 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态 动词在句中作谓语 一般放在主语之后 谓语的构成如下 1 简单谓语 由一个动词或动词短语构成 如 hepracticesrunningeverymorning theplanetookoffatteno clock 2 复合谓语 1 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成 如 youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks hehascaughtabadcold 2 由系动词加表语构成 如 wearestudents 注意 谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致 四 表语 表语 predicative 用以说明主语的性质 特征 状态与身份 它一般位于系动词 如be become get look grow turn seem等 之后 表语一般由名词 代词 形容词 数词 副词 不定式 动名词 分词 介词短语及表语从句表示 例如 1 ourteacherofenglishisanamerican 名词 2 isityours 代词 3 theweatherhasturnedcold 形容词 4 thespeechisexciting 分词 5 threetimessevenistwentyone 数词 6 hisjobistoteachenglish 不定式 7 hishobbyisplayingfootball 动名词 8 themeetingisofgreatimportance 介词短语 9 timeisup theclassisover 副词 10 thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad 表语从句 注意 系动词 linkingverb 用于连接主语和表语 说明主语的状态 性质特征和身份等 1 状态系动词用来表示主语状态 只有be一词 例如 heisateacher 2 持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度 主要有keep rest remain stay lie stand 例如 healwayskeptsilentatmeeting 3 表像系动词用来表示 看起来像 这一概念 主要有seem appear look 例如 heseems tobe verysad 注意 系动词 linkingverb 用于连接主语和表语 说明主语的状态 性质特征和身份等 4 感官系动词主要有feel smell sound taste 例如 thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft 5 变化系动词表示主语变成什么样 主要有become grow turn fall get go come run 例如 hebecamemadafterthat 6 终止系动词表示主语已终止动作 主要有prove turnout 表达 证实 变成 之意 例如 therumorprovedfalse hisplanturnedoutasuccess 五 宾语 宾语 object 表示动作的对象或承爱者 一般位于及物动词和介词后面 例如 1 theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday 2 theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime 3 howmanydictionariesdoyouhave ihavefive 名词 代词 动名词 名词 数词 4 theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday 5 hepretendednottoseeme 6 ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic 7 ithink that heisfitforhisoffice 名词化形容词 名词 不定式短语 动名词短语 宾语从句 宾语种类 1 双宾语 间接宾语 直接宾语 例如 lendmeyourdictionary please to write tell pass give send promise show hand read tell bring throw等 例如 hesentthenoveltowilliamyesterday for leave buy build choose cook draw find get order post save等 例如 sheboughtagiftforhermother 2 复合宾语 宾语 宾补 例如 theyelectedhimtheirmonitor 下列动词只能接不定式做宾语ask agree care choose demand dare decide expect fail help hope learn manage offer plan prepare pretend promise refuse want wish desire等 如 herefusedtolendmehisbike 下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit avoid advise consider enjoy excuse escape finish imagine mind practise suggest等 如 johnhasadmittedbreakingthewindow 下列动词既可接不定式 也可接动名词做宾语 但意义不同 如stop mean try remember forget regret等 六 宾语补足语 英语中有些及物动词 除有一个直接宾语以外 还要有一个宾语补足语 objectcomplement 才能使句子的意义完整 带有宾语补足语的一般句型为 某些及物动词 如make等 宾语 宾补 宾补可由名词 形容词 副词 不定式 分词 介词短语和从句充当 例如 1 hisfathernamedhimdongming 2 theypaintedtheirboatwhite 3 letthefreshairin 4 youmustn tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou 5 wesawherenteringtheroom 6 wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder 7 wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow 名词 形容词 副词 不定式短语 现在分词 介词短语 从句 七 定语 修饰名词或代词的词 短语或从句称为定语 attribute 定语可由以下等成分表示 1 guilinisabeautifulcity 形容词 2 chinaisadevelopingcountry americaisadevelopedcountry 分词 3 therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool 名词 4 hisrapidprogressinenglishmadeussurprised 代词 5 ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom 不定式短语 6 theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout 动名词 7 heisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnenglish 介词短语 8 farmerswhosawusstaredatusasifwearewalkingskeletons 定语从句 八 状语 修饰动词 形容词 副词或整个句子 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分 叫做状语 adverbial 可由以下形式表示 1 lighttravelsmostquickly 2 hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears 3 heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination 副词及副词性词组 介词短语 不定式短语 4 heisintheroommakingamodelplane 5 waitaminute 6 onceyoubegin youmustcontinue 分词短语 名词 状语从句 9种状语种类如下 1 howaboutmeetingagainatsix 2 lastnightshedidn tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain 3 ishallgothereifitdoesn train 4 mrsmithlivesonthethirdfloor 5 sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare 时间状语 原因状语 条件状语 地点状语 方式状语 shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand 6 inordertocatchupwiththeothers imustworkharder 7 hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately 8 sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold 9 iamtallerthanheis 伴随状语 目的状语 结果状语 让步状语 比较状语 九 同位语 appositive 对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释 通常由名词 数词 代词或从句担任 如 thisismr zhou ourheadmaster 十 插入语 parenthesis 对一句话做一些附加的解释 通常有tobehonest ithink suppose believe 等 如 tobefrank idon tquiteagreewithyou 练习 一 指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分 1 thestudentsgotontheschoolbus 2 hehandedmethenewspaper 3 ishallansweryourquestionafterclass 4 whatabeautifulchinesepainting 5 theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning s attribute o predicate adverbial attribute adverbial adverbial 6 hisjobistotrainswimmers 7 hetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinbeijing 8 thereisgoingtobeanamericanfilmtonight 9 heistoleaveforshanghaitomorrow 10 hiswishistobecomeascientist 11 hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime 12 tomcametoaskmeforadvice 13 hefounditimportanttomasterenglish attribute predicative o predicate s predicate s predicative predicate o adverbial ao ro 14 doyouhaveanythingelsetosay 15 tobehonest yourpronunciationisnotsogood 16 wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress 17 hesatthere readinganewspaper 18 itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy 19 henoticedamanentertheroom 20 theapplestastedsweet o attribute parenthesis o adverbial adverbial as predicative o c o c predicative 指出下列诸句中画线部分是什么成分 ontheleftofmyhouseisanoldchurch whycouldtheboilingpointofwaterbeloweratthetopofamountain 3 iamnotgoingtoworktoday 4 thisthingisforpeelingpotatoes 5 whattimewillyouarrive 6 thegeniepromisedthatifanyoneshouldcomeandsethimfree hewouldmakehimveryrich 7 whatnationalityareyou s s v prep o adv o c predicative 8 icouldn tunderstandwhyhehaddecidedtoretireat50 9 iamterriblyconfusedbyallthisinformation 10 wehadalreadyreached9000feetbythen 11 sheremindedmetoswitchoffallthelights 12 i llbeabletopassmydrivingtestafterihavehadafewlessons 13 iloveswimming itkeepsmefit 14 itisobviousthatmoneydoesn tgrowontrees adverbial v o c o o c s o 二 划分句子成分1 weareworking 2 icanswimverywell 3 thewaiterbroughtabottleofbeertome 4 whydoesthewindblow 5 therainhasbeenpullingdownforawholeday 6 bothtomandjackenjoycountrymusic 7 jimaskedyoutogivehisbestwishestoeveryone 8 youmustgetthecarreadybytomorrow 9 ihavealotofclothestowash ihavealotofclothestobewashed 10 hegavehissonsomeadviceonreading 11 readmethefirstparagraph 12 i veorderedsomesoupforyou 13 hebeganleaningenglishtenyearsago 14 mybeinglateworriedmyteacher 15 thatpresidenthimselfwouldvisitourschoolexcitedallofus 16 april dayisthespecialdayoftheyearwhenyouplayajokeonsomeone 17 heusuallytakesanapafterlunch asishishabit 18 ifoundthebookinthecorneroftheroom 19 hefinishedlunchandwentintothe