九年级英语 Inventions Without Inventors 课件.ppt

program createdinventions softwarepatentabilityandbeyond thesoftwarepatentcontroversy issoftwarepatentablesubjectmatter currentlegalanswer qualified yes atleasttwopartstoquestion whatissoftware shoulditbepatentable argumentspersistaboutboth 1 and 2 theargumentfromintangibility softwareisarguedtobeintangiblebecause programsareprocedures algorithms ideas mentalprocesses ormathematicalconstructs allofwhichareintangibleprogramsareembodiedinelectricalsignals whichareintangible whydoestangibilitymatter patentlawprotectspracticalapplicationsofideaspatentlawhas had aphysicalityrequirement bothforproductsandprocessesabstractideas lawsofnature andnaturalphenomenanotprotectedtherefore tangibilityquestioniscriticalconsiderthefollowingthoughtexperiment theautomaticbuildingcompany abc abc spromise yougiveusadescriptionofamachineandwe llbuilditforyousellingpoints descriptionmaybeinfunctionaltermsmaydescribenovelfunction procedure abcasinventor abcexhibitssameexternally observablebehaviorasinventorsinput functionaldescriptionoutput physicalmachinethisinput outputtransformationtraditionallyhasrequiredphysicalcreativityexample morse thecatch abcrequiresyourmachinedescription specification tobewritteninaspeciallanguagethelanguageissimilartostructured procedural programminglanguagesincludescommandsrepresentingoperationstobeperformedondata example antilockbrakingsystem youdesignanalgorithmforcontrollinganantilockbrakingsystemspecificationdescribesrelationshipbetweenbrakepedalforceandpatternofforcestoapplytobrakesresultingmachinecanbeconnectedbetweenbrakepedalandbrakestestsconfirmbetterperformancethanprevioussystems lookinginsidethebox youopentheantilockbrakecontrollercontainscircuitryyoudon tunderstandit benefitsoftheautomaticbuildingcompany simplifiesprocessofcreatingnewmachinescustomerdoesn tneedto understandphysicalstructureofmachineunderstandphysicsorelectromechanicalengineeringperformelectromechanicaldesign atouroftheautomaticbuildingcompany containswarehouseofcomponents oneforeachcommandinspecificationlanguage e g add multiplytobuildamachine aclerk identifiesallcommandsinspecificationgatherscorrespondingcomponentsfromshelvesconnectscomponentsasindicatedinspecification machineconstructionexample specification display3 2 4clerkgathers 3 2 and 4 componentsmultiplycomponentaddcomponentcablesclerkassemblescomponents abcandcreativity abcdoesnothingcreativeclerkconstructsmachinesusingmechanicalactionsnocreativity physicalorotherwise possiblynounderstandingofmachinetherefore clerkisaclassic pairofhands sameforcompanyasawholeabcprocessisonlyfunctionallyequivalenttophysicalcreativity abcasasearleanchineseroom searle schineseroom blackboxthathassameinput outputasamindisn tproofofanactualmindinsidetheboxabcblackboxthathassameinput outputasacreativeinventorisn tproofofactualcreativityinsidethebox chineseroom input chinesequestions abc input machinespec output machine abcasachineseroom cont d chineseroomillustratesprogramexecutionabcillustratesprograminstantiation computer input chinesequestions program input sourcecode objectcode abcconstructionisisomorphictocomputerprograminstantiation inputtocomputerisfunctionalspecification sourcecode outputofcomputeriscomponent machine objectcode programmedcomputer instructionsinlanguagemapto electrical structuresinmemoryexecutableprogramisbuiltautomaticallyusingthismapping computersasinventionmachines computersaretypicallyviewedas machinesforexecutingprogramsmachinesformimickingothermachinescomputersarealsomachinesforcreatingothermachines inventionplatforms computersarenotlimitedtocreatingothermachinesbymodifyingthemselvesexample hdlsforcreatingcircuitry computerprogramsasmachinespecifications computerprogramsaretypicallyviewedas descriptionsofprocedures algorithms descriptionsofmachinesprogramsarealsodescriptionsofhowtobuildmachines shiftingresponsibilities requirementsanalysis problemdefinition logicalstructuraldesign physicalstructuraldesign construction traditionalelectromechanicalinventorship creativestages invention non creative mechanical stages invention abcinventorship responsesto intangibility case1 intangibilityasabstractness specificationprovidedtoabcisabstract machinebuiltbyabcisnotabstractsourcecodeisabstract executableswisn tconfusion understoodinabstractterms vs notinstantiatedinaphysicalform abcexplainsexistenceofconfusion physicalinstantiationishiddenfromcustomer programmer responsesto intangibility case2 signalsasabstractentities swmaybeinstantiatedinelectricalsignalssignalsarenot abstract inpatent relevantsenseabcexplainswhyiffunctionperformedbyabc builtmachineisnewanduseful thenitispatentablesubjectmatter whetherimplementedingearsorelectronsnoneedtolookinsidethemachineifexternally observablebehaviorisnewandusefulconclusion signalinstantiationisirrelevant theproblemwith computer implementedinventions theterm computer implementedinventions currentlyisusedtoreferto softwaresoftwareembeddedincomputerhardware suchasromsandfpgaspro encompassescomputerprogramsembodiedinvolatileornonvolatileformscon failstocaptureotherinventionscreatedbyprogramming thecasefor program createdinventions software spatent relevantfeatureisnotthatitis computer implemented many computer implemented inventions suchashardwarecomponents posenoproblemsforpatentlawanincreasingvarietyofnon computer implementedinventionsposethesameproblemsforpatentlawassoftwaresoftware spatent relevantfeatureisthatitiscreatedbyprogramming thecasefor program createdinventions cont d recallabcthoughtexperimentresultingmachinesarenot computer implemented yettheyraisesamequestionsforpatentlawassoftware e g didthecustomerinventthemachine isthemachineobvious whatscopeofprotectionshouldbeavailable thesequestionsareraisedbecauseoftheprocess programming bywhichthemachinesarecreated relevantfeaturesofprogramming enablesprogrammertocreateamachine withoutdesigning understandingthemachine sphysicalstructurebywritingaspecificationexpressedinpurelyfunctional logicaltermswrittenspecificationenablesvariousphysicalmachinestobebuiltwhichimplementthespecification multiplerealizability program createdinventionsintherealworld softwareisnottheonlykindofproductcreatedbyprogrammingothercurrent futureexamplesinclude analog digitalcircuitry molecular nanotechnologylivingcellsifdesignscreatedbyneuralnetworksandgeneticalgorithmsareincluded thenmechanicalcomponentsarebeingcreatedbyprogramming whyfocusonprogramming providesaframeworkforunderstandingthereasonsforproblemsapplyingpatentlawdoctrinetosoftwareframeworkwillbeapplicabletofuturetechnologiescreatedbyprogramming regardl