九年级英语中考写作指导：段落写作标准课件.ppt

写好段落的三个标准 一 段落的统一性 一个段落应该只说明一个问题 或一个问题的某一方面 应该只叙述一件事情 或一件事情的某一个阶段 也就是说 一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心 任何游离于中心思想以外的句子都是不可取的 一个好的段落应该具有统一性 统一性就是一个中心思想统领整个段落 每个细节都应支持主题句 不应有无关的细节 为了支持主题 要尽可能多地提供细节 但又要避免滥用细节 下图是一个有统一性的段落的结构图 主题句 topicsentence supportingsentence1 supportingsentence2 supportingsentence3 supportingsentence4 例文 millionsofyearsago australiawaslinkedtoasiabyalandbridge thenanearthquakecausedthelandbridgetosink thesearushedin andaustraliabecameanisland later thisislandbecameabritishcolony manyanimalsthatoncewanderedbackandforthacrossthelandbridgewereleftinaustralia andkangarooswereamongthem thoughtheywerekilledoffbylargeanimalsinotherplaces theywereabouttosurviveinaustralia 这一段讲的是远古时期的澳大利亚 当时连人类都没有 但然不必提它后来沦为英国的殖民地的事了 此句应删掉 二 段落的完整性 一个段落的主题思想靠发展句来实现 如果只有主题句而没有发展句来进一步交待和充实 就不能构成一个完整的段落 inmyenglishstudy ihavemanydifficulties myfirstdifficultyisthatmyvocabularyisnotlarge theseconddifficultyihaveisthaticannotwritewell thethirddifficultyisthatmylisteningcomprehensionisnotgoodenough nowihaveaplantostudyenglishwell 主题句 ihavemanydifficulties 发展句 具体说明困难myfirstdifficulty theseconddifficulty thethirddifficulty 结尾句 nowihaveaplan 篇章结构 分析 本段落看似完整 有头有尾 但由于缺少实质内容 即对学英语的困难的原因的分析 文章显得空洞无物 此外 结尾句讲到了plan 具体内容有没有交待 给人留下话好像没说完的感觉 修改如下 inmyenglishstudy ihavemanydifficulties thefollowingaresomeofthem myfirstdifficultyisthatmyvocabularyisnotlarge asaresult icannotreadfastandunderstandwell asiamcomingtomiddleage itisnotsoeasytokeepmanynewwordsinmindquickly 过渡句 分析词汇量小的害处 进一步分析问题的原因 theseconddifficultyihaveisthaticannotwritewell asihavebeenverybusywithmyworkwhichreallydoesn tneedanyforeignlanguage iseldomhaveachancetowritesomethinginenglish thethirddifficultyisthatmylisteningcomprehensionisnotgoodenough thisisbecauseihadlittletraininginlisteningwhileiwasatcollege 造成这一问题的原因 造成这一问题的原因 togetoverthesedifficulties ihaveworkedoutaplan iplantoreadoneortwopagesofenglish suchaschinadaily 21stcenturyenglishorsomeeasynovels inordertomemorizethewordsontheonehandandkeepintouchwiththecurrentnewsontheother 主题句 具体措施 1 表明目的 iwilltrytokeepadiaryinenglishandpracticewritingatleasttwiceaweek andfinallyiwilltrytolistentoenglishcassettestwoorthreedays ibelievethatsolongasipractice iwillbeabletoread write andunderstandbetter 具体措施 2 具体措施 3 结尾句 表明态度 三 段落的连贯性 连贯性包括意连 内在的逻辑型 和形连 使用过渡词语 过渡句等方式 两者常常不可分割 只有形连而没有意连 句子之间没有内在的有机联系 反之 只有意连而没有形连 有时行文就不够流畅 如何取得连贯性的建议1 使用同一时态如果随意而毫无理由地改变时态 那么不管作者连句的技巧多么高超 段落也不可能取得连贯性 在写作时 可以使用现在时或过去时 选用哪一种取决于作者处理材料的方式 2 使用某种逻辑顺序常用的逻辑顺序有 1 时间顺序2 空间顺序3 重要性顺序4 熟悉度顺序 3 使用连接成分使用某些连接词和短语 重复某些关键词 可以大大增加段落的连贯性 某些连接词 短语和关键词可以起粘着物的作用 把各部分连接起来 使句子间的关系更加清楚 连接成分主要有以下三种 a 连接词语b 代词 代词用于提醒读者注意其先行词 以此把有关的部分连接起来 c 重复关键词语 示范段落 untilrecentlydaydreamingwasviewedasawasteoftime oritwasconsideredanunhealthyescapefromreallifeanditsduties butnowsomepeoplearetakingafreshlookatdaydreaming anditmaybethatmorepeoplearesufferingfromalackofdaydreamingthanaresufferingfromtoomuchofit 连接词 连接词 连接词 连接词 示范段落 untilrecentlydaydreamingwasviewedasawasteoftime oritwasconsideredasunhealthyescapefromreallifeanditsduties butnowsomepeoplearetakingafreshlookatdaydreaming anditmaybethatmorepeoplearesufferingfromalackofdaydreamingthanaresufferingfromtoomuchofit 代词 代词 代词 示范段落 untilrecentlydaydreamingwasviewedasawasteoftime oritwasconsideredasunhealthyescapefromreallifeanditsduties butnowsomepeoplearetakingafreshlookatdaydreaming anditmaybethatmorepeoplearesufferingfromalackofdaydreamingthanaresufferingfromtoomuchofit 重复关键词 重复关键词 重复关键词 开始陈述tobeginwith tostartwith let sbeginwith firstofall inthefirstplace aboveall atfirst1 ithoughttodaywasgoingtobereallybad tostartwith itwasraining andrainydaysmakemesad 2 idon tagreethatanimalsshouldliveinthezoo tobeginwith firstofall theyhavenofreedom 3 atfirst ithoughtitmightbeadog butican tseeadog 4 ithoughttodaywasgoingtobereallybad tostartwith itwasraining andrainydaysmakemesad 如何做到行文连贯 其中的一个技巧就是恰当使用连结词 只有恰当使用了语句之间的连接成分 才能使全文结构紧凑 顺序列点 显示事件的先后顺序firstly secondly thirdly first second third then next afterthis afterthat beforethis beforethateg 1 firstineedyournameandaddress second when syourbirthday 2 heevenhandedoutadvertisementsatalocalsupermarket thenhetoldtheteachersatschoolaboutthisproblem 3 at8o clockihavemath idon tlikemath thenat9 00ihavescience next at10 00 ihavehistory 4 afterthat theywenttotheoutdoorpoolwheretherewasagiantoctopus 表示 另外 还有 what smore besides also inaddition still aswellasno ican thaveanypetsbecausemymotherhatesthem besides outapartmentistoosmall also pigsneedalotoflove still it sagreatplacetovisiti mluckytobehereformysix monthenglishcourse predictingthefuturecanbedifficultaswellasembarrassing 结束陈述finally lastly intheend1 firstcutupthreebananas threeapplesandawatermelon nextputthefruitinabowl thenputintwoteaspoonsofcinnamonandacupofyogurt finallymixitallup 2 hethoughtaboutgoingtogreeceorspain butfinallydecidedoncanada 提供例子likesomechampions likethegolfertigerwoods makebillionsofdollarsayear suchasalltherestaurantshavefamousfoodfromholland suchascheese forexamplelillianli forexample saidthatthebestwaytolearnnewwordswasbyreadingenglishmagazines forinstanceit struethatsomeadscanbeveryuseful forinstance theycanhelpyoutocomparetwodifferentproducts let ssayandreceivinggiftsisn talwayseasy either let ssayyourgrandmothergiveyouanorangesweater 表示转折关系1 butsheusedtobeshort butnowsheistall hehas46soccerballsand32volleyballs buthedoesn tplaysports 2 howeverhowever lifewithapigisn talwaysperfect 3 insteadinsweden peopledon tneedtospendtoomuchmoney instead makingamealisenough 4 ontheotherhandontheotherhand peoplewhoarestressedoutandangrymighthavetoomuchyanginthe