新视野unit-1.doc

Unit 1 Growing UpWords & Expressionsoff and on (or on and off): from time to time; now and again; irregularly- It has been raining on and off for a week. Thats why the clothes feel damp.- As her patient slept soundly during the night, Nurse Betty was able to doze off and on in a bedside chair.take hold: become established - The idea of one child has taken hold in many Chinese families.- 老习惯是很难摆脱的。这就是为什么你要在习惯养成前戒烟。(Old habits die hard. Thats why you should stop smoking before the habit takes hold.)bore: vt. make (sb.) feel tired and lose interest- The speaker went on and on, and the audience grew bored by his speech.- Tom Sawyer grew bored with painting the garden fence, so he thought of a way to make others paint for him.Collocation:a crashing bore讨厌至极的人/事a frightful bore讨厌得要命的家伙an insufferable bore讨厌得令人无法忍受的人an utter bore极惹人厌烦的事associate: vt. join or connect together; connect or bring in the mind- 我们总是把埃及与金字塔联系起来。(We often associate Egypt with pyramids.)- I cant associate this gentle young woman with the radical political essays she has written.- Jim wished to forget everything associated with his former life.turn out:1) come out or gather as for a meeting, public event, etc.2) prove to be3) shut off4) produce; makeMatch the above definitions with the sentences below.- A large group of protesters have turned out. (1)- The school has turned out some great scholars. (4)- Turn out the light before you go to bed. (3)- The plan turned out a failure. (2)- We are to turn out 100,000,586 computers next year to meet the market requirements. (4)- The experiment turned out to be a success. (2)- Crowds turned out for the procession. (1)anticipate: vt. expect (usu. followed by gerund or that-clause)- The police had anticipated trouble from the soccer fans and were at the ground in large numbers.- 他们预测到2012年死于艾滋病的人数将增加一倍。(They anticipate that deaths from AIDS will have doubled by 2012.)N.B. 该动词所接的宾语可以是动名词，不可用不定式代替。- We anticipate running into problems in carrying out the medical welfare reform.- We anticipate hearing from you again.tedious: adj. boring and lasting for a long time- The movie was so tedious that many viewers left before it was over.- Laura found George to be tedious and decided not to see him anymore.inspire: vt. fill (sb.) with confidence, eagerness, etc.- Martin Luther King, Jr.s speeches inspired people to fight for equal treatment of African Americans.- The last leaf on the tree that never fell off inspired the dying patient with the will to live on.Collocation:inspire sth. in sb .(= inspire sb. with sth.) 使某人产生某种感情；激发某人的某种感情rigid: adj. (often disapproving) fixed in behavior; based on correct or accepted rules- 如果他从前对事情不那么严格苛刻的话，他女儿就不会这么年轻就离家出走了。(If he had been a little less rigid about things, his daughter would not have left home at such a young age.)- The rigid headmaster would button up his clothes even on the hottest days.severe: adj.1) completely plain- The widow wore a severe black dress to her husbands funeral.- 海明威以其朴实的写作风格而闻名于世。(Hemingway is known for his severe writing style.)2) stern; strict- Only those who have undergone severe training can be accepted into the air force.- Fu Lei was so severe with his son that even his wife would cry.3) causing very great pain, difficulty, worry, etc.- The severe chest pain experienced by the Vice-President proved to be a heart attack.- 工厂必须生产出更新更好的产品，才能在激烈的商业竞争形势中获胜。(A factory must turn out newer and better products to win in the climate of severe business competition.)CF: severe, stern & strictsevere 作“严厉”解时，可以用来形容人（severe father 严厉的父亲），人的面貌（severe look 严厉的神色），人的态度（The teacher is severe with his students. 教师对学生很严厉。）。stern 与 severe 相近，但用途比较窄，一般用于人的容貌或态度。例如：a stern father 和 a severe father 都可以用，但含义稍有不同：a severe father指对于子女有严厉的要求，积极的意义较多；a stern father 则指对子女不含温情，要他们服从，消极的意味较多。 strict 相当于汉语的 “严格的”，须先假定有一种客观的标准（如规章、纪律、定义、真理等）。例如：- The teacher is strict with his students.- There is a strict regulation against smoking in the auditorium.tackle: vt. deal with- Toshiba (东芝) recently designed a robot that can tackle almost any kinds of housework.- The question set by the teacher was so difficult that the pupils did not know how to tackle it.face up to: be brave enough to accept or deal with (a problem or difficulty)- Yeltsin faced up to the fact that he was no longer fit for the Russian presidency and resigned on New Years Eve.- 既然你女儿已经诞生了，你就要承担起做父亲的责任。(Now that your daughter was born, youll have to face up to the responsibilities of being a father.)sequence: n. connected line of events, ideas, etc.- 连续的歉收（bad harvest）迫使一些非洲国家请求外国援助（foreign aid）。(A sequence of bad harvests forced some African countries to ask for foreign aid.)- The Fall of the Roman Empire was written in historical sequence.CF: sequence & seriessequence 是指“先后衔接的次序”。这种次序可以是历史性的，即事态发生时的先后次序；也可以是逻辑性的，即论点先后的衔接，相当于汉语的“语无伦次”中的“伦次”。例如：- I have a poor memory for dates and often mix up the sequence of events. (我记日期的能力很差，常把事情的先后次序弄混。)- Your argument lacks logical sequence, for your second point does not follow the first. (你的论据缺乏逻辑顺序，因为你的第二点与第一点衔接不上。)series 是指“系列”、“组”，可以有先后衔接的次序，也可以没有，但一系列或一组的东西一定自成一个完整的单位。例如：- Professor Li will give a series of lectures on the Middle East issue. (李教授将就中东问题做一系列的讲座。)- The post office has issued a series of stamps commemorating the Olympic Games. (邮政局发行了一组纪念奥运会的邮票。)Collocation:in sequence顺次，挨次in rapid sequence紧接着，一个接着一个in regular sequence按次序，有条不紊the sequence of events事情的先后顺序recall: vt. bring back to the mind; remember (usu. followed by noun / gerund, or that-clause)- I recognize the face but cant recall her name.- I dont recall ever meeting her.- She recalled that she had to see the doctor again that afternoon.CF: recall, remember & remind 这三个词都与“记忆”有关，前两个词有时可通用。recall“想起”，把忘记的东西又想起来了，其动作包含有意识的努力，因此常与 can，could 等词连用，强调一次的回忆。例如：- Try as I might, I could not recall where I had left the book. (我怎么也想不起来我把书丢在哪里了。)- I remember her face but I cannot recall where I met her. (我记得她的脸，但是想不起在什么地方见过她。)remember “想起”，用处比较广泛，指事物自然在记忆中出现，不包含努力或意志。例如：- I suddenly remembered I had left the book in the library. (我突然想起我把书忘在图书馆里了。)如果 remember 表示有意识的行动，常指“记住”。例如：- You must remember this phone number. (你必须记住这个电话号码。)remind 指“使某人想起”，“提醒”，宾语是人。具体用法如下：1) 接宾语； 2) 接宾语+of+宾语；3) 接宾语+不定式；4) 接宾语+that-clause。 例如：1) If I forget it, please remind me. (如果我忘了，请提醒我。)2) This reminds me of last year. (这使我想起去年的事。)3) Remind me to write to my Mom. (提醒我给妈妈写信。)4) The sight of the clock reminded me that I was late. (看到钟我想起自己迟到了。)argument: n.1) a disagreement; a quarrel- Mary found that compromise was always the best policy when she had an argument with her husband.2) a reason given to support or disprove sth.- There are many arguments against smoking.- 那位著名的教授总能把论点讲透彻。(The famous professor can always drive home an argument.)Collocation:get into an argument加入/卷入争论break off an argument中断一场争论terminate an argument结束一场争论settle an argument 解决一场争论a bitter / violent / heated argument激烈的争论put forward / offer an argument提出论点confute an argument驳倒一个论点put down: write down- 管家把每天的开支记在小记事本上。(The housekeeper puts down the daily expenses in a little notebook.)- Put down what you hear, please.violate: vt. act against- Speeding in downtown areas violates traffic regulations.- A country isnt respected if it violates an international pose: vt. write or create (music, poetry, etc.)- The presidents speech is really brilliant. Do you think it was composed by himself or by someone else?- John Lennon composed the song Beautiful Boy for his son.CF: compose, consist of, comprise & constitute这组动词的一般含义为“组成”或“构成”。compose 常见于被动语态，构成 be composed of 的结构，表示“由构成”；在用于主动语态时,一般包含着“融合为一”的意思，而且主语或者是复数名词或者是集体名词。例如：- Concrete is composed of cement, sand and gravel mixed with water. (混凝土由水泥、沙、石子与水掺和而成。)- England, Scotland and Wales compose the island of Great Britain. (英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士构成大不列颠岛。)consist of 意为“由构成”，强调结果是一个统一整体。例如：- New York City consists of five boroughs. (纽约市由五个行政区组成。)comprise 可表示“由构成”；也可表示“构成”。例如：- The committee comprises men of widely different views. (这个委员会由见解甚为殊异的人组成。)- Fifty states comprise the United States. (美国由50个州组成。)constitute 的主语可以是复数名词也可以是单数名词，所“构成”的事物在属性和特征上，亦或在组织上，与组成成分是一致的。例如：- Seven days constitutes a week. (七天构成一个星期。)turn in: 1. hand in; give over2. deliver (a person or thing) to the police3. give back; returnMatch the above definitions with the sentences below.- The criminal turned herself in. (2)- For your final grade, each of you must turn in a 7-page paper. (1)- You must turn in your uniform when you leave the army. (3)- Have you all turned in your homework for last night? (1)command: 1. n. order- The commander gave the command that all prisoners of war should be well treated. - The rebellious army would not obey any command from the President.2. v. give an order (to)- 船长命令船员立刻离船。(The captain commanded his men to leave the ship immediately.)- If you command wisely, youll be obeyed cheerfully. (谚语指挥有方，人人乐从。)- He is not fit to command others that cannot command himself. (谚语不能指挥自己就不能指挥别人。)NB:像 suggest, demand 等动词一样,跟在 command后面的 that 从句中要用虚拟语气，谓语用“should+原形动词”或直接加原形动词，而不管从句中的人称或时态。例如：- He commanded that all the gates (should) be shut.Collocation:get command of控制have a good command of能自由应用have at ones command能充分掌握take command of开始担任指挥under (the) command of由指挥； 在指挥之下CF: command & ordercommand 暗含“必须服从”的意思，比较正式。例如:- The officer commanded his soldiers to open fire on the enemy. (军官命令士兵开枪射击敌人。)order 指一般的上级“命令”下级，较普通、常用。例如：- He was ordered to write a full report on the matter. (他奉命写一篇关于那件事的详细报告。)whats more: in addition; more importantly- Ms. Stewart manages a successful business and gives a weekly TV cooking show. Whats more, she has already published three books on gardening.-你怎么会爱上这个人。他整天看电视，更有甚者，他好像几个月没刷牙了！(How can you love this man? He watches TV all day long, and whats more, he seems not to have brushed his teeth for months!)hold back: 1) prevent the expression of (feelings, tears, etc.)- Johnny cried bitterly in the classroom, not even attempting to hold back the tears.2) make sb. or sth. stop moving forward- The men built banks of earth to hold back the rising flood water.3) prevent the development of- You could become a good musician, but your lack of practice is holding you back.4) keep (sth.) secret- 把事情全告诉我，不要隐瞒任何细节。(Tell me about it dont hold anything back.)avoid: vt. keep or get away from (usu. followed by noun / gerund)- The little boy who had broken a neighbors window ran away to avoid punishment / being punished.- 我横穿马路以便避开他，但他看到了我并朝我跑过来。(I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me.)NB:英语中有些动词或词组后面只能跟名词或动名词，不能跟不定式，如：avoid，deny，enjoy，escape，finish，mind，miss，postpone，suggest，feel like，give up，put off 等，我们在使用中要特别注意。CF: avoid & escape两词均有“避”的意思。avoid 指“（有意识地）躲避”不愉快的或可能发生的危险或情况，而不是“逃避”实际的威胁。例如：- He deliberately avoided seeing me. (他故意回避我。)- The danger can be avoided if we lay our plans carefully. (如果我们计划定得周密，危险就可以避免。)escape 作及物动词时，表示“逃脱”，常用于抽象、借喻的情况中。例如：- How did he imagine that things like that could escape detection? (他怎么会认为像那样的事情可以不被发觉呢？)- The name has escaped my memory. (我记不得那名字了。)the eleventh hour: