悬架系统和部件的设计与优化(翻译).doc

Design and optimization of Suspension Systems and Components悬架系统和部件的设计与优化2 Suspension systems and components2.1 Chassis OverviewTraditionally, the chassis of an automobile included everything bolted to the frame except the body. With todays unibody vehicles, however, the chassis includes so much more hardware that discussions of the chassis are now usually limited to the mechanical parts that locate, isolate, support, direct or redirect the dynamic activity of the vehicle. In these pages, well limit our discussion to the suspension and steering.2悬挂系统和构件2.1底盘总成从传统地角度来看，底盘包含了固定在车架上除了车速以外的每一样东西。然而，现在包含了更多的硬件的整体式车身底盘，更偏向于定义为用于限制机械部件的位置、隔离、支承、方向和重定向的汽车动力学。A quick working definition of a vehicles suspension is that it cushions the ride and makes sure the wheels maintain contact with the road surface while turning, accelerating and braking. Steering is defined as a system that moves the steerable wheels left and right, controlling vehicle direction.对汽车悬架的功能更直接定义是，缓冲冲击和确保转向、加速和制动过程中车轮紧贴地面。转向系统是操控车轮左右转向和控制汽车方向。2.2 Suspension Overview / componentsA modern vehicles suspension is comprised of a system of springs and shock absorbers. Springs hold the vehicle up while shock absorbers work to control or dampen the action of the spring. Four different types of springs are used in current production vehicles: coil springs, pneumatic springs, torsion bars and leaf springs.2.2悬架系统概述和组成现代汽车悬架是由弹簧和减震器组成的系统。弹簧支撑起汽车，减震器则控制并且抑制弹簧作用。有四种类型的弹簧应用在目前的汽车上：线圈弹簧、空气弹簧、扭力弹簧和钢板弹簧。2.2.1 Coil SpringsA coil spring is constructed from a wire or metal bar wound into a coil. A coil spring will return to its original shape after it is stretched or compressed. Coil springs are the most common type of spring used in todays cars2.2.1 线圈弹簧线圈弹簧就是绕成螺旋状的金属丝或金属棒。线圈弹簧拉伸或压缩后会恢复到原来的形状。在现在的汽车里面，线圈弹簧是应用最为广泛的。2.2.2 Leaf SpringsA leaf spring is made of metal or fiber-reinforced plastic strips layered on top of one another. When the two ends of the leaf spring are fastened down, the center springs up and down. Like a coil spring, a leaf spring will return to its natural position when forces acting upon the spring stop. Leaf springs are primarily used on rear wheel drive vehicles.2.2.2 钢板弹簧钢板弹簧由金属或加强型纤维塑料条叠加而成。在钢板弹簧两端被固定的情况下，弹簧中心能够上下移动。就像线圈弹簧一样，当力停止对弹簧作用时，钢板弹簧会恢复到自然状态下的位置。钢板弹簧主要用于后桥驱动汽车上。2.2.3 Torsion BarA torsion bar is simply a coil spring that has been straightened out. The spring action comes from twisting the bar torsionally. Torsion bars are widely utilized on four wheel drive vehicle applications.2.2.3 扭力弹簧扭力弹簧就是线圈弹簧直接拉直而成的。他的弹簧作用来自于棒的扭曲。扭力弹簧广泛应用在四轮驱动汽车上。2.2.4 Pneumatic SpringsPneumatic springs (or air springs) are shaped much like coil springs. They are essentially bladders, or bags, filled with air.2.2.4 空气弹簧空气弹簧的形状非常像线圈弹簧。它的本质是充满气的袋和包。2.2.5 Suspension System OperationSuspension system springs must jounce (compress) and rebound (extend) with bumps and holes in the road surface. They support the weight of the vehicle while still allowing suspension travel (movement). The softness or firmness of a spring is known as spring rate.2.2.5 悬架系统的运行悬架系统遇到路面的凸起或者凹坑时，要对弹簧进行压缩或延伸。悬架系统承受着整车的重力仍然有可活动的悬架行程。弹簧的软硬称为弹簧刚度。2.2.6 Shock AbsorbersShock absorbers are used to return the suspension to its natural position quickly and smoothly. Not only do shock absorbers control the compression of the spring, but the expansion (or rebound) as well.2.2.6减震器减震器用于迅速和顺滑地使悬架恢复到自然状态下的位置，不仅能够控制弹簧的压缩，而且能够控制弹簧的延伸。Shock absorbers dampen the movement of springs by using fluid or gas forced through holes in the shock absorbers piston. The size of the holes determine the damping effect of the shock. As the shock absorber compresses or expands, a piston inside moves through oil or hydraulic fluid.减震器用油或气进入减震器活塞孔的压力来抑制弹簧的运动。孔的大小决定了对震动的抑制效果。当减震器压缩或延伸时，活塞内部的液压油来回移动。Springs and shocks are matched to vehicle weight. Sometimes they are chosen to correspond with the weight of optional equipment added to individual vehicles as they are built. This is referred to as a tuned suspension.弹簧的减震器和汽车质量相匹配。有时候人们会选择一些和汽车质量相匹配的配件增加到自己的改装车上。这被称为可调节悬架。Shock absorbers are also manufactured to operate with active suspension systems that are controlled electronically (or electronic suspensions). These shocks incorporate valves or solenoids to control damping.减震器也可以被制造成为可以被电子信号控制的主动悬架系统。这种减震器结合了普通阀门和电磁阀控制抑制效果。2.2.6.1 Monotube DamperThis type of shock uses a solenoid valve to modify the flow path of the damping fluid. In the soft operating mode (solenoid OFF), two flow paths are available. In the firm operating mode (solenoid ON), only one flow path is available. Proportional control of fluid flow provides a continuous range of damping.2.2.6.1单筒减震器这种类型的减震器用一个电磁阀去修改阻尼液的流程。在软工作模式下，两路流程都生效。在硬工作模式下（电磁阀启动），只有一路流程生效。控制流程的比例，可使阻尼在一个连续的范围内变化。.2.6.2 Twin Tube Damper with Solenoid ValveThis type of shock uses a solenoid valve to modify the flow path of the damping fluid. In the soft operating mode (solenoid OFF), two flow paths are available. In the firm operating mode (solenoid ON), only one flow path is available. Proportional control of fluid flow provides a continuous range of damping.2.6.2电子阀式双筒减震器这种类型的减震器用一个电磁阀去修改阻尼液的流程。在软工作模式下，两路流程都生效。在硬工作模式下（电磁阀启动），只有一路流程生效。控制流程的比例，可使阻尼在一个连续的范围内变化。2.3 Non-Independent Versus Independent suspensionsFront and rear suspension systems are either:Non-Independent- On non-independent suspension systems, both right and left wheels are attached to one solid axle. When one tire hits a bump in the road, its upward movement causes a slight upward tilt of the other wheel2.3非独立式悬架和独立悬架前轮和后轮的悬架系统有以下两种：非独立悬架在非独立悬架系统中，左右车轮固定在一个固定轴上。当一个轮胎受到路面的撞击时，车轮向上运动会导致另外一个车轮有轻微的向上运动。Independent- On independent suspension systems, each wheel is attached to its own suspension unit. Movement of one wheel does not cause direct movement of the wheel on the other side of the car独立悬架在独立悬架系统中，每一个车轮固定在自己的悬架单元上。一个车轮运动不会直接影响车辆上另外一侧的车轮。2.4 Front Suspension2.4.1 FunctionsThe front suspension of any vehicle is a critical subsystem because it performs many vital functions such as:- Supporting the weight of the vehicle and passengers- Providing a smooth, comfortable ride by cushioning bumps and holes in the road- Maintaining traction between the tires and the road during braking and steering maneuvers- Holding the wheels in alignment2.4前悬架2.4.1功能前悬架是汽车上一个关键性的子系统，因为他执行很多重要的功能。例如：对汽车和乘客的质量进行支撑通过缓冲路面凸起和凹坑，提供一个平滑、舒适的驾驶性能在制动或转向过程中，保持各个轮胎和地面的牵引力固定前轮定位2.4.2 Major ComponentsA typical front suspension system consists of:- Steering knuckles - provide spindle or bearing support for mounting wheel hub, bearings, brake assembly, and wheel assembly- Control arms - movable levers that fasten steering knuckle to the car frame- Ball joints - swivel joints that allow control arms and steering knuckle to rotate, move up and down, and move from side to side- Springs - support the weight of the car; flex to permit control arm and wheel to move up and down2.4.2主要部件一个经典的前悬架系统的组成有：转向节-提供安装位置给轮毂、轴承、制动总成和车轮总成的一个轴或者轴承。操纵杠-被固定在车架转向节上一个可移动的杠杆球轴承-允许控制臂和转向节旋转、上下移动和轴向移动的一个回转接头弹簧-支承汽车的质量，伸缩运动使控制臂和车轮能够上下移动- Shock absorbers - keep suspension from continuing to bounce up and down after springs compress and extend- Stabilizer bars - metal rods that run between lower control arms to provide additional stability and a more level ride- Bearings - eliminate friction between rotating shafts and stationary parts减震器-使悬架在弹簧压缩后延伸后连续的上下运动。平衡杠-一个可以增加稳定性使汽车行驶更加平稳，工作在下控制臂的金属棒。轴承-消除旋转轴和固定部件间的阻力。2.5 Front Suspension TypesThere are four basic types of front suspension in use today they are:- MacPherson strut- Unequal length control arm (SLA)- Twin I-beam axles- Straight axle2.5 前悬架的种类当下基本的四种前悬架：麦弗逊式悬架双叉臂式悬架- Twin I-beam axles- Straight axleThe two types of front suspension systems that account for nearly all vehicles in production today are the double A-arm and the MacPherson strut. There are also a few variations that have not worked well in large-car applications, but may offer new possibilities with low mass vehicles.现在生产的汽机几乎用的都是双叉臂式悬架和麦弗逊式悬架。这两种悬架也有一些不太适合在大车上应用的变种，但是同样使轻量化汽车有新的可能。Multi link and Active are other types of suspension systems that are difficult to describe because their construction is not strictly defined.多连杆式悬架和主动悬架因为它们的结构没有被严格定义而比较难描述。In theory, any independent suspensions having 3 control arms or more are multi-link. Multi link is familiar with the SLA suspension type. Active suspension can be any type of suspension systems with active components.理论上，独立悬架有3个控制臂和更多的连杆。多连杆式悬架和双叉臂式悬架比较相似。主动悬架是带有主动部件的悬架。2.5.1 MacPherson StrutThe MacPherson strut front suspension system was invented in the 1940s by Earl S. MacPherson of the Ford Motor Company. It was introduced on the 1950 English Ford and has since become one of the predominate suspensions systems of the world. This simple system utilizes the piston rod of the built-in telescopic shock absorber to also serve as the kingpin axis. Normally, a coil spring is mounted over the strut assembly, in which case, a thrust bearing at the top of the spring prevents spring wind-up during turns.2.5.1麦弗逊式支柱麦弗逊式支柱前悬架系统被福田汽车公司的麦弗逊伯爵于二十世纪四十年代发明。在1950年被英国福特公司引进，从此便主导了悬架世界。这一简单的系统利用活塞杆嵌入到筒式减震器充当轴向立轴。正常来说，线圈弹簧安装到支柱总成中，在这种情况下，一个止推轴承安装在弹簧顶部，防止弹簧在转弯过程中上下摇晃。 The lower link/control arm may be in the form of an ordinary A-arm. More commonly, a narrow transverse link (sometimes called a track rod) locates the lower end of the strut in the transverse direction and a separate member called a radius rod locates the assembly in the longitudinal direction. However, the anti-roll bar can serve as the longitudinal link and thereby eliminate the separate radius rod.下端的连杆/控制臂可以形成一个普通的A型臂。更普通的，一个窄的横向杠（有时也叫导向杠）位于横向支柱的下端尾部和位于总成纵向的推杆。然而，防倾杠能够作为纵向连杆，因此可以不用推杆。The MacPherson strut design has become popular because it takes up very little space. A MacPherson strut front suspension is a combination strut and shock absorber thats mounted inside a coil spring. The MacPherson strut replaces an upper control arm and is used in most front-wheel drive cars as well as on some rear wheel drive vehicles. MacPherson struts are also used on the rear suspension of many vehicles.麦弗逊立柱的设计因为占用空间小而非常流行。麦弗逊立柱式悬架是一个减震器安装到弹簧线圈内部的一个组合立柱。它替代了上部控制臂，并且在大多数的前轮驱动汽车和一些后轮驱动汽车上使用。麦弗逊式悬架同样在很多后悬架上使用。2.5.1.1 Strut Damper or MacPherson StrutThe design shown below is a twin tube damper design:- The rod and tubes are large and strong- The strut supports the cars weight- The strut provides damping- The bracket on the bottom attaches directly to the knuckle- The rod attaches to a special strut mount designed to isolate noise but take the greater loads2.5.1.1 减震支柱和麦弗逊式支柱下面展示的这个设计是一个双管阻尼设计粗长的推杆和管道立柱支承这汽车重量立柱提供了阻尼效应底部支架直接连接到节上推杆连接在一个能隔离噪音但是要承受更大载荷的特殊立柱底座上2.5.1.2 Strut ConstructionA strut is basically a piston operating inside a cylinder. One end of the strut is attached to the vehicle body or frame. The other end is attached to a moving suspension part such as the knuckle.2.5.1.2 立柱结构主要是活塞在缸体内运动的立柱。一端固定在车身或车架上，另外一端被固定像转向节一样的移动悬架部件上。2.5.1.3 Strut OperationMovement of the spring causes the strut to lengthen and shorten. As this happens, the piston in the strut moves up and down through the fluid. This causes the fluid to flow through small holes or orifices in the piston. The resulting fluid friction limits spring movement.2.5.1.3 立柱的工作原理在弹簧的影响下立柱伸长缩短，当这发生时，活塞克服液体阻力在立柱里面上下移动，活塞的移动迫使液体通过一个活塞上的一个小孔。液体的摩擦力限制了弹簧的移动。The size, shape, and number of the holes in the piston determine the damping effect of the strut. If the holes are smaller, the strut becomes stiffer, and delivers a sportier ride with firmer handling.活塞上孔的大小、形状和数量决定了立柱的阻尼效应。如果孔太小，则立柱变得更硬并且传递一个运动型的操纵性能。2.5.1.4 Gas-Charged StrutsBasic hydraulic struts contain air above the fluid in the cylinder. During spring action, the fluid between the chambers can mix with the air causing the fluid to foam or aerate. As the piston moves through the air or foam, it meets little resistance.2.5.1.4 充气立柱即在液压立柱中液体基础上面充入气体的圆柱体。在弹簧运动的过程中，液体在腔室中和空气混合并形成气泡。当活塞通过空气和泡沫时，遇到更小的阻力。Gas-charged struts contain a low-pressure gas, such as nitrogen, enclosed in a separate chamber. The gas maintains constant pressure on the oil and reduces air bubbles and foaming. The gas further helps the damping action as it compresses and expands.充气立柱将一种像氮气一样的低压气体容纳在一个封闭独立的腔室内。气体在油面上维持恒定的压力下，并且减少气泡和泡沫。在压缩和延伸的过程中，气体有助于阻尼效应。2.5.1.5 Design considerationsThe advantages of the MacPherson strut include its simple design of fewer components, widely spaced anchor points that reduce loads, and efficient packaging. From a designers viewpoint, its disadvantages include a relatively high overall height which tends encourage a higher hood and fender line, and its relatively limited camber change during jounce. A disadvantage on the consumer level is the comparatively high cost of servicing the shock absorber.2.5.1.5 设计注意事项麦弗逊式立柱的优势在于更少部件的简单设计，宽大的安装点以至于降低载荷和安装有效。从设计者的角度来看，它的缺点包括了相对较高的总高度，这使得发动机罩和挡泥板高度更高，并且它的车轮外倾变化行程限度有限。在消费者的角度的一个缺点是减震器的维护成本相对较高。A small camber change during jounce and rebound is characteristic of the strut design. The vehicle roll center is controlled by raising or lowering the inboard anchor point of the transverse link, and by varying the steering axis inclination.在行驶过程中车轮外倾角有微小改变和回弹是这种立柱设计的一个特性。车辆的侧倾中心被横断面升起或降低内测支撑点和转向轴的倾斜变化所控制。Muhr and Bende has developed a spring with a special contour, where the line of force passes through the spring body at an angle, as desired. This spring offers the advantage that it can be arranged at a small angle to the damper axis, or at no angle of tilting of lower spring seat, & still ensure that the damper rod is subjected to only min. side loads or no side loads at all. In a free length state spring is S-shaped. Side load design is patented design in both Europe and US. Muhr和Bende开发了一种具有特殊外形的弹簧，弹簧的受力方向以一定角度穿过弹簧。该弹簧具有以下优点：弹簧和减震器轴线形成的角度很小，或者弹簧座没有倾斜角度布置，并且仍然确保阻尼杆承受最小侧向载荷或不受侧向载荷的影响。在自由状态下弹簧是S形。 侧向负载设计在欧洲和美国是专利设计。2.5.2 Unequal Length Control Arm (SLA)2.5.2.1 SLA suspension descriptionFigure 12 Unequal Length Control ArmThis system is sometimes referred to as a double A-arm, which is derived from the shape of the two control arms on each side of the vehicle that connect the steering knuckle to the frame and body. The control arms are unequal in length and form the shape of an A or a wishbone. This design is also referred to as a short-arm/long arm (SLA) or double-wishbone system.2.5.2不等长度控制臂（SLA）2.5.2.1 SLA悬架的描述该系统有时会被称为“双A型臂”，它从车辆每侧的两个控制臂的形状导出并且将转向节连接到车架和车身。控制臂长度不等，形成“A”或“叉骨”的形状。这种设计也被称为“短臂/长臂（SLA）”或“双叉骨”系统。这种设计也被称为“短臂/长臂（SLA）”或“双叉骨”系统。The control arms pivot on the vehic