高考英语单项选择题解法指导课件.ppt

单项填空题解题指导 一 单项填空干扰点的命题设计及解题窍门 干扰设计之一 改变句式结构题干以省略句 疑问句 被动句 倒装句 强调句或使用从句等形式 避开考生所熟悉的陈述句结构 从而达到加大难度干扰考生的目的 例如 1 whenfirst tothemarket theseproductsenjoyedgreatsuccess 2004全国 a introducingb introducedc introduced beingintroduced2 whomdoyouwanttohave thepartsofthecartogether a fixb tofixc fixingd fixed when后面省去了theywere 由于是疑问句 have后的宾语whom提到句首了 其实考查的是havesb do 3 moreattentionshouldbepaid goodhabitsofreadingcarefully a forformingb toformc toformingd informing4 howbeautifullyshesings ihaveneverheard 1998全国卷 a thebettervoiceb agoodvoicec thebestvoiced abettervoice payattentionto中的to是介词 此题用被动句 容易上当选a或b 此题考查比较级 题干省去了比较对象thanhers 5 youcanhardlyimaginethedifficultythesinglewomanhad herchildren a broughtupb bringupc bringingupd tobringup6 whowouldyourather thereportinsteadofyou a havewrittenb havetowritec havewrited write 此题考查习惯搭配havedifficulty in doing 但difficulty在定语从句中被关系代词指代并省略了 与前面第二题相似 解题诀窍 补充还原简化法将不熟悉的疑问句 倒装句 被动句 强调句还原为熟悉的陈述句 将引导定语从句的关系代词还原到从句中 将省略句补充为完整句式 将名词从句简化为一个代词 7 whatthesixblindmensaidsounded a howfoolishlyb howfoolishc whatfoolishlyd whatfoolish sound是连系动词 后应接形容词作表语 但由于题干以感叹句形式出现就很容易上当选a 若将此句还原为陈述句就清楚了 8 toallofyou thehonourforthesuccess a belongstob belongtoc belongsd belong9 couldyougiveusthereasonwhyyoudidn tdoas a weretoldb tobetoldc toldtod told 介词短语置于句首且后面紧跟谓语动词 则该句很可能就是倒装句 本句就是一个倒装句 还原后为 thehonorforthesuccessbelongstoallofyou 就可知正确答案 题干是一个省略句 补充完整应为 asyouweretoldtodo 10 wasit sheheardwithherears reallymadeherfrightened a what thatb it thatc that whichd what 11 why ihavenothingtoconfess youwantmetosay 2004上海卷 a whatisitthatb whatitisthatc howisitthatd howitisthat 将题目还原可知是强调句型 itwaswhatsheheardwithherearsthatreallymade 被强调的是主语从句 此题也是强调句 被强调是疑问词what 可还原为 itiswhatthatyouwantmetosay 12 themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee thenextyear 2000全国卷 a carryoutb carryingoutc carriedoutd tocarryout13 itwasbackhomeaftertheexperiment 2004湖北卷 a notuntilmidnightdidhegob untilmidnightthathedidn tgoc notuntilmidnightthathewentd untilmidnightwhenhedidn tgo 与前面第5题相同 see后的宾语是关系代词that指plan 还原后为seetheplancarriedout 此题把强调句和倒装句混在一起考了 14 whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbut hesaidit 2004广东卷 a thewayb inthewaythatc inthewayd thewaywhich whathesaid是表语从句 我们知道名词从句在语法功能上就相当一个名词或代词 而but是并列连词 名词应与名词并列 故正确答案是a 干扰之二 添加冗余信息命题人在设置题干时添加一些冗余信息 使句子结构显得复杂 以考查考生能否分清主次 造成考生难于准确定位 例如 1 theteacher with6girlsand8boysofherclass visitingamuseumwhentheearthquakestruck 2004北京卷 a wasb werec hadbeend wouldbe 此题考查的是主谓一致 命题人有意在主语theteacher后加了一个插入成分with6girlsand 2 johnplaysfootball ifnotbetterthan david a aswellb aswellasc sowelld wellas 句中ifnotbetterthan也是插入语 解题诀窍 化简法居高临下 找出主干 将题干中的枝蔓如插入语 状语 后置定语等成分删除掉 排除其干扰 使臃肿的句子简单化 使试题的测试目标更为明确化 再如 3 theoldscientistmadeanothergreatdiscovery ofgreatimportancetoscience a whichithinkb whichithinkisc whichithinkitisd ithinkwhichis 选项中的ithink可视为插入成分 将其删去则正确答案一目了然 4 weshoulddomoresuchexercisesinthefuture ithink thosewedidyesterday a asb likec aboutd than 其实此句的主干就是 domoreexercisesthanthosewedid such inthefuture ithink等都是冗余的干扰信息 单项填空干扰点的命题设计及解题窍门 二 干扰设计之三 利用思维定势利用思维定势的影响来设题 这是最容易让考生上当的题 因为考生背记了许多语法规则和词的固定搭配 做题时只注意这些熟悉的语法规则和局部固定搭配 往往在没有完全弄清整个题干意思是就作出了选择 结果当然出错 例如 1 whichdoyouenjoy yoursparetime playingcardsathomeortakingawalkinthepark a spendingb tospendc havingspentd tohavespent2 amoderncityhasbeensetupinwasawastelandtenyearsago 2004天津卷 a whatb whichc thatd where 同学们对于enjoy后接 ing动词记得很熟 已成定势 所以会不假思索选a 而实际上此句enjoy的宾语是which 空白处应填入一个表示目的不定式 故正确选项应为 由于老师总是强调介词后应接关系代词which 因而会产生定势选b 实际上这里并不是inwhich引导定语从句 介词in后是一个宾语从句 故正确项应是 3 englishhaslargevocabulary hasn tit yes morewordsandexpressionsandyouwillfinditeasiertoreadandcommunicate 2004上海卷 a knowb knowingc toknowd known4 thedaywehadbeenlookingforwardto atlast a comeb camec comingd tocome 动词放在句首常见形式不是分词就是不定式 同学们很可能因为这定势思维选b或c 其实正确选项是 dosth andyouwill 也是一个常见句型 lookingforwardtosth doingsth 也同学们记得很牢的一个固定搭配 故会不加思索选a 其实空白处缺少的是谓语动词 应填 此句可译为 我们一直盼望的那一天终于到来了 解题诀窍 逻辑情理法单项填空象完型填空一样也要以句意通顺 合符逻辑 合符情理为主要选答依据 切勿在未弄清句意的情况下就因为某些固定搭配而上当误选 再如 5 i msorryican thelp theflooroftheclassroom a sweepingb sweptc tosweepd tosweeping can thelpdoing是一个固定搭配 意为 禁不住做 同学们很可能因此选a 但是can thelp to do也是可以的 意为 不能帮助做 根据句子的意思 此题应选 6 madamecurie for lifehadoncebeenveryhard wassuccessfullater a whomb whichc whosed that7 straightonandyou llseeachurch youwon tmissit 2004广东卷 a gob goingc ifyougod whengoing8 doyouhaveanyideaofthereason hereferredto a thatb wherec whyd when 请你试试看 key 6 不是 7 8 不是 10 whichofthethreewaysshallitaketothevillage wayasyouplease 2004福建 a eachb everyc anyd either11 idon tmindpickingupyourthingsfromthestore thewalkwilldomegood 2004全国 a soonerorlaterb stillc intimed besides12 itisi who yourtruefriend thatwilldowhateverican yououtofthetrouble a is helpb is tohelpc am helpd am tohelp13 youaresayingthateveryoneshouldbeequal andthisis idisagree 2004全国卷 a whyb wherec whatd how key 10 11 12 13 请你试试看 14 it ssaidthatthemanagerhasgonebacktohishometown christmasa onb atc sinced for15 whatdothinkoftheplan ifeel thatweoughttogiveitupatonce a stronglyb strongc strongerd itstrong16 isreportedinthenewspapers talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress 2004北京 a itb asc thatd what key 1415 16 干扰之四 利用汉英差异英汉在表达习惯 思维方式等方面具有很多不同 命题者常利用汉英差异出题 如汉语的 参加 在许多情况下都适用 如参加会议 参加考试 参加解放军等 而在英语中则因不同的宾语用不同的动词 如 takepartinthecelebration attendameeting jointhearmy takeanexam joininadiscussion例如 1 it sgettinglate i mafraidimustbegoingnow ok 2004全国卷 takeiteasyb goslowlyc staylongerd seeyou2 happybirthday alice soyouhavetwenty onealready 2004天津卷 a becomeb turnedc grownd passed 按照中国人习惯 同学们可能要选 或 而正确选项是 按照中国人习惯 同学们可能要选 或 而正确选项是 mr smithusedtosmokebuthehasgivenitup 2004天津卷 a seriouslyb heavilyc badlyd hardly what smadetommysoupset ibelieve thegame itshockedhimsomuch a forlosingb lostc losingd becauseoflosing 按照汉语习惯 同学们可能要选a或 而正确选项是 按照汉语习惯 同学们可能要选a或 而正确选项是 因为what是对主语提问 回答部分也应该是名词性短语losingthegame 解题诀窍 留心英汉表达差异平时要多读多比较多归纳 尽量避免chinglish 请你试试看 5 iwonder thiscarbelongsto a whoseb whomc whomdoesd whodoes6 thepriceofvegetablesisnowmuch thantenyearsago a morehigherb moreexpensivec dearerd higher 7 thepopulationofchinais thanthatofrussia a muchmoreb muchlargerc manymored manylarger8 therewasonceacruelking inthecastle a livedb wholivesc waslivingd living 请你试试看 key 单项填空干扰点的命题设计及解题窍门 三 干扰之五 利用题干惯性此种类型的题多以对话形式出现 学生答题往往会借助原题干的动词时态和结构等来判断选项 结果造成错选 例如 fewpleasurescanequal ofacooldrinkonahotday 1999全国卷 a someb anyc thatd those2 alice youfeedthebirdtoday butifedityesterday 1999全国卷 a doyoub willyouc didn tyoud don tyou 此句的意思比较清楚 没有什么快乐能比得上在大热天里喝上一杯冷饮那么惬意 但同学们在选答时却往往错选d 因为前面有复数名词pleasures 其实acooldrink是单数 指一件事 故正确选项是 此题受题干影响同学们在选答时会错选错选d 因为前面有youfeed 其实前句并非陈述句而是一个祈使句 故正确选项是 3 youhaven tbeentobeijing haveyou howiwishtogothere a yes ihaveb yes ihaven tc no ihaved no ihaven t4 don tforgettocometomybirthdaypartytomorrow a idon tb iwon tc icannotd ihaven t 受题干问话惯性和汉语影响 同学们很容易错选b 其实在英语里无论肯定问句还是否定问句 回答都须根据事实回答 且简略回答要前后一致 故正确选项是 因为前面有don tforget 同学们受惯性影响在选答时会错选a 而正确选项是 我不会的 解题诀窍 1 补全对话 2 分清角色由于这种试题多出现在对话题中 答语往往较简洁 多有省略 拿不准时应将答语补充完整 另外要分清问答语气不同所使用的情态动词也不同 注意汉英不同习惯的表达 例如 5 wouldyoulendmeyourpenforawhile certainly i a wouldb shouldc willd shall 用would提问征求对方意见是为了表示礼貌 语气委婉 但回答用would就显得语气不肯定了 所以应选 6 hassamfinishedhishomeworktoday ihavenoidea he itthismorning 2004全国卷 a didb hasdonec wasdoingd haddone7 youhaven tlosttheticket haveyou iknowit snoteasytogetanotheroneatthemoment 2004江苏卷 a ihopenotb yes ihavec ihopesod yes i mafraidso8 iwonderifyourwifewillgototheball ifyourwifedoes so mine a isb doc doesd will9 shallitelljohnaboutit no you i vetoldhimalready a needn tb won tc mustn td shan t 请你试试看 10 bill saimistoinformtheviewersthatcigaretteadvertisingontvisillegal 不合法的 2004上海 a isn titb isitc isn thed ishe11 thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear 80 aresoldabroad 2004辽宁 a ofwhichb whichofc ofthemd oftheshoes 请你试试看 key 10 11 干扰之六 利用形近义近把相似 相近的词语或结构放在一起作为干扰选项 使基础知识掌握不牢的考生难于区分 例如 i dliketobuyahouse modern comfortable and inaquietneighborhood 2004福建 a inallb aboveallc afteralld atall2 howdoyouwegotobeijingforourholidays ithinkwe dbetterflythere it smuchmorecomfortable a insistb wantc supposed suggest key 1 2 3 1 thefilmsmadebydisney allovertheworld a areusedtoshowb areusedtoshowingc usedtobeshownd usedtoshow4 mrblack hiswifetoteachtheirchildalesson sohedid a promisedb persuadedc wantedd told 解题诀窍 1 明确词意所选答案要符合句子意思 2 归纳比较平时要特别重视收集归纳比较同义词 近义词和相似词的异同 牢记它们的用法 再如 5 howabouteighto clockoutsidethecinema that mefine 2004全国卷 a fitsb meetsc satisfiesd suits6 youcantakeanythingfromtheshelfandread butplease thebookswhenyou vefinishedwiththem 2004全国卷 a putonb putdownc putbackd putoff7 heasinhospitalforsixmonths hefeltasifhewas fromtheoutsideworld 2004全国春季卷 a cutout b cutoffc cutupd cutthrough8 amanisbeingquestionedinrelationtothe murderlastnight 2004江苏卷 a advisedb attendedc attemptedd admitted key 5 6 7 8 9 doyouthinkthestarswillbeatthebulls yes theyhavebetterplayers soi themtowin a hopeb preferc expectd want10 herparents hertakingsomeexercisebutwithoutresult a suggestedb persuadedc advisedd wished11 isupposeallthestudentswenttothemuseumthisafternoon i mafraidnot theywenttothenetbarinstead a almostb nearlyc mostlyd most key 9 10 11 theprice butidoubtwhetheritwillremainso 1999全国卷 a wentdownb willgodownc hasgonedownd wasgoingdown 干扰之七 巧设语言环境命题人在题干中不明确将语言时间或空间背景标示出来 而是比较巧妙地隐含在句子中 稍不注意就会错选 例如 idoubtwhetheritwillremainso就是一个很巧妙的语境 说明情况已发生变化 但不知会不会持续下去 故答案是 2 youwereoutwhenidroppedinatyourhouse oh i forafriendfromenglandattheairport a waswaitingb hadwaitedc amwaitingd havewaited3 goforapicnicthisweekend ok ilovegettingclosetonature 2004福建 a icouldn tagreemoreb i mafraidnotc ibelievenotd idon tthinkso4 hey lookwhereyouaregoing oh i mterriblysorry a i mnotnoticingb iwasn tnoticingc ihaven tnoticingd idon tnoticing 请你试试看 解题诀窍 1 身临其境