追求个性化设计外文文献英文

Procedia CIRP 61 2017 93 97 Available online at 2212 8271 2017 Published by Elsevier B V This is an open access article under the CC BY NC ND license http creativecommons org licenses by nc nd 4 0 Peer review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 24th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering doi 10 1016 j procir 2016 12 003 ScienceDirect The 24th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering In Pursuit of Personalization Design Kazuki Kaneko Yusuke Kishita Yasushi Umeda Department of Precision Engineering Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo Corresponding author Tel 81 0 3 5841 1274 fax 81 0 3 5841 7207 E mail address kaneko susdesign t u tokyo ac jp Abstract In response to diversified needs in the market the manufacturing industry is required to provide more user oriented products and services than ever In order to satisfy such needs much attention has been paid to personalization which in this paper refers to the process of designing manufacturing and providing different products and services for each individual user There are key enablers to foster personalization because of technological advancement Since personalization is considered an approach to prolonging the value lifetime of a product and minimizing resource input it should be further discussed in the field of lifecycle engineering To realize personalization a methodology to design such products is essential We call such design as Personalization design The goal of this research is to develop a theory for personalized design In this paper we propose the concept of personalization in the context of product and service design including a life cycle perspective We firstly show examples of personalization and their characteristics as context target phase and participation This is followed by a presentation of the concept of personalization Then we show how the actual personalized design system was designed through a case study on designing equipment for rehabilitation hospital In this case participation of multi stakeholder has a great influence on a design solution Finally we discuss the future direction of design research for personalization 2017 The Authors Published by Elsevier B V Peer review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 24th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering Keywords Insert 5 10 keywords here separated by semicolons 1 Introduction In response to diversified needs in the market the manufacturing industry is required to provide more user oriented products and services than ever For example due to aging population around the world larger number of elderly people need nursing care equipment that is tailored to their body shapes and behaviors In order to satisfy such needs much attention has been paid to personalization which in this paper refers to the process of designing manufacturing and providing products and services specialized for each individual user 1 In reality there are key enablers to foster personalization because of technological advancement particularly in the area of information technology and 3D printing technology Indeed personalization businesses are becoming popular using personal devices sensors and digital production 2 Since personalization is considered an approach to prolonging the value lifetime of a product and minimizing resource input it should be further discussed in the domain of life cycle engineering To realize personalization a methodology to design such products is essential We call such design as Personalization design If we implement personalization design potential propagating effects may include strengthening the market competitiveness of companies Relevant fields include lifecycle design 3 service design 4 product service system PSS design 5 participatory design 6 and human centric design 7 However it has not yet systematized how to support personalization design The goal of this research is to develop a theory for personalization design In this paper we propose the concept of personalization in the context of product and service design including a life cycle perspective We firstly characterize and categorize examples of personalization Then we show a case study of designing equipment for rehabilitation hospital to analyze how a personalized system was designed Finally we discuss the future direction of design research for personalization 2017 Published by Elsevier B V This is an open access article under the CC BY NC ND license http creativecommons org licenses by nc nd 4 0 Peer review under responsibility of the scientifi c committee of the 24th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering 94 Kazuki Kaneko et al Procedia CIRP 61 2017 93 97 2 Characteristics and categories of personalization 2 1 Examples Table 1 describes some typical examples of personalization There are a lot of studies and practices of personalization in broader fields 8 This is because the definition of personalization focuses not on the specific area but on the individuality as an abstract aspect of user products and services 2 2 Characteristics As depicted in Table 1 we here analyze four characteristics of personalization including context target phase and participation 2 2 1 Context Though there are various kinds of personalization we can find some contexts in each case The context shows the primary objective As shown in Table 1 we found four contexts marketing hospitality user action and life cycle The first and major context is a marketing A lot of companies do personalization to make their products attractive and expand their own market Its background is the transition of customer behavior Before they only selected from lists of available options but now they are actively involved in the design of the products they want to buy 8 It requires higher variety and smaller volumes per product variant To realize this production scheme with minimizing cost personalization is the solution for companies The second context is hospitality This is related to services rather than products Hospitality means the strong willing to satisfy customers Sometimes it results in try to respond to the special problems that go beyond regular work Third context is the user action Many owners have desires about their possessions Sometime it is a matter of the ease of use and at times it is a matter of taste Some of them will try to solve their problem on their own which is called Do It Yourself Various tools and places are provided for such people in the market Sometimes they make community to share their knowledge Fourth context is life cycle Situations change for each product over time Some gets failure and need repair others change their owner When and what happens are quite different depending on the product so that their needs individual treatment 2 2 2 Target Target of personalization includes products and services The difficulty of personalization depends on the target Products with simple and modular architecture are relatively easy to be personalized by replacing parts To make it more efficient some products have a platform which is common to a wide range of products like car production Platform design focuses on how to find the common architecture and how to add and replace the modules 9 Personalization advances in the information industry because it is easy to replace components A number of services that have Identification number ID are provided For example Amazon introduces products inspired by your shopping trends using records associated with the ID Personalization of information technology can separate into two parts One is to select a predefined action associate with a visitor segment The other is to find implicit relationships between information which sometimes provide unexpected experience for a customer Services are also relatively easy to be personalized The special difficulty of personalized services is to guarantee the quality of service Existing personalized services are provided with implicit knowledge and its quality depends on the skills of each service provider This heterogeneity becomes a serious problem for some large company with lots of stores Table 1 Examples of personalization No Content Context Target Phase Participation 1 Measuring customer s body and providing fitted garment Marketing Product Production Yes 2 Printing photos or letters on cups Marketing Product Production Yes 3 Choosing colour or additional accessories of cars Marketing Product Production Yes 4 Showing advertisement tailored to individual users on website Marketing Product Information Use No 5 Providing prosthesis fitting to user body Hospitality Product Production Yes 6 Remembering the name and preference of the guest in hotel Hospitality Service Use No 7 Making original bookshelf by yourself User action Product Production Yes 8 Writing the name of owner on the textbook User action Product Use Yes 9 Renovating the house to accommodate changes in residents lifestyles Life cycle Product Production Yes 10 Internet searching that getting closer to an individual s interests spontaneously Life cycle Product Use Yes 95 Kazuki Kaneko et al Procedia CIRP 61 2017 93 97 2 2 3 Phase Phase means when products or services are personalized in their product life cycle Phase of personalization has two patterns production and use Personalization in production phase has two patterns due to the level of product individuality Products with high individuality which is also called one of a kind are produced in a unique production process Such products are usually very expensive but satisfy detailed needs of customers On the other hand products with not so much individuality are produced in the common production processes which is called Mass customization It is a common way in the manufacturing industry to increase product value while reducing production costs Personalization for products or services in use is one of the most important categories It enables to enhance the value of existing products This will lead the extending product value lifetime which means to increase both consumer satisfaction and resource efficiency Easy personalization like writing a name on the products can be done by the user alone but more complicated personalization needs expert services and technological assistance 2 2 4 Participation Personalization needs personal data or requirement In most cases companies acquire this kind of information by the participation of the users It is one way to collect individual data with low cost It was also suggested that personalization has the effect of strengthening the attachment of the owner to the product 10 However companies collect the personal data without user participation in some cases It is because the users cannot tell or even recognize the information about themselves Methods for these cases include an evaluation by an expert accurate measurement of a user using various sensors and recording personal logs 2 3 Concept From the discussion above we propose the concept of personalization in Fig 1 Personalization is an attempt to offer different products or services to each individual Whether a product is suitable for an individual is evaluated from information on an individual Because individuals have different characteristics higher variety is needed to satisfy more people the products or services It is completely different from traditional business which attempts to provide universal products based on statistical data 3 Case study Personalization in rehabilitation hospital In this section we illustrate a case study of personalization in the field of rehabilitation 3 1 Background Rehabilitation is a kind of health care done by physical therapists or operational therapists Its purpose is to enhance the ability of patients who experienced a serious disease or a severe accident In a rehabilitation hospital product personalization is an essential process because health problems and symptoms totally differ patients by patients The aim of this case study was to analyze how a personalized nurse call system was designed and used in a rehabilitation hospital To this end we interviewed several nurses and rehabilitation engineers RE involved in the design of personalized nurse call systems The patient of interest here had brain disorder and therefore has difficulty for both movement and recognition For this reason it was vital for him to call nurses and receive care service to spend his everyday life Without a nurse call system nurses had to check the patient frequently but it had been a hard task for them In addition it was also problematic when the patient could not call for help where necessary 3 2 System overview A nurse call system contained two components One is the interface for the patient to receive the call for a nurse A nurse call system usually uses a push button switch on a wall or hand held The other is the alarm system to send the message from the patient to the nurse In the case study it had already been equipped to the hospital The developed personalized nurse call system has an Infra Red IR sensor instead of the push button It can detect the action of raising arm of the patient It sends a signal to the existing alarm system to send a message to the nurse Figure 2 illustrates how the nurse call system works When the patient wants to call a nurse he raises his arm The IR Fig 1 Standard process of personalization Personal data Personally fitted product or service Statistical data Universal product or service Fig 2 Use case of the personalized nurse call system Nurse call system Nurse Patient IR sensor shield 96 Kazuki Kaneko et al Procedia CIRP 61 2017 93 97 sensor detects the action and send a signal to the alarm system Then the alarm system in turn sends a message to the nurse Finally the nurse comes to the patient and respond to his requests 3 3 Process The actual process of personalization proceeds as follows Fig 3 1 A nurse asked the RE to solve the problem 2 RE evaluated the patient s physical condition and found that he can raise his arm 3 RE evaluated the existing nurse call system to understand the configuration 4 He designed the nurse call system that can be used by lifting his arms 5 RE modified a commercial IR sensor to detect the action of the patient and to send a signal to the existing alert system 6 RE replaced the existing push buttons with the modified IR sensor 7 RE explained how to use the system to the patient and nurses 8 Because it often sent false alarms the nurse added shields made of paper to the IR sensor and restricted detection range As a result the system works well The patient used the system to call a nurse many times 3 4 Discussion In this case RE designed the nurse call system based on the situation of a specific patient and provided a specialized solution for the patient In this case we can say that the RE succeeded to design and to realize a personalized nurse call system In this section we will show how the RE designed this personalized nurse call system through discussing four characteristics shown in the section 2 2 The context of this case is hospitality The primary objective of this case is to solve the problem of the patient and the cost was not paid attention relatively In fact the cost of the design and realization of this system was covered by the hospital and the patient did not pay Secondly the target of this case is a mix of product and service In this case there was also a way to solve this problem by changing the service In fact nurses previously visited the patient more frequently to deal with this problem In this case changing product is considered to be superior in that the patient can call the nurse when they would like to Note that since the product is composed of electrical parts it was relatively easy to replace This case occurred during the use phase of the nurse call system The RE needed to take the existing system into considering so that he evaluated the alarm system The existing system worked as a restriction for him but from another viewpoint the existing solution saved time and costs of the design and production From the perspective of participation the role of the nurse is interesting She is not the primary user of the nurse call system but still have influence on the product and therefore on the process of personalization The important thing is that she participated in design though she is not the engineer It shows that in the personalization process required knowledge and roles are dispersed among multiple actors That is why collaboration among actors is necessary for the personalization 4 Conclusion In this paper we proposed the concept of personalization as a design target to increase customers satisfaction We discussed its concept and four characteristics of personalization by showing examples Then we indicated the way to realize a personalization by illustrating a case study in a rehabilitation hospital In order to present the methods of design and realization of personalization the factors of each characteristic should be clarified The next work is to do more advanc