初一上学期英语知识点总结3.doc

初一年级（上）英语知识点梳理【知识梳理】 I. 重点短语Be from, Come from, in English, Over there, introduce .to., next to, look like, look at,have a look, come on, at work,at school,put on,look after, get up, go shopping,a picture of, Of course, in the other corner, write letters, do my homework, lots of, tell sb. about, how to, get to, across from, between. and., go straight on, Excuse me, on the right/left(of), turn left/right, go past, stay with, be close to, at the back of, at the end of, instead of doing sth, read books, not. at all, write a list, come back, right now, need to do sth, make a cake, make dumplings, how many, how much, a little, a few, a lot of, lots of, a dozen eggs, a loaf of bread, a bottle of cooking oil, a bag of flour, a bar of soap, a box of cookies, want to do sth, take your order, be good at doing sth, play tennis, play basketball, on the team, against from, like to do sth, take tennis lessons, be interested in doing sth, doing sports with., look for, have . classes, answer the phone, receive letters, after school, talk about, practice doing sth, on ones own, use the Internet, try to do, take part in, two times a week, teach sb sth, a picture of., II. 重要句型1. How old are you? Im. 2. Where are you from? Im from. 3. Whos that girl over there? She is. 4. I have., but I dont have.I have no. 5. Whats this / that? It is/ Its6. Whose . are these/those? They are. 7. I think/I dont think.8. Enjoy/like/love/hate doing sth 9. my favorite things are.10. prefer doing to doing11. Thanks for .12. One. the other.13. Lets do sth.14. help sb. do sth. 15. What/How about?16. There be.17. How many . are there?18. Is there a.near here? Are there any .around here?19. How do I get to the post office?20. Wheres the .?21. It is +adj + to do sth22. Forget to do sth, forget diong sth23. We need to do., but we dont need to do. 24. How much.is/are there? There is a little., there are a few .25. Id like a, Ill have a .26. Do you know .?27. May I take your order,please?28. Would you like to do sth.?29. Be ready for. 30. He can ./ He cant . Can he.? 31. What can he do on the ice rink ? I can .III. 交际用语1. Good morning, Miss/Mr. 2. Hello! Hi!3. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you, too.4. How are you? Im fine, thank you/thanks. And you? How is everything?5. See you. See you later. 6. Thank you! Youre welcome.7. Goodbye! Bye! 8. Whats your name? My name is .9. Here you are. This way, please. 10. Whos on duty today?11. Lets do. 12. Let me see.IV. 重要语法1. 动词的用法； A) be动词：Be动词有三个，am,is还有are.我用am, 你用are, is跟着他她它，复数全部都用are.练习：用am, is, are 填空。1 The U.S._ a big country.2 Guangzhou _ one of the largest province in China.3 Guangzhou and Shanghai _ modern cities.4 We _ in Guangzhou now.5 I _ a student in XX school.6 Lucy and I _ teenagers.7 David _ my classmate.8 You _ my best friend.9 My dog _ my best friend.10 My mother and sister _ at home.B） 第三人称单数 当动词是第三人称单数时，动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s，如下： 一）一般在词后加s。如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains 二）在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes 三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries 2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys 四）以o结尾加es。如：does, goes 五）特殊的有：are-is, have-has C） 现在分词 当我们说某人正在做什么事时，动词要使用分词形式，不能用原形，构成如下： 一）一般在后加ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing 二）以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having 三）以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母一个辅音字母（注意除开字母组合如show showing, draw-drawing）要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning 四）以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如：tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于 2. 人称代词和物主代词的用法；人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性 反身代词 指示代词第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself 复数 we us our ours ourselves 第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself 复数 you you your yours yourselves 第三人称 单数 she her her hers herself this thatHe him his his himself it it its its itself 复数 they them their theirs themselves these those3. 名词的单复数和所有格的用法；A）名词的数 名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词，不可数名词没有复数形式，可数名词有单数和复数之分，复数的构成如下： 一）一般情况下在后面加s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas 二）ce,se,ze,(d)ge后加s。如：prices,cases,oranges三）x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes 四）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies，story-stories 2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys; toy-toys, key-keys五）以o结尾加s（外来词）。如：radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯 六）以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves 七）单复数相同（不变的）有：fish, sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese 八）一般只有复数，没有单数的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks 九）单词形式不变，既可以是单数也可以是复数的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同学, family家，家庭成员 十）合成的复数一般只加主要名词，多数为后一个单词。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers 十一）表示民族的名词，有的在此为加s, 如：an Americanthree Americans; 有的单复数形式相同，如：a Chinesefour Chinese十二）有的单复数意思不同。如：fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸，卷子，论文, work工作 works作品，工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡 十三） 单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或s。如：Is (Is), Ks (Ks)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs 十四） 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-EnglishmenB）名词的格 当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时，我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下： 一）单数在后面加s。如：brothers, Mikes, teachers 二）复数以s结尾的直接在s后加，如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如：Teachers Day教师节, classmates; Childrens Day六一节, Womens Day三八节 三）由and并列的名词所有时，如果是共同所有同一人或物时，只加最后一个s，但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如：Mike and Bens room迈克和本的房间（共住一间），Mikes and Bens rooms迈克和本的房间（各自的房间）4. 冠词a, an, the的基本用法；5. There be句型的用法。 There be句型主要用以表达“某处某时有某人某物。”其基本结构为“There be某物某人某地某时”肯定句： There is a , There are 一般疑问句:Is there ? Yes, there is./ No, there isnt. Are there? Yes, there are. /No, there arent. 否定句： There isnt . There arent. 特殊疑问句：How many . are there? There are.How much. is there? There is .就近原则：“be”的形式是由与它最近的那个名词来确定的。若那个名词是单数或不可数名词要用is是复数就用are。如： There is a book and some pens on the floor. There are some pens and a book on the floor.6. 一般现在时态的用法；一般现在时表达现在的状态，经常或习惯性动作，主语所具备的性格和能力以及真理。1、标志词：often（经常）,usually（通常）,sometimes（有时）,always（总是）,never（从不）, on Sundays（在星期天）, every day/month/year（每一天/月/年）2、结构：（1）主语+连系动词be(am/is/are)+名词/形容词/数词/介词短语/副词等做表语表状态（包括There be +n.）练习：1.I_(be) a student. My name_(be) Tom. 2. Where _(be) my shoes? They_(be) here.3.Who _(be) the girl with long straight hair? I think she _(be) Kate. 4. You and I _(not be) in Class Six.5._(be) there a supermarket on the Fifth Avenue? Yes, there_(be). 6. _ her parent tall? No, he_.（2）主语（非第三人称单数）+行为动词原形+其他 （用助动词do 帮助构成否定句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问）（3）主语（第三人称单数）+行为动词的第三人称单数+其他（用助动词does 帮助构成否定句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句）行为动词第三人称单数加-s的形式1.- s 2. 辅音+y: study-studies 3.以s,x,ch,sh结尾watch-watches teach-teaches4特殊have-has do-does go-goes练习：1)His parents _(watch) TV every night. My brother _(do) homework every day. 肯定句 2)His parents _(not watch) every night. My brother_(not do)homework every day. 否定句 3)_his parents_(watch) TV every night? Yes, they _. No, they _. _ your brother _ homework every day? 一般疑问句Yes, he_. No, he _. 4) When_ his parents _(watch) TV? They watch TV every night.When _ your brother _(do) homework? He does homework every day.特疑疑问句【词汇讲解】1. in/on在表示空间位置时，in表示在某个空间的范围以内，on表示在某一个物体的表面之上。例如：There is a bird in the tree. 树上有只鸟。There is a picture on the wall. 墙上有张图。2. this/that/these/those(1)this常常用来指在时间、地点上更接近讲话人的人和事，these是this的复数形式。that常常用来指在时间、地点上离讲话人更远一点的人和事，those时that的复数形式。例如：You look in this box and Ill look in that one over there.你看看这个盒子，我去看那边的那个盒子。I want this car, not that car. 我想要这辆小汽车，不是那一辆。Take these books to his room, please. 请把这些书拿到他房间去。This is mine; thats yours. 这个是我的，那个是你的。These are apples; those are oranges. 这些是苹果，那些是橘子。(2)在打电话的用语中，this常常指的是我，that常常指的是对方。例如：This is Mary speaking. Whos that? 我是玛丽。你是谁？3. There be/ haveThere be 有，其确切含意为某处或某时存在某人或某物。其结构是：There be + 某人或某物 + 表示地点或时间的状语。There be 后面的名词实际上是主语，be 动词的形式要和主语在数上保持一致，be动词后面的名词是单数或不可数名词时用is，名词是复数时用are。例如：(1) There is a big bottle of coke on the table. 桌上有一大瓶子可乐。(2) There is a doll in the box. 那个盒子里有个娃娃。(3) There are many apples on the tree. 那树上有许多苹果。总之，There be结构强调的是一种客观存在的有。have表示拥有，占有，具有，即：某人有某物(sb. have / has sth.)。主语一般是名词或代词，与主语是所属关系。例如：(4) I have two brothers and one sister.我有两个兄弟，一个姐姐。(5) That house has four rooms.那所房子有四个房间。4. look/ see/ watch (1)look 表示“看、瞧”，着重指认真看，强调看的动作，表示有意识地注意看，但不一定看到，以提醒对方注意。，如：Look! The children are playing computer games. 瞧！孩子们在玩电脑游戏。Look! Whats that over there? 看！那边那个是什么？单独使用是不及物动词，如强调看某人/物，其后接介词at，才能带宾语，如：Hes looking at me。他正在看着我。(2)see强调“看”的结果，着重的是look这个动作的结果，意思是“看到”，see是及物动词，后面能直接跟宾语。如：What can you see in the picture? 你能在图上看到什么？Look at the blackboard. What did you see on it?看黑板！你看到了什么？(3)watch“观看，注视”，侧重于场面，表示全神贯注地观看、观察或注视某事务的活动，强调过程，常用于“看电视、看足球、看演出”等。如：Yesterday we watched a football match on TV.昨天我们从电视上看了一场足球比赛。4. put on/ / in put on意为“穿上，戴上”。主要指“穿上”这一动作, 后面接表示服装、鞋帽的名词。in 是介词，表示“穿着”强调状态。在句中可以做定语、标语和状语。如：Its cold outside, put on your coat. 外面冷，穿上你的外衣。He puts on his hat and goes out. 他戴上帽子，走了出去。The woman in a white blouse is Johns mother.穿白色衬衣的那个妇女是John的妈妈。5. house/ home/familyhouse ：“房子”，指居住的建筑物; Home: “家”，指一个人同家人共同经常居住的地方; Family: “家庭“，“家庭成员”。例如：Please come to my house this afternoon. 今天下午请到我家来。He is not at home. 他不在家。My family all get up early. 我们全家都起得很早。6. fine, nice, good, well四者都可用作形容词表示好之意，但前三者既可作表语又可作定语，而后者仅用作表语。主要区别在于：(1) fine指物时表示的是质量上的精细，形容人时表示的是身体健康，也 可以用来指天气晴朗。例如：Your parents are very fine. 你父母身体很健康。Thats a fine machine. 那是一台很好的机器。Its a fine day for a walk today. 今天是散步的好时候。(2)nice主要侧重于人或物的外表，有美好，漂亮的意思，也可用于问候或赞扬别人。例如：Lucy looks nice. 露西看上去很漂亮。These coats are very nice. 那些裙子很好看。Nice to meet you. 见到你很高兴。Its very nice of you. 你真好。(3)good形容人时指品德好，形容物时指质量好，是表示人或物各方面都好的普通用语。例如：Her son is a good student. 她儿子是一个好学生。The red car is very good. 那辆红色小汽车很好。(4)well只可用来形容人的身体好，但不能作定语，它也能用作副词作状语，多放在所修饰的动词之后。例如：Im very well, thanks. 我身体很好，谢谢。My friends sing well. 我的朋友们歌唱得好。一般疑问句：一般疑问很好认，be,do和情态，三者开头是一般。句首没be就加do.Be分am,is,are. Do, does,did是助动。情态动词有许多，can,may,would,must,还有shall和should,情态动后加动原，遇到some是特殊，any不把some变。它的回答很简单，yes和no轮流用，哪词来问哪词答。冠词用法：冠词有三个，a ,an 还有the。a, an用单数，单复都用the.an用元音前，the要多注意。特指要用the, 独一无二也是the. 序数，最高级前不少the。还有情况不用冠，国名，地名，人名前，前有my,this等限定，冠也千万不能用，球类前面不加the,乐器前面要加the.零散语法：动词后面用宾格，主格用在不能放句尾，形容物代跟名词，名词物代不跟词。Like后有名词，没有限定必跟复，如果动词放在后，ing小尾巴不能丢。Would like是想要，想做事情加to do, want to ,how to不少to, to后动原永不变。特殊疑问词 特殊疑问词(7个wh-和1个how) 7个wh-: what, who, where, when, which, why, whose 二、结构1. 特殊疑问词作主语时，句式为：特殊疑问词+动词单三形式（或is）+其他？ eg.1Who is at school? 谁在学校？ 2Who teaches you English? 谁教你英语？2. 特殊疑问词+主语时，句式为：特殊疑问词+主语+动词（或be）+其他？ eg. Whose brother is a teacher? 谁的哥哥是一名老师？3. 其他情况：特殊疑问词+助动词do/does(或be)+主语+动词原形+其他？ eg.1What does he do? 他是做什么的？2Where is Chicago? 芝加哥在哪儿？初一英语上学期期末知识盘点与题解Part One 词类转换一可数与不可数名词, 可数名词变复数,：1 There are two_ ( university ) in the district.2 There are many _ ( dictionary) in the bookshop. 3 They have many_( photo) 4 There are many tall _ ( building ) in the city. 5 My _ ( parent ) are workers. 6 They are _ ( man teacher) 7 What are your favourite _ ( country) in the world?8 Nowadays , we never use _ ( match ) more often than before.9 Best _(wish)to all of you here! 10 Work in _ ( pair ) and you can speak well.11 English _ ( class ) usually begin at 6 oclock.12 The_( monkey) in the zoo make all of us laugh.13 Here _ some information for the holiday. 14 Healthy food _ ( be ) helpful for us.二人称代词和物主代词的使用1 This is _ silk shirt. ( he ) 2 They are _ parents ( he ) 3 Lucy sits behind _ ( he ) 4 Kate is in front of _ ( we ) . 5 Tom is next to _ ( she ) 6 Who teaches _ English. A they B them C their D theirs7 Can you help _ with _ English ( they) 8 The cat is looking at _ face in the water.( its, its)三 词性的转化1 There are many _ ( difference ) kinds of animals in the world.2 Can you write an _ ( invite ) email in English?3 Many Chinese students study in _( Europe) universities now.4 Everyone of us should give _ ( visit ) a warm welcome.5 The shop is _ ( close ) at this time of the day. 四 动词的使用 1 Lets _ ( make ) a cake for Tony. 2 She likes _ ( write ) in Chinese2 I have a lot of work _ ( do ) 3 _ (dance ) is her favourite .4 Can you finish _ ( run ) around the playground in 10 minutes?5 He practices _ ( drive ) every Saturday.6 Thanks for _ ( invite ) me to your party.7 The girls in Class Two are all good at _ ( speak ) English.8 He has two _ ( swim ) lessons on Sunday . 9 Her mother always goes _ ( shop ) at the weekend.10 What about _ ( keep ) this a secret?11 Would you like _ ( stop ) _ ( have ) a drink and a rest? You look tired now.12 Tony asks me _ ( go) to a basketball match. Part Two 易错语言点一 冠词 a,an , the /1 What _ fine weather it is today! 2 I want _ orange play football 3 The man is _ Arabic. 4 Dont you believe that he can play _ violin very well ?5 The actor in the film is _ one-year-old baby.二There be，have/has got以及它们的区别1 There _ ( be ) an apple and three oranges on the desk.2 There are some students in the room （变一般疑问）。3 There is two desks in the room. (对划线提问)4 _she got a computer? A Does B Do C Have D Has 5 He has got a new watch. He _ got a new watch.6 Lucy has got two email boxes on the Internet (对划线提问）_ _ _ _ _Lucy _on the internet?7 Jim _ got any drink. A havent B hasnt C doesnt have D dont have8 There are more than one hundred teachers in our school.（同义句）Our school _ _ more than one hundred teachers .9 - _ _ friends have you got ? - I _ _ eight friends. 三 单数第三人称， 动词的单三形式1 Sometimes she _ ( send ) me flowers as birthday present.2 Mother always gets up and _ ( cook ) breakfast for the whole family.3 _ Lilys father often _ ( drink ) wine?4 Jim_ ( practise ) dancing every day 5 The boy in red clothes always _ ( listen ) to the teacher carefully.6 LingLing never _ ( watch ) football matches.7 They usually _ ( have ) English lessons in the morning.8 Tony and LinTao _ ( wear ) the same clothes.9 Everyone in the class _ ( be ) busy for the final exam. 10 What _ ( be ) your present for your aunt?四 be 与 do 1 The tiger _ eat grass. A isnt B doesnt C arent D dont2 They usually _( not give ) money or fruit as presents.3 She wants to be a singer in the future. (对划线提问)_ _ she want to _ in the future.4 We all practise reading Englilsh every morning. _ _ _ all practise _ every morning.5 The