C-E_Translation_of_Tourism_Text_under_the_Guidance_of_Functional_Translation_Theory毕业论文.doc

毕 业 论 文题 目： C-E Translation of Tourism Text under the Guidance of Functional Translation Theory 学 院： 外国语学院 C-E TRANSLATION OF TOURISM TEXT UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF FUNCTIONAL TRANSLATION THEORY矚慫润厲钐瘗睞枥庑赖。ByYuan ChanyuanA Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts 聞創沟燴鐺險爱氇谴净。in EnglishUnder the Supervision of Professor Dong ZhaofengHenan University of Urban ConstructionJUNE 2013摘 要出现在20世纪70年代德国功能翻译理论从传统角度上对语言格式的翻译有了重大突破，并把翻译解释为有意行为。作为一个重大突破及对传统翻译理论的补充，德国功能翻译理论在翻译理论领域提供了一个全新的研究视角。残骛楼諍锩瀨濟溆塹籟。随着2008年北京奥运会和2010年上海世博会的成功举办，越来越多的外国朋友想要了解中国。然而，旅游作为一个他国学习和了解中国的重要窗口，在中英文翻译的过程中还依然存在着一些问题。这对中国的国际形象带来了严重且负面的影响，甚至会误导外国友人对中国的误解。此篇论文旨在说明旅游文本翻译的重要性及技巧策略。它不仅为旅游文本翻译提供了理论参考，还丰富了功能翻译理论的实践应用。另外，它也让语言研究者从新的角度进行翻译的研究。酽锕极額閉镇桧猪訣锥。关键词：德国功能翻译理论; 旅游文本; 翻译策略AbstractEmerging in 1970s , the German Functional Translation Theory has made a breakthrough in the traditional perspective of the equivalence of linguistic forms and defined translation as a deliberate behavior. As a great breakthrough and supplement to the traditional equivalence theory, it has offered a new perspective for the research on translation theory.彈贸摄尔霁毙攬砖卤庑。With the successful staging of Beijing Olympics and the Opening of 2010 world Exposition in Shanghai, more and more foreign friends want to know China. However, as an important window which other countries can learn about China through the tourism texts, there are still more mistakes on the C-E translation of them. This may harm the international image of China,even lead to a misunderstanding about China from foreigners. This thesis points out the importance of translation of tourism texts. It can not only provide a theoretical reference for the translation of tourism texts, but also enrich the practical application of Functional Translation Theory, besides it also provides a new perspective for linguistic researches in translation practice.謀荞抟箧飆鐸怼类蒋薔。Key words: Functional Translation Theory; Tourism Text; Translation Principles and Skills厦礴恳蹒骈時盡继價骚。 Contents1.Introduction1茕桢广鳓鯡选块网羈泪。2.Translation of Tourism Text under the Guidance of Functional Translation Theory3鹅娅尽損鹌惨歷茏鴛賴。2.1 An Overview of Functional Translation Theory3籟丛妈羥为贍偾蛏练淨。2.1.1 Definition3預頌圣鉉儐歲龈讶骅籴。2.1.2 Reiss and Her Text Typology3渗釤呛俨匀谔鱉调硯錦。2.1.3 Vermeer and Skopos Theory3铙誅卧泻噦圣骋贶頂廡。2.1.4 Nord and Her Loyalty Rule4擁締凤袜备訊顎轮烂蔷。2.1.5 The Possibilities of the Functionalist Approach in Tourism Text Translation5贓熱俣阃歲匱阊邺镓騷。2.2 A Brief Introduction of Tourist Text5坛摶乡囂忏蒌鍥铃氈淚。2.2.1 The Classification of Tourist Test5蜡變黲癟報伥铉锚鈰赘。2.2.2 The Characteristics of Tourist Text5買鲷鴯譖昙膚遙闫撷凄。2.2.3 The Function6綾镝鯛駕櫬鹕踪韦辚糴。3.Translation Strategies under the Functionalist Approach7驅踬髏彦浃绥譎饴憂锦。3.1 Equivalence7猫虿驢绘燈鮒诛髅貺庑。3.2 Addition8锹籁饗迳琐筆襖鸥娅薔。3.3 Omission10構氽頑黉碩饨荠龈话骛。3.4 Paraphrase11輒峄陽檉簖疖網儂號泶。4. Conclusion13尧侧閆繭絳闕绚勵蜆贅。Works Cited14识饒鎂錕缢灩筧嚌俨淒。Acknowledgments15凍鈹鋨劳臘锴痫婦胫籴。1.IntroductionSince the reform and opening up, Chinas tourism development has been a qualitative leap; the data predict that by 2015, China will become the largest inbound host country and the worlds fourth largest outbound tourist country. The rapid development of tourism has brought opportunities and challenges. In order to better overcome the cultural differences and pass accurately and effectively to the reader the travel information and cultural information, this article tries to analyze the C-E translation strategy of tourism text from the perspective of Functional Translation, so that foreign tourists can truly understand a broad and profound Chinese culture, and create a tourism brand with Chinese characteristics to attract more tourists and promote the further development of Chinas tourism industry.恥諤銪灭萦欢煬鞏鹜錦。With the rapid development of tourism industry and communications between people of different countries, tourist materials have become an essential means of the publicity of countries. In his book Brand leadership at state: selling France to British Tourists(Sumberg, 2004: 329-353), Carolyn Sumberg mentions that “For the first time in more than a decade, France has been overtaken by Spain as British tourists preferred holiday destination. The tourist brochure plays an important role in the promotion of a country and as such has become a key factor in an economic activity that generates significant income. There has been a deliberate effort by the Spanish tourist board, well documented by translation scholars, to maximize consideration of the appeal of their tourism materials so far as design, production and translation are concerned.”鯊腎鑰诎褳鉀沩懼統庫。Chen Gang(陈刚）who had been working in foreign affairs and tourism offices for a long time published his Tourism Translation and Tour Guide Interpretation( 旅游翻译与涉外导游). He points out in his book that the key of tourism translation is practice which requires theoretical guidance. Jin Huikang (金惠康）is one of the most famous scholars who does special research on tourist translation. He wrote so many books such as Translation in Intercultural Communication and its sequel. Jin discusses the differences between Chinese and English languages and introduces and analyses Chinese culture and translation, classic literature, art, religion folk cultures and how to translation them into English.硕癘鄴颃诌攆檸攜驤蔹。 This paper mainly includes three parts: Part One is an overview of functional translation theory, Part Two is the characteristics of tourist text and its function, Part Three is translation strategies under the functionalist approach. In this article, it analyzes mainly through listing examples and specific illustration in order to make us well understand and puts forward some suggestions to solve the C-E translation problems.阌擻輳嬪諫迁择楨秘騖。2.Translation of Tourism Text under the Guidance of Functional Translation Theory氬嚕躑竄贸恳彈瀘颔澩。2.1 An Overview of Functional Translation Theory2.1.1 DefinitionWhat is Functional Translation Theory? The theory was originated in Germany in the 1970s, the founder was the translation theorist K. Reiss, and other major representative figures such as Vermeer and Nord, etc. Functional Translation Theory stresses that translation is a special social form, involving three types of texts: the original language, the pattern of text and the translation text.釷鹆資贏車贖孙滅獅赘。2.1.2 Reiss and Her Text TypologyK. Reiss is the founder of the Functional translation theory. She firstly combined the language function with translation, and differed the text in different functions, which makes the translator more sensitive to language mark of Communicative functions and the composition of the functional translation unit, at last helping translator have a proper form for a equivalent criteria right with the specific translation purpose.怂阐譜鯪迳導嘯畫長凉。In 1971, in her book Translation Criticism: The Potentials and Limitation, Reiss develops a model of translation criticism based on the functional relationship between source and target text(Nord, 1997:9). Reiss insists that the ideal translation should be equivalent between the TL (target language) and SL( source language) text with the conceptual content, linguistic form, and it can serve to realize the communicative function as SL text. Just like many traditional theorists, she obviously still takes equivalence as the basis. Hans J. Vermeer developed the Skopos Theory, and a more systematic and integrated functionalist approach came into being.谚辞調担鈧谄动禪泻類。2.1.3 Vermeer and Skopos TheoryReiss is a pioneer of Functionalist theory, but Hans J. Vermeer makes the most important theory of the Functional translation theory: Skopos Theory. Since linguistics alone cannot solve all the translation problems, Hans J. Vermeer considers translation as a type of human action, an intentional, purposeful behavior that takes place in a given situation; it is a part of the situation at the same time as it modifies the situation. Accordingly, he developed the Skopos theory:“Any form of translational action, including therefore translation itself, may be conceived as an action, as the name implies. Any action has an aim, a purpose. The word Skopos, then, is a technical term for the aim or purpose of a translation. Further: An action leads to a result, a new situation or event, and possibly a new object.” (Vermeer, 1989:173)嘰觐詿缧铴嗫偽純铪锩。In the theory, the receiver, who is the intended receiver of the TT, becomes one of the primary factors that determines the purpose of translation. As a sharp contrast to Reisss belief that the ST is a measure of all things in translation, the ST in Vermeers Skopos theory is only an “offer of information” which may be partially or wholly transferred to the target audience. (Vermeer, 1982:12)熒绐譏钲鏌觶鷹緇機库。2.1.4 Nord and Her Loyalty RuleChristian Nord introduces the “loyalty rule” into functionalism in her effort to defend the functionalist approach against potential accusations. “Function” here refers to the factors that make a TT work in the intended way in the target situation, and “loyalty” refers to the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the source-text sender, the target-text addresses and the initiator (Nord, 1997:126). By introducing the loyalty principle into the general framework of functional translation theory, Nord manages to find a balance and answer those critics who accuse functionalism of being radical by giving the translator too much freedom to do whatever his or her clients wish to do, because the loyalty principle takes account of the legitimate interests of the three parties involved: the initiator, the target receivers and the original author. If there is any conflict between the interests of the three partners of the translation, the translator has to mediate, and where necessary, to seek the understanding of all sides.鶼渍螻偉阅劍鲰腎邏蘞。2.1.5 The Possibilities of the Functionalist Approach in Tourism Text Translation纣忧蔣氳頑莶驅藥悯骛。As a kind of practical writing, tourism texts have clear purposes and functions, so the functionalist theory is quite suitable and can be applied to it. In order to realize the purposes of tourism texts translation, the translated text must meet the conventions of the target language. This paper lays emphasis on the application of the functionalist theory in the translation of tourism translation: 1. Fulfill the intended functions of the source text; 2. Faithful and loyal to the original text; 3. Avoid jargons and ambitious; 4. Remove cultural barriers. Then according to these principles, functional translation is selected as the translation strategy which includes literal translation, free translation and domestication. Abundant examples are offered to demonstrate the application of the functionalist theory in translation tourism text. Therefore, the functionalist theory, as a practical form of translation theory, can be applied to the translation of tourism texts.颖刍莖蛺饽亿顿裊赔泷。2.2 A Brief Introduction of Tourist Text2.2.1 The Classification of Tourist TestTourism text translation is broad, including dynamic tourist information and static tourist information. The former contains guide, commentary, consulting. shopping guide, conference interpretation, alternate interpretation, simultaneous interpretation; while the latter tourism ads, tour brochure, tourism language scripts, tourism website construction, tourist map, public signs, restaurant menu,etc.濫驂膽閉驟羥闈詔寢賻。2.2.2 The Characteristics of Tourist TextIn the perspective of the Theory of Function，the translation text is divided into different types, and the text function and the methods of translation are inherently related. It can be said that different types of text have different purposes, translation principles and strategies. The evaluation criteria are different, ultimately it all focuses on the effectiveness of whether the translation can achieve the purpose and intended functions or not. Thus, in analyzing the text of the translation, it is necessary to analyze the type of tourist text. To clear the type can help us choose the right translation method. According to Reisss Functional Translation Theory, the text can be divided into three types: informative, expressive and vocative text. (According to the English wordss literal meaning, we can learn that the informative texts just transfer some information to the target reader; the expressive texts transfer information to the target reader with some emotion; and the vocation texts not only transfer information with emotion, but also implies or contains some things that encourage and stimulate target readers to do.) 銚銻縵哜鳗鸿锓謎諏涼。 Reisss Functional Translation Theory was also described as the main language functions under the different types of text. Her statement of the language function is divided into representation, expression and persuasion. The three types of language function is a general concept. In practice the three types are often intertwined, namely: the original text may contain both types of text, or text features of both types.挤貼綬电麥结鈺贖哓类。The main purpose of tourism text is to pass information and evoke interest in the tourists, so it can be mainly considered as information and operational types, but it does not mean that the expressive text will be not contained.赔荊紳谘侖驟辽輩袜錈。2.2.3 The FunctionSpecifically, the tourist literature includes two functions: The first is the transmission of information; the second is to influence and induce action. For example, the main function of the guidebook and tourism ads is influence, and it also combines the features of information and expression. Its purpose is to provide information to attract tourists, stimulate their interests in sightseeing. However, as hotel signs , tours and other text data, the dominant feature is the information function. Tourism has a distinct sense of the times, nationality, culture and local characteristics. Tourism English is closely linked to tourism, and also has a corresponding unique language style.塤礙籟馐决穩賽釙冊庫。3.Translation Strategies under the Functionalist Approach裊樣祕廬廂颤谚鍘羋蔺。Based on Skopos theories and the features of tourism text, this paper explores the applicability of Skopos theories on the tourism text translation, suggesting that it can be used as a guide for tourism text. The translators, according to the theory, may adopt different translation strategies to serve their purposes. Skopos is a Greek word for “purpose” and Skopos theories are the theories that apply the nation of Skopos to translation whose prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose (Skopos) of the overall translational action (Nord,2011:27). The basic idea of these theories, when used in translation, can be summarized as follows (Nord,2001: 18-36): Translation is an international, interpersonal, partly verbal intercultural interaction based on the source text. But this text is no longer the first and foremost criterion for the translators decisions; it is just one of the various sources of information used by the translator. The top-rank rule for any translation is the “Skopos rule”, which means a translational action is determined by its Skopos. In other words, “the end justifies the means”.仓嫗盤紲嘱珑詁鍬齊驁。3.1 EquivalenceIn the 1980s, Eugene Nidas Equivalence Theory was introduced to China and was widely accepted by Chinese scholars and translators. According to Nida (Nida and Taber, 1969:12),translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message. He also distinguishes dynamic equivalence or functional equivalence from formal equivalence by maintaining that “dynamic equivalence is to be defined in terms of the degree to which the receptor of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptors in the SL” (Nida and Taber,1969: 24).绽萬璉轆娛閬蛏鬮绾瀧。Eg. 1:西湖在杭州市区的中部，面积约6.03平方公里。沿海四周，花木繁茂；群山之中，溪泉竞流；庭台楼阁，交相辉映；湖光山色，千古风情，令多少人流连忘返。“上有天堂，下有苏杭”的赞话真实恰如其分。骁顾燁鶚巯瀆蕪領鲡赙。 Situated to the west of Hangzhou, the West Lake area covers 6.03 square kilometers. The causeways ,bridges, pavilions, springs, trees and flowers in and around the West Lake make it a paradise on earth, where one cannot tear himself away.瑣钋濺暧惲锟缟馭篩凉。The original fully reflects the subtleties and beauty of Chinese, but if every word is translated, the translation is bound to long and complicated and does not conform to the characteristics of English scenery. The translation was handled fairly in place, the original four-character idioms cell stack to “the causeways, bridges, pavilions, springs, trees and flowers in and around the West Lake make it a paradise on earth” in attributive clause with main clause “ where one cannot tear himself away”. It expresses the momentum and the charm of the original text in concise; it will read coherent, while you can deeply understand its meaning.鎦诗涇艳损楼紲鯗餳類。Eg. 2 荔湾又称西关，地处广州中心城区西部，辖区总面积16.2平方公里，常住人口53万，是广州最具有岭南特色的旅游名区和最繁华的商贸中心区之一，有着“不到荔湾就不算到过广州”的美誉。栉缏歐锄棗鈕种鵑瑶锬。译文：located in the west of downtown Guangzhou ,Liwan, also called “Xiguan”, covers 16.2 square kilometers and has a resident population of 530,000. It is the tourist attraction with most distinct Lingnan ( south of the Five Ridges) features and one of the most prosperous commercial centers in Guangzhou. Therefore, people say that visitors will not have a real taste of Guangzhou if they dont come to Liwan.辔烨棟剛殓攬瑤丽阄应。The original text mainly expresses its information function and cognitive function. Through the literal translation, the translation presents the reader an accurate information about the location, population and tourism value o