《雾都孤儿》——批判现实主义的力作英文毕业论文.doc

本科生毕业论文本科生毕业论文 雾都孤儿雾都孤儿 批判现实主义的力作批判现实主义的力作 院院 系 系 外国语学院外国语学院 专专 业 业 英英 语语 Oliver Twist A Masterpiece of Critical Realism I 摘要摘要 维多利亚时代是英国现实主义小说的辉煌时代 查尔斯 狄更斯是英国 十九世纪最杰出的批判现实主义作家 狄更斯从民主资本主义和人道主义的立 场出发 揭露英国社会丑恶和不公 批判资本主义制度 他的作品主要以写 实笔法揭露上层社会和资产阶级的虚伪 贪婪和凶残 并对贫苦人民的不 幸 特别是妇女 儿童和老人的悲惨处境 表示了极大的同情 矚慫润厲钐瘗 睞枥庑赖 雾都孤儿 是狄更斯第一部结构严谨 情节连贯的批判现实主义小说 它以资本主义社会为背景 描写了英国伦敦贫苦儿童的悲惨生活 本文将全面 阐述 雾都孤儿 这部小说创作的历史背景 社会环境和人物特征 分析狄更 斯 雾都孤儿 批判现实主义的创作用意和艺术特征 进而挖掘批判现实主义 对西方文学的影响及贡献 聞創沟燴鐺險爱氇谴净 关键词 关键词 查尔斯 狄更斯 雾都孤儿 批判现实主义 II Abstract Victorian age is a magnificent time of the English realistic novels Charles Dickens is the greatest representative of English critical realism in the nineteenth century Dickens exposed the chief traits of English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic and humanistic viewpoint His works expose the social upper classes and bourgeois hypocrisy greed ruthlessness and show deepest sympathy with the lower class especially women children and the elderly 残骛楼諍锩瀨濟溆塹籟 Oliver Twist is Dickens first structured and coherent realistic novel It takes the English capitalist society as the background describing the miserable life of London poor children Based on the study of the creation background social environment and characters of Oliver Twist this essay is to analyze the writer s intention and artistic characteristics in Oliver Twist Furthermore the paper further studies the impact and the contribution that the critical realism made on western literature 酽锕极額閉镇桧猪訣锥 Key Words Charles Dickens Oliver Twist Critical Realism 彈贸摄尔霁毙攬砖卤庑 III Table of Contents Acknowledgements I謀荞抟箧飆鐸怼类蒋薔 摘要 II厦礴恳蹒骈時盡继價骚 Abstract III茕桢广鳓鯡选块网羈泪 Table of Contents IV鹅娅尽損鹌惨歷茏鴛賴 Chapter 1 Introduction 1籟丛妈羥为贍偾蛏练淨 Chapter 2 General Introduction to Oliver Twist 4預頌圣鉉儐歲龈讶骅籴 2 1 The Synopsis of the Novel 4渗釤呛俨匀谔鱉调硯錦 2 2 Literature Review 5铙誅卧泻噦圣骋贶頂廡 2 3 The Comments of the Novel 6擁締凤袜备訊顎轮烂蔷 Chapter 3 Critical Realism in Oliver Twist 8贓熱俣阃歲匱阊邺镓騷 3 1 The Definition of Critical Realism 8坛摶乡囂忏蒌鍥铃氈淚 3 2 Charles Dickens the Greatest English Realist 9蜡變黲癟報伥铉锚鈰赘 3 3 The Critical Realism in Oliver Twist 10買鲷鴯譖昙膚遙闫撷凄 3 3 1 Condemnation of the Decay in the Society 11綾镝鯛駕櫬鹕踪韦辚糴 3 3 2Condemnation of the New Poor Law 12驅踬髏彦浃绥譎饴憂锦 3 3 3 Critical View of the Capitalistic System 13猫虿驢绘燈鮒诛髅貺庑 3 3 4 Critical View of the Morality of Money Worship 13锹籁饗迳琐筆襖鸥娅薔 Chapter 4 The Writing Skills of Critical Realism in Oliver Twist 15構氽頑黉碩饨荠龈话骛 4 1 Characters Creation 15輒峄陽檉簖疖網儂號泶 4 2 Humor and Satire 16尧侧閆繭絳闕绚勵蜆贅 4 3 Profound Symbol 17识饒鎂錕缢灩筧嚌俨淒 Chapter 5 Conclusion 19凍鈹鋨劳臘锴痫婦胫籴 Bibliography 21恥諤銪灭萦欢煬鞏鹜錦 本科毕业论文 1 Chapter 1 Introduction During the reign of Queen Victoria the English novel came of age swiftly and dramatically One innovation of Victorian novelists was Realism which presented a detailed portrait of life in nineteenth century England 鯊腎鑰诎褳鉀沩懼統庫 Many factors explain the rise of novels as a dominant genre during the Victorian age First England grew from an agricultural country into an industrialized one and became the workshop of the world as well as its financial and political center Second the writing had become a profession which made it possible for the writers to make a living by writing Third the conditions of the time the terrible poverty on the one hand and the enormous wealth on the other hand needed a secular form to explore human relations rather than sermons given in church 硕癘鄴颃诌攆檸攜驤蔹 The Victorian novelists were primarily concerned with people in society and with their relation to other people And the function of a novelist was also extended from mere description and moralization to social criticism All the evils of the existing institutions government law church education and penal systems with their injustice and corruption and the wretchedness were inflicted by bourgeois Many of the great novels of the day were rousing popular successes Cui Tong 2010 pointed out that for a great artist he should live with the people and maintain closely ties which reflected in the creation of the principle to follow and then he will certainly reflect the nature of some aspect in his works 阌擻輳嬪諫迁择楨秘騖 In the nineteenth century novelists are generally known as critical realists The novels explored the condition of the poor and the manners of the society satirized the individuals or institution advocated social reforms and providing diversion for people of all levels Wang Lei 2007 states that in their works the greed and hypocrisy and corruption of the upper class were contrasted with the honesty and kind heartedness of the obscure common people of the lower classes Humor and satire are the very important characteristic of the English realistic 本科毕业论文 2 novels 氬嚕躑竄贸恳彈瀘颔澩 With regard to the literary form the major contribution made by the nineteenth century critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel The realistic novels not only pictured the conflicts between separate individuals who stood for definite social status but also showed broad social conflicts above the fate of mere individuals Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray are regarded as the greatest of the Victorian period Dickens was praised as the Shakespeare in the novelists British Balzac Karl Marx 釷鹆資贏車贖孙滅獅赘 Charles Dickens is known as the portrayer of child life He is particularly famous for his vivid comic characterizations and his forceful social criticism By exposing the social injustice and the vices of the upper classes and by depicting the miserable existence of the common folks Dickens gives a truthful picture of capitalist England of the time shows his warm sympathy for the suffering broad masses of people and voices popular discontent His major works include Oliver Twist A Tale of Two Cities Great Expectations David Copperfield and so on 怂阐譜鯪迳導 嘯畫長凉 Oliver Twist 1836 1837 is based on real life materials such as the New Poor Law of 1834 and the current trial of a notorious fence and thief trainer By following the most unfortunate experience of a poor orphan boy Oliver the author means to give a vivid picture of the underworld with all kinds of thieves prostitutes and murderers as well as the horrible cruelty of the workhouse system of the time Here the titular hero Oliver in a strict sense is not really a hero being one of the most passive and inactive protagonists but he is there to supply the whole framework of the English society He belongs to the gentry class by birth and yet he grows up in the workhouse he is trained by Fagin to be a pickpocket an intrigue of his monstrous half brother Monks but he is too innocent and virtuous to be made one He is the first of that brilliant group of the child characters who are the very images of innocence love and honesty 谚辞調担鈧谄 动禪泻類 本科毕业论文 3 Today many scholars analyze Dickens Oliver Twist from the view of the plot and pattern the moral the social phenomena and so on Just as the most people s analysis Oliver Twist exposes its readers to a world of crime and meanness a dog eat dog world The paper analyzing the social phenomena and the essence of conflicts in Oliver Twist therefore help us to know the Critical Realism and historical literary in the nineteenth century 嘰觐詿缧铴嗫偽純铪锩 本科毕业论文 4 Chapter 2 General Introduction to Oliver Twist This chapter introduces the novel Oliver Twist generally It describes the synopsis of the story firstly then it introduces the current study about the novel and gives a brief comment of the novel 熒绐譏钲鏌觶鷹緇機库 2 1 The Synopsis of the Novel The novel tells the story of a poor child named Oliver Twist he is born in a workhouse in 1830s England His mother whose name no one knows is found on the street and dies just after Oliver s birth Oliver spends the first nine years of his life in a badly run home for young orphans and then is transferred to a workhouse for adults After the other boys bully Oliver into asking for more gruel at the end of a meal Mr Bumble the parish beadle offers five pounds to anyone who will take the boy away from the workhouse Oliver narrowly escapes being apprenticed to a local undertaker Mr Sowerberry When the undertaker s other apprentice Noah Claypole makes disparaging comments about Oliver s mother Oliver attacks him and incurs the Sowerberrys wrath Desperately Oliver runs away at dawn and travels London 鶼渍螻偉阅劍鲰腎邏蘞 Outside London Oliver starved and exhausted meets Jack Dawkins a boy of his own age Jack offers him shelter in the London house of his benefactor Fagin It turns out that Fagin is a career criminal who trains orphan boys to pick pockets for him After a few days of training Oliver is sent on a pick pocketing mission with two other boys When he sees them swipe a handkerchief from an elderly gentleman Oliver is horrified and runs off He is caught but narrowly escapes being convicted of the theft Mr Brownlow the man whose handkerchief was stolen takes the feverish Oliver to his home and nurses him back to health Oliver thrives in Mr Brownlow s home but two young adults in Fagin s gang Bill Sikes and his lover Nancy capture Oliver and return him to Fagin 纣忧蔣氳頑莶驅藥悯骛 Fagin sends Oliver to assist Sikes in a burglary Oliver is shot by a servant of the house and after Sikes escapes is taken in by the women who live there Mrs Maylies and her beautiful adopted niece Rose They grow fond of Oliver and he spends an idyllic summer with them in the 本科毕业论文 5 countryside but Fagin and a mysterious man named Monks are set on recapturing Oliver Meanwhile it is revealed that Oliver s mother left behind a gold locket when she died Monks obtains and destroys that locket When the Maylies come to London Nancy meets secretly with Rose and informs her of Fagin s designs but a member of Fagin s gang overhears the conversation When word of Nancy s disclosure reaches Sikes he brutally murders Nancy and flees London Pursued by his guilty conscience and an angry mob he inadvertently hangs himself while trying to escape 颖刍莖蛺饽亿顿裊赔泷 Mr Brownlow with whom the Maylies have reunited Oliver confronts Monks and wrings the truth about Oliver s parentage from him It is revealed that Monks is Oliver s half brother Their father Mr Leeford was unhappily married to a wealthy woman and had an affair with Oliver s mother Agnes Fleming Monks has been pursuing Oliver all along in the hopes of ensuring that his half brother is deprived of his share of the family inheritance Mr Brownlow forces Monks to sign over Oliver s share to Oliver Moreover it is discovered that Rose is Agnes s younger sister hence Oliver s aunt Fagin is hanged for his crimes Finally Mr Brownlow adopts Oliver and they and the Maylies retire to a blissful existence in the countryside 濫驂膽閉驟羥闈詔寢賻 2 2 Literature Review Since the novel Oliver Twist published many scholars comment on the Critical Realism in the novel 銚銻縵哜鳗鸿锓謎諏涼 Lu Jianguo 2004 analyzed the Critical Realism from the Dickens life the social background and the purpose of writing He thought Oliver Twist was Dickens first authentic novel and also was the first time that he led readers into a real but terrible life of underworld 挤 貼綬电麥结鈺贖哓类 Chen Qinglan 2006 from the children education problem to show the criticize realistic in Oliver Twist She pointed out Dickens raised many kinds social problems especially the problem of children education In his novel he cried hard for the mitering children and appealed 本科毕业论文 6 urgently that society schools and families must pay more attention to the children s education and take care of them and help them grow up in a healthy way 赔荊紳谘侖驟辽輩袜錈 Cui Tong 2010 commented Oliver Twist from the theory of knowledge and nature of Marxist to analyze the views on family marriage and moral of the three classes and discusses the social phenomena and the essence of conflict among proletariat bourgeoisie and aristocratic It exposes the bourgeoisie of exploitation and slanders on the proletariat 塤礙籟馐决穩賽釙冊庫 These studies reflect the difficult critical realism from different aspects However the critical realists didn t realize the necessity of changing the capitalist society through conscious human effort Dickens was unable to find a way to solve the social conflicts Oliver Twist starts from a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the capitalist society but have a happy ending at the end Here lies the weakness of the critical realism 裊樣祕廬廂颤谚鍘羋蔺 2 3 The Comments of the Novel Charles Dickens is the representative of the critical realist literature In British literary history he is the most important classic writer except William Shakespeare and is also one of the most famous writers in the world whose position can t be replaced Living in the British capitalist society from his own hardship together with the deep observation of the British social situation Dickens created numerous works with various styles among which the most famous are the novels Dickens s core idea is the capitalist humanitarianism His heart full of love and sympathy towards the oppressed although he cannot think of the effective measures to solve the social problems except that hopes that people can change the situation by reform He advocates freedom equality and charity thinking that the human nature decides the human value In his works Dickens maintains an unbroken faith in people with an entire pessimism as to capitalist society Liu Bingshan 1993 362 He is intent on criticizing and attacking the social evils the poverty injustice hypocrisy corruption money worship and so on In his enormous body of works he combined masterly storytelling humour pathos and irony with sharp social criticism and acute observation of people and places both real and imagined 仓嫗盤紲嘱珑詁鍬齊驁 本科毕业论文 7 In the preface to the novel Oliver Twist written in 1837 1838 Dickens proclaims himself a realist He makes his readers aware of the inhumanity of city life under capitalism The first eleven chapters provide a most bitter and thoroughgoing exposure of the terrible condition in the England workhouse of the time and the cruel treatment of a poor orphan by all sorts of philanthropists The famous scene in Chapter II selected here in which Oliver is beaten up and punished merely because he ventures to ask for an extra portion of gruel to alleviate his intolerable hunger is only one of the many details to show the extreme brutality and corruption of the oppressors and their agents Scenes like this abound in this novel from which we can see the great critical realist Charles Dickens voicing the helpless sufferings of the poor and oppressed of his time 绽萬璉轆娛閬蛏鬮绾瀧 本科毕业论文 8 Chapter 3 Critical Realism in Oliver Twist Since the Industrial Revolution in the second half of the 18th century the class structure in English society had undergone radical changes The industrial capitalists began to play a more important role and vied for political power with the old aristocracy 骁顾燁鶚巯瀆蕪領鲡赙 In this period of tense class struggle appeared a new literary trend critical realism The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes but also showed profound sympathy for the common people The realist novels not only pictured the conflicts between separate individuals who stood for definite social strata but also showed the broad social conflicts over and above the fate of mere individuals The greatest English realist of the time was Charles Dickens With striking force and truthfulness he creates pictures of bourgeois civilization describing the misery and suffering of the common people 瑣钋濺暧惲锟缟馭篩凉 3 1 The Definition of Critical Realism The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality 鎦诗涇艳损楼 紲鯗餳類 Karl Marx gave the following characterization of the works of critical realists The present brilliant school of novelists in England whose graphic and eloquent descriptions have revealed more politicians publicists and moralists added together has pictured all sections of the middle class beginning with the respectable retire and owner of government stocks who looks down on all kinds of business as being vulgar and finishing with the small shopkeeper and lawyer s clerk Wu Weiren 1988 栉缏歐锄棗鈕种鵑瑶锬 本科毕业论文 9 According to Holman Realism is in the broadest sense fidelity to actuality in its representation in literature Zhang Boxiang 1998 Realism is based on the accurate unromantic observation of human experience As for style and subject matter it insists on experiences description authentic action true to life dialogue moral honesty and a democratic openness 辔烨棟剛殓攬瑤丽阄应 Wei Jian 2008 was concluded the major factors of realist works 峴扬斕滾澗辐滠兴渙藺 1 Realism stresses truthful treatment of material in a straightforward or mater of fact manner rather than abstract interest in such substantial subjects as life death and nature 詩叁撻訥 烬忧毀厉鋨骜 2 In realist fiction Characters from all social levels are examined in depth Realists keep examining how characters relate to each other and stress the function of environment in shaping characters 则鯤愜韋瘓賈晖园栋泷 3 Realism focuses on common lives of the average people rather than characters as symbols 胀鏝彈奥秘孫戶孪钇賻 4 Realism emphasizes objectivity rather than idealistic views of human nature Simple clear direct prose is the desirable style of writing 鳃躋峽祷紉诵帮废掃減 5 Realism presents moral visions Realists are aware of the accepted social criteria and have a strong ethical sense about the right and wrong ways of doing things 稟虛嬪赈维哜妝扩踴粜 These definitions of critical realism cover all the aspects and these definitions put forward by scholars are reasonable in many ways and they are wisdom of several generation 陽簍 埡鲑罷規呜旧岿錟 3 2 Charles Dickens the Greatest English Realist沩氣嘮戇苌鑿鑿槠谔應 The greatest English realist of the time was Charles Dickens With a striking force and truthfulness he created pictures of bourgeois civiliz