文体学考试大题分析.docx

1 文体学考试大题分析The checklist of linguistic and stylistic categories:（看到文章，从这四个方面分析）A: Lexical categoriesB: Grammatical categoriesC: Figures of speechD. Cohesion and context细则：A: Lexical categories：1.GENERAL. How far does the writer make use of the emotive and other associations of words, as opposed to their referential meaning? Does the text contain idiomatic phrases, and if so, with what kind of dialect or register语域 are these idioms associated? To what semantic fields. do words belong?The checklist of lexical categories and their stylistic functions：1）NOUNSabstract *（抽象）society/idea, or concrete（具体） house/cat? What kinds of abstract nouns occur events： war/eruption, perceptions： understanding/consciousness, processes： development, moral： virtue social： responsibility, qualities： bravery What use is made of proper names? Are there any collective nouns people/staff?2）Adjectivereferring to what attribute? Physical： woolen psychological ：joyfulVisual： hilly square/snowy Auditory： bubbling/sizzling sensory： slippery/smooth Color： dark/red referential：big dog/white house Emotive： exited/happy Evaluative： good/fat/ bad/lazyGradable： young/tall/useful or non-gradable： atomic/British? Attributive： an utter fool or predicative he is ashore ? Restrictive the exact answer? Intensifying the simple truth / stative tall/long or dynamic abusive/ambitious?3)VerbsAre they stative cost/believe/remain, or dynamic walk/arrive? Do they refer to movements climb/jump/slide, physical acts spread/smell/taste/laugh, or speech acts persuade/decline/beg, psychological states or activities think/feel/imagine/know/love. or perceptions see/hear/feel? Are they transitive shut the door, intransitive the door shuts, or linking be/sound/seem/taste/ smell? Are they factive know/regret/forget/remember or non-factive believe/assume/consider/suppose/ think/ imagine? 4) Adverbs5) What semantic functions do they perform? Manner anxiously/ carefully/ loudly/ willingly? place away/along/across/upstairs/elsewhere?direction backwards/forward/up/down/in/out?time ago/already/finally/shortly/immediately? Are there any significant use of sentence adverbs? 1) adjuncts like happily, proudly, now, outside? 2) conjuncts like so, therefore, however? 3) disjuncts like certainly, obviously, frankly?B:Grammatical categories1. SENTENCE TYPESIf these other types are used, what is their function?2. SENTENCE COMPLEXITY. What is the average sentence length (in number of words)? What is the ratio of dependent to independent clauses?3 CLAUSE TYPES What types of dependent clause are favored: relative clauses, adverbial clauses, different types of nominal clauses (thatclauses, whclauses, etc)? ing clauses, ed clauses, verbless clauses)?.4.CLAUSE STRUCTURE. Do special kinds of clause construction occur? (Such as those with preparatory it or there)?5 NOUN PHRASESNote occurrence of listings (eg sequences of adjectives), coordination, or apposition.6. VERB PHRASES. Are there any significant departures from the use of the simple past tense? For example, notice occurrences and the functions of the present tense; of the progressive aspect (eg was lying); of the perfective aspect (eg has/had appeared);modal auxiliaries (eg can, must, would).7 OTHER PHRASE TYPES. Is there anything to be said about other phrase types: prepositional phrases, adverb phrases adjective phrases?8 WORD CLASSES.Having already considered major or lexical word classes, we may here consider minor word classes (function words): prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, determiners, auxiliaries, interjections.Are particular words of these types used for particular effect (eg the definite or indefinite article; first person pronouns I, we, etc; demonstratives such as this and that; negative words such as not, nothing, no) ?9 GENERAL. Note here whether any general types of grammatical construction are used to special effect Do lists and co-ordinations (e.g. lists of nouns) tend to occur with two, three or more than three members?C: Figures of speechfor example, exploitation of regularities of formal patterning, or of deviations from the linguistic code. For identifying such features, the traditional figures of speech (schemes and tropes) are often useful categories.1 GRAMMATICAL AND LEXICAL SCHEMES. (这一部分会和稍后说的第四部分略有重合）Are there any cases of formal and structural repetition (anaphora, parallelism, etc) or of mirrorimage patterns (chiasmus)? Is the rhetorical effect of these one of antithesis, reinforcement, climax, anticlimax, etc.?2 PHONOLOGICAL SCHEMES.Are there any phonological patterns of rhyme, alliteration, assonance, etc? Are there any salient rhythmical patterns? Do vowel and consonant sounds pattern or cluster in particular ways? How do these phonological features interact with meaning?3 TROPES修辞. Are there any obvious violations of, or departures from the linguistic code? For example, are there any neologisms (such as Americanly)? deviant lexical collocations (such as portentous怪异的 infants)? semantic, syntactic, phonological, or graphological deviations?Such deviations will often be the clue to special interpretations associated with traditional figures of speech such as metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, paradox, irony. If such tropes occur, what kind of special interpretation is involved (eg metaphor can be classified as personifying, animizing, concretizing, synaesthetic, etc)? D: Context and cohesionUnder COHESION衔接 ways in which one part of a text is linked to another are considered: for example, the ways in which sentences are connected. This is the internal organization of the text. Under CONTEXT we consider the external relations of a text or a part of a text, seeing it as a discourse presupposing a social relation between its participants (author and reader; character and character, etc), and a sharing by participants of knowledge and assumptions.I.COHESION. Does the text contain logical or other links between sentences (eg coordinating conjunctions, or linking adverbials)? Or does it tend to rely on implicit connections of meaning?What sort of use is made of crossreference by pronouns (she, it, they, etc)? by substitute forms (do, so, etc), or ellipsis? Alternatively, is any use made of elegant variation the avoidance of repetition by the substitution of a descriptive phrase (as, for example, the old lawyer or her uncle may substitute for the repetition of an earlier Mr. Jones)? Are meaning connections reinforced by repetition of words and phrases or by repeatedly using words from the same semantic field? 2.CONTEXT. Does the writer address the reader directly, or through the words or thoughts of some fictional character? What linguistic clues (first-person pronouns I, me, my, mine) are there of the addresser-addressee relationship? What attitude does the author imply towards his subject? If a characters words or thoughts are represented, is this done by direct quotation: direct speech), or by some other method (eg indirect speech. free indirect speech)? Are there significant changes of style according to who is supposedly speaking or thinking the words on the page? 以下这篇是老师给的一个例子：（咱们可以当作模版来用，但如果题目不一样，照上面）题目：From Joseph Conrad, The Secret SharerAnalysis：1.Lexical features nouns1)almost half the concrete nouns refer to things which divide the field of vision into geographical areas: domain, ocean, islets, sea, shore, sky, river, earth and so on.2)abstract lovative nouns, indicating geometrical features: lines, division, end, track, head, line, edge, joint and so on.All these nouns refer to objects of vision.General：the word eye is used repetedly in abstract nouns implying perception (aspect, sign, glitter, ripple, glance)and verbs like see, mark and lookTherefore, the passage is not only with objects of perception, but with the process of perceiving them.The writer avoids using verbs with a human agent, the eye instead as if had a will of its own. This evokes the feeling that the narrator is detached and powerless in the face of this immensity.2. Grammatical featuresSentence length：in words: 66-59-61-88-61-44-18Only after we have felt the isolation of the speaker in all its details and have seen the last vestige of human life disappear over the horizon, that we can understand the force of the simple statement.Sentence structure imitates the movement from the observers eye towards the distance. Sentences tend to end in a evocation of vastness and remoteness, as the eye reaches its limit of vision.Prepositions：Unusually large number of prepositions (9), particularly those of place and direction.The role of of is to relate two noun expressions together, and the former always an abstract noun and collecve noun,a group of barren islets,two small clumps of trees.This suggests that perception and cognition go hand in hand.3.Figures of speech：Simile，metaphor4.cohesion and context：No conspicuous use of logical and referential links.Most sentences begin with a reference to the first-person narrator. In the final sentence attention is abruptly brought back from the remote horizon to the observer himself.二其它题使用材料（1）修辞手法有以下10种：1. Simile 明喻1). as.asas white as a sheet /snow; as bold/brave as a lionas cool as a cucumber; as free as a birdas hungry as a hunter/hawk/bear/wolfas happy as a princeJim looks like his brother Bill. (not simile)Jim and Bill are as alike as two peas in a pod. (simile)As innocent as a baby; as light as a featherAs poor as a church mouse; as stubborn as a muleAs quick as a lightning/a flashHurry up! You walk as slow a snail.2). Like/asMy heart is like a singing bird whose nest is in a watered shoot.我的心像只鸣啼的小鸟在柔润的技条上筑着巢Wit without learning is like a tree without fruit.有天资而无学识，好比树木不结果实。Her happiness vanished like the morning dew.I wandered lonely as a cloud.Beauty is as summer fruits, which are easy to corrupt and cannot last.3). As if (as though)It rained as if the flood-gates of Heaven were opened, and it lighted awfully.4). Likento Doctors usually liken the heart to a pump. Life has often been likened to a journey.eto6). The way (in which) I should smell it the way a cat smells a mouse.7). Might as wellas You might as well throw your money into the ditch as give it to him.8). A is to B what C is to D Wit and humor are to conversation what salt is to food. (What salt is to food, that wit and humor are to conversation.)What lungs are to the body, what parks are to the city.9) No more than He had no more idea of money than a cow. 10). A and B Love and cough cannot be hid. A word and a stone let go cannot be recalled. Fish and visitors stink in three days. Truth and roses have thorns about them. Old friends and old wine are best. 11). to eat like a horse狼吞虎咽 to drink like a fish牛饮 like a drowned rat像落汤鸡一样 like a peacock among sparrows鹤立鸡群 like a hen on a hot girdle像热锅上的蚂蚁 as drunk as a rat烂醉如泥 as merry as a cricket快乐得像百灵鸟 as poor as a church mouse一贫如洗 as thin as a lath骨瘦如柴 as close as an oyster守口如瓶as stupid as a goose愚蠢如猪12).verbs and verbal phrases crawl like a snail; drink like a fish run like a hare; speak like a book sleep like a top/log They spent money like water. He is pitiless as steel, cold as frost. When in a fury, she is more savage than a tigress. Her face resembled a silver moon. She is as thin as a rake2. Metaphor 暗喻:1). 喻体直陈式A book that is shut is but a block.Age is my alarm oclock.A carpet of green grass cornered the slopes of the mountain.She was an angel of my life.2). 喻体半隐式We bubbled over with questions.The corridor was flooded with boys and girls. Dont monkey with the TV set.He doesnt have an idea of his own. He just parrots what other people say.A heavy silence blanketed the room.They stormed the speaker with questions.3). 喻体全隐式Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.His present hunger awoke and gnawed at him.Also he had money in his pocket, and as in the old days when a pay day, he made the money fly.4) Idioms:Teach a fish to swim班门弄斧 feather ones nest中饱私囊 beard the lion in his den虎口拔牙 add insult to injury雪上加霜 cast pearl before swine对牛弹琴 hold the candle to the devil助纣为虐 cry up wine and sell vinegar挂羊头，卖狗肉 fish in the air水中捞月 lock the stable door after the horse is stolen 亡羊补牢 kill two birds with one stone一箭双雕 set a fox to keep ones geese引狼入室 let sleeping dogs lie不要打草惊蛇 kick against pricks以卵击石 hold the wolf by the ears/take the bull by the horns骑虎难下a flash in the pan昙花一现 sit on two chairs/stand between two boats/ride two horses at the same time脚踩两只船 3. Personification拟人:Flowers peeped out from among the leaves.I watched the moonlight dancing on the ripples of the lake.The fields breathes sweet, the daisies kiss our feet.All day long the sea sobbed with sorrow4.Metonymy 借代 换喻:1). A container for its contentThe kettle is boiling.After her husband left her, Wendy took to the bottle.Mrs. Reed was so hospitable that she entertained her guests with a good table from time to time.This film star has a large wardrobe.Sorry, my pocket cant afford such a pair of shoes.2). A place for the peopleThe minute Presley took the stage, the museum hall burst into cheers.普雷斯利一登台，整个音乐厅爆发出一片欢呼声。The whole town attended the funeral.If the grave were perceivable, it would be weeping in grief.3). A location for the institution or organizationDowning Streetthe British cabinet, the British governmentFleet Streetthe British pressthe White Housethe US governmentKremlingovernment of the former Soviet Union4). An instrument for its userThe pen is mightier than the sword.The surgeon convinced her that she could only be saved by a timely scalpel.He believed that the gun was not so much as the plough.5. Synecdoche提喻法:1). A part for the wholeMany hands make light work.This famous port used to be a harbour which was crowded with masts.During my stay in Rwanda, when I came across the hungry mouths, big or small, I felt quite sympathetic and helpless as well.Walls have ears.Grey hair is taken good care of.Uncle Sam山姆大叔the United States of America John Bull约翰牛England; English peopleHis ruddy countenance and stout figure made him look a genuine John Bull. 2). The whole for the partChina beat South Korea 3 to 1 at badminton, Kuala Lumpur.The TV is out of order.Then he cut me and took the appendix and stitched me up again.3). Material for the thing made Nowadays more and more people have a liking for cotton. At dinner, I would have some grape.6. Euphemism委婉1). Euphemisms for die”He is gone. He is no more. Pass away.close ones life, be departed from us.Breathed ones last, fell a sleep, closed ones eyes.Went to his last home. Paid the debt of natureJoined his ancestors, took his last sleep, be finished.Went out like the snuff of a candle.2) . Euphemism for “drunk”.He is in his cups. He is merry. He is smelling of the cork.He had a drop too much. He is glorious.He is reeling摇摆,蹒跚.3) All music is alike to him. 不懂Success is yet for to seek.远没成功4). 使用带否定前缀或后缀的反义词foolishunwisefalseuntruthfulrudeimpoliteblindsightlessbaldhair disadvantaged5).通过简写省掉某些音节 cancerCa, big C lavatory厕所lav call girlC-girl garbage manG-man queerQ(男同行恋） drunk and disorderly (酒后滋事）D DFat： plump, stout, mighty, chubby, heavyset, heavyside, outsize, full-figure7. Irony：This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week.If people keep telling you to quit smoking cigarette, dont listenTheyre probablyTrying to trick you into living. Robbing a widow of her savings is really a noble act.8.Transferred Epithet 移就：shifting a modifier from the animate to the inanimate, as in the phrases cheerful money, sleepless night, and suicidal sky.The girl maintained a silent hostility and avoided looking at me.His coward lips died from their colour fly.She watched him in trembling silence.She tossed on her sleepless bed all last night.9.Overstatement and understatement：In the dock, she found scores of arrows piercing her chest.站在被告席上，她感到万箭穿心。His anger nearly burst his belly. 他气得肚子简直炸裂了。Everybody was clapping their hands off.每人都把手掌拍掉了。10.Oxymoron矛盾修辞法：1). adj. + n. living death, hating love, a vanquished victor, a cheerful pessimist , lever fool, cruel kindness, delicious pain, beautiful tyrant, honorable villain.2). adj. + adj. + n. a cool warm embrace, an honest unscrupulous merchant, a stormy tranquil night3 Linguistic VariationLanguage varies according to users and uses User-related variation: dialect (region),sociolect (social group)p.27 Use-related (or functional) variation:register; languages for special purposes(LSP), e.g., language of scienceKey words:1. register (field, tenor and mode)：Register: a variety of language distinguished according to use. (Halliday) .It consists of various situational features - especially those related to field，tenor and mode”(Halliday)。Subset of language as defined by purpose and setting2. Genre：All of these can determine or be defined, to greater or lesser extent, in terms ofVocabularySyntaxPhonologyMorphologyPragmaticsParalinguistic features(Non-linguistic correlates) Tenor relates to degree of formality：p.76FormalityAppropriateness of more or less formal phonology, lexis, syntaxIntimacyUse of private, shared meaningsI