3word classes(1).ppt

CACE WordClasses WordclassesinEnglishandChinese TopicsfortodayInfinitivemarker to ArticlesclassifiersSentencefinalparticlesTopicstocomePrepositionsTenseandaspect Verb related Modifiers adjective related chap 5 part2 Noun relatedclasses Infinitemarker to VerbsinEnglishsentencesshouldcarrytenseinformation i e be tense marked unlessotherwisemarkedwithinfinitivemarker to verbalparticle freemorpheme progressivemarker ing presentparticiple boundmorpheme perfectivemarker ed pastparticiple bound NounsinEnglishareinflectedfornumber e g onebook twobooks andcase e g Sarah sbook Thereferenceofanounisspecifiedwithdeterminers includingarticles possessives demonstratives numeralsandquantifiers a an themy your this those one threehundred every any no neither many plentyof several Nouns EnglishNP Det NArticlesarethemostcommonandmostbasicoftheEnglishdeterminers markingindefiniteordefinitereferenceofNouns ChineseNP DetClNChinesedeterminersdonotincludearticles ClassifiersareanimportantpartofChineseNPs markingintrinsicandcognitivepropertiesofnouns Articles indefinitevs definite Theindefinitearticleisusedwithsingularcountablenouns andnarrowsdownthereferenceofthefollowingnountoasinglememberofaclass Theindefinitearticleisoftenusedtointroduceanewspecificentityindiscourse andsubsequentreferencesgenerallytaketheformofdefiniteNPsorpersonalpronouns Thedefinitearticlecombineswithbothcountableanduncountablenouns ItspecifiesthatthereferentoftheNPisassumedtobeknowntothespeakerandtheaddressee Acatwasthevictimofacruelattackwhenshewasshotintheneckbyapellet ThetortoiseshellcatwasfoundwoundedandfrightenedinGrangetownandbroughttoananimalsanctuary Thepelletwentrightthroughthecat sneckandcameouttheotherside leavingagapingwound Acat1wasthevictimofacruelattackwhenshe1wasshotintheneckbyapellet2 Thetortoiseshellcat1wasfoundwoundedandfrightenedinGrangetownandbroughttoananimalsanctuary Thepellet2wentrightthroughthecat1 sneckandcameouttheotherside leavingagapingwound Ithinkthere ssomebodyatthedoornow A He safarmer B Buthowcanhemakemoneylikethat A Costheygetmoneyoffthegovernmentdon tthey farmers A Couldyougetmefromtheshelftheblackpen B Whichshelf A Thebigonewithallthepicsontop Definitearticle thesharedsituationalcontextofthespeakerandhearer Definitearticle extensivepragmaticinferencingonthepartoftheaddressee Awomanandachildhadanarrowescapeyesterdaywhentheircarlefttheroad Theaccidenthappenedatabout9 25amatMarksTey nearColchester Ampofowasbeingoutboxed butthenamazinglyputhisopponentdowninthethirdandfifthrounds Thenewchampion wholostthetitletoReganayearago said TouseanIndefinitearticleoradefinitearticle Whetherthespeakerbelievesthehearerisabletolocateadefinitereferenceofthenounincognition Theplaneisabouttotakeoff Pleasefastenaseatbelt theseatbelt seatbelt yourseatbelt Zero article Zeroarticleisusedwithuncountablesandwithpluralcountablenouns Zero articleNPscommonlyexpressnon specificorgenericreference Wehavewineonthetable girls drinkit Beeris quiterightly Britain sfavoriteFridaynightdrink Horsesareintelligentanimals Flowersbloomallovertheyard Whentousethezeroarticle 1 MealsAretheygoingoutfordinnerorsomething Shetriedtorecallthesightofthemstandinginthehallafterlunch Cf Byebyedear thanksforthelunch Thedinnerwasexcellent exquisite Isthereferencetothemealasaninstitutionorisaspecificmealsingledout Whentousethezeroarticle 2 InstitutionsTheceremonytookplaceinchurch Wewereatuniversitytogether Cf Thechurchservesapopulationof18 000 Theuniversityhasincreasedthenumberofstudentscomparedwithpreviousyears Isthefocusonthetypeofinstitutionoronaspecificentity Whentousethezeroarticle 3 MeansoftransportandcommunicationGobybus sea coach plane trainContactbyradio telephoneSendbymail post satellitelinkCf Shetookthetraintothecampus Hesawmeoffonthebus Youremindmeofabirthdaypresentsomebody ssentthroughthemail Whentousethezeroarticle 4 TimesofdayTomorrowatdawnwe llbeginourjourney Cf Shesatandwaitedforthedawn Days months andseasonsItwasontheradioonSunday Whenwintercomesin12weeks they llfreeze Cf ThatwastheSundaybeforewemoved MostofthewinterIneverseedaylight Whentousethezeroarticle 5 PredicativeswithuniquereferenceLukmanwasre electedOPECpresidentinNov JezZanismanagingdirectorofArgonautSoftware Cf Heisamemberofallthreeorgansofgovernment Hewasmadeanhonorarymemberoftheclub Whentousethezeroarticle 6 ParallelstructureHetraveledfromcountrytocountry Shehashadtomakethedifficulttransitionfromchildtoadultstar Thisbroadlyrelatestocommunicationbetweenlawyerandclient Oftenfrozenidiomaticexpressions fromstarttofinisheyetoeye Whentousethezeroarticle 7 BlocklanguageFoundinnewspaperheadlines labels notices FirekillsteenagerafterhoaxCf Ateenagerdiedinablazeathishomeafterfiremenweredivertedbyacallthatturnedouttobeastudentprank Whentousethezeroarticle 8 VocativesFormsofaddressI llseeyoulater mate Doyouwantthat baby Nohardfeelings Doctor Teacher Teacher Teacher ForafulldescriptionandclassificationofarticlesinEnglish pleaserefertosection4 4 1 Thearticles inBiberetal 2002 Biber D Conrad S andLeech G 2002 LongmanStudentGrammarofSpokenandWrittenEnglish PearsonEducation ExerciseonEnglisharticles Seeexercisesheet SemanticsofChineseclassifiersandcognition EnglishChineseclassifierphrasePropertiesequivalentnumeralclassifiernouncognitiveintrinsicarainbow一条彩虹longitudinalnaturealeg一条腿longi humanasnake一条蛇longi animalacucumber一条黄瓜longi vegetableascarf一条围巾longi man made ForafulldescriptionandclassificationofmeasurewordsinChinese pleaserefertosection7 9 Measures inChao 1968 ChaoY R 赵元任 1968AGrammarofSpokenChineseBerkeleyandL A UniversityofCaliforniaPress SentencefinalparticlesinChinese 他不愿意啊他不愿意吗他不愿意吧他不愿意呢他不愿意呗他不愿意了他不愿意的 DiscussionquestionWhatarethemeanings functionsoftheseparticles Isthereacoremeaningforthem HowaretheytranslatedintoEnglish Coremeaningof ba speaker suncertainty说话者对其所说的内容 方式或有关语境 表示没有十分把握 而对之略显 迟疑 Howis ba translatedinEnglish ExpressionsandStructures 你们今天晚上要出去吧 猜测性提问 Youaregoingouttonight aren tyou 我们走吧 建议 Let sgo 甲 我们晚上去看电影 你去不去 乙 好吧 迟疑 OK withalevelintonation 甲 我捐一百块 乙 这是做好事呀 你应该多捐一点嘛 甲 那我就捐两百吧 勉强同意 Well inthatcase I lldonate 200 情态动词e g must can may 这两天您心里安顿了吧 茶馆 YourExcellency MasterPang Youmustbefeelingalotmorerelaxedthesepastfewdays 四凤 对鲁贵 我不信 您看错了吧 雷雨 Idon tbelieveit Youmusthavemadeamistake 怎么好意思叫你们等呢 你们先走吧 反正有赵先生陪我 赵先生 你要骂我了 围城 HowcanIaskyoualltowait Youcangoonahead InanycaseMr Chaocangowithme Mr Chao you llscoldme 各类语气情态附加语e g perhaps just ofcourse please allright Isuppose Ithink Idoubt Ihope A 什么时候轮到你啊 B 明年吧 Nextyear probably 鲁贵 哦 好孩子 我早知道你是个孝顺孩子 雷雨 Ialwaysknewyoulovedyourolddad mydear 四凤 这样 您让我上楼去吧 Perhapsnowyou llletmegoupstairsafterallthat 别管这个闲事吧 You dbetterjustmindyourbusiness 周朴园 她为什么不再找到周家 雷雨 Butwhydidn tshegobacktotheChou s 鲁妈 大概她是不愿意吧 Idon texpecttheideaappealedtoher 周蘩漪 哦 你是你的父亲的儿子 这些月你特别不来看我 是怕你的父亲 Isee soyouareyourfather sson Isupposethereasonyou vemadeapointofnotcomingtoseemelatelyisthatyou reafraidofyourfather 周萍 也可以说是怕他 才这样的吧 Isupposeyoucouldputitlikethat 周萍 对蘩漪 你叫我说什么 我看你上楼睡去吧 Whatisthereformetotell Ithinkyou dbettergouptobed IntonationTimetocallMichelle 中平略上扬语调 是打电话给Michelle的时候了吧 这号生意又不小吧 茶馆 Anotherbigdeal 人总得活着吧 茶馆 Onehastolive 句子的 中平略上扬语调 所隐含的意义 正好与 吧 所表示的不确定性殊途同归 表现出说话人迟疑 并想要得到对方的肯定 1 ImperativesBetterthannone It ssadworkdancingwithoneofyourownsex Now pickandchoose TessoftheD Urbervilles 苔丝 总比一个都没有强 女的跟女的跳 可没劲啦 来 挑一个吧 Howis ba usedintranslatingEnglishintoChinese Thatdoesn tmatter Drawmeasheep TheLittlePrince 小王子 没有关系 给我画一只羊吧 Ishouldliketoseeasunset domethatkindness Orderthesuntoset 我想看日落 请求您 命令太阳落