直接间接引语.doc

直接引语和间接引语引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号“ ”标出，叫做直接引语；用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语，实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句（其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外，其转换后是不定式）。那么直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句，转换为间接引语时，句子的结构，人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化，如何变化呢? 一、人称的转变 1、直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如： He said，“I am very sorry.” He said that he was very sorry. 2、直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如：“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me. My father told me that I should be more careful the next time. 3、直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称，如：She said to her son, “Ill check your homework tonight.” She said to her son that she would check his homework that nigh 4、人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如： He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?” He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon. 总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。 二、时态的转换 直接引语改为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）的谓语动词变成过去时范畴的各种时态（即宾语从句的时态要求），变化如下： 直接引语 间接引语 直接引语 间接引语一般现在时 一般过去时 现在完成时 过去完成时一般过去时 过去完成时 过去完成时 过去完成时现在进行时 过去进行时 过去进行时 过去进行时一般将来时 过去将来时 例如：“I am very glad to visit your school”, she said. She said she was very glad to visit our school. Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music.” Tom said that they were listening to the pop music. Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV?” Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV. He asked the conductor(售票员), “Where shall I get off?” He asked the conductor where he would get off. “Why did she refuse to go to the party?” the teacher asked. The teacher asked why she had refused to go to the party. Mother asked, “Had you finished your homework before you watched TV?” Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV. Tom said, “We were having a football match this time yesterday.”Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before. He said, “I havent heard from my parents these days.”He said that he hadnt heard from his parents those days. 三、直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况 1、当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或将来时的时候，如： He always says, “I am tired.” He always says that he is tired. He will say, “Ill try my best to help you.” He will say that he will try his best to help me. 2、当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间或由when, while引导的表示过去的时间状语从句时，如： He said, “I went to college in 1994.” He told us that he went to college in 1994. He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.” He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school. 3、当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，如： Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.”Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound. 4、当引语是谚语、格言时，如： He said，“Practice makes perfect.”He said that practice makes perfect.5、如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式，（例：ought to， had better, used to，must)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）则不再变，如： The doctor said, “Youd better drink plenty of water.” The doctor said Id better drink plenty of water. He said, “She must be a teacher.”He said that she must be a teacher. The teacher said, “You neednt hand in your compositions today.”The teacher said we neednt hand in our compositions. She asked, “Must I take the medicine?”She asked if she had to take the medicine. 注：此处用had to代替must更好 四、时间状语、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化 1、时间状语： 直接引语（ 间接引语 ） nowthen； tomorrowthe next / following day todaythat day； next weekthe next / following week / month yesterdaythe day before； two days agotwo days beforelast week/month/yearthe week/month/year before； this week/month/yearthat week/month/year 2、指示代词：this 变成that；these 变成those 3、地点状语：here变成there 如：She said, “I wont come here any more.” She said that she wouldnt go there any more. 4、动词：come变成go；bring变成take 注意：此外转述中的变化要因实际情况而定，不能机械照搬，如果当地转述，here不必改为there, 动词come不必改为go，如果当天转述yesterday, tomorrow, this afternoon等均不必改变。如： Teacher: You may have the ball game this afternoon. Student: What did the teacher say, Monitor? Monitor: He said we might have the ball game this afternoon. 五、直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化 1、直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可用直接引语中的said, 也可用told来代替，注意，可以说said (to sb.)that, told sb. that，不可直接说told that, 如： He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.” He said （to us）that he had been to the Great Wall. He said, “Ill give you an exam next Monday.” He told us that he would give us an exam the next Monday.（不可说told that） 此外主句中的谓语还常有： repeat, whisper, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think等，又如：He said，“Im late because of the heavy traffic.”He explained to us that he was late because of the heavy traffic. 如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可以省略，以后的连词一般不省略，以免混乱。（同宾语从句）The doctor said, “You are not seriously ill. You will be better soon.” The doctor said（that）I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon. 2、直接引语如果是一般疑问句，选择疑问句或反意疑问句，变为间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句（必须用陈述句语序），原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked（me/him/us等）。He said, “Do you have any difficulty with grammar?” He asked（me）whether/if I had any difficulty with my grammar. He said, “You are interested in English, arent you?” He asked whether I was interested in English. He asked, “Do you speak English or French?”He asked me whether I spoke English or French. 3、直接引语为特殊疑问句时，变为间接引语应该改为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句（必须用陈述句语序），主句的谓语动词用ask（sb.）来表达。如： He asked，“Whats your name?”He asked（me）what my name was. He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country?” He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country. 4、直接引语如果是祈使句，变为间接引语应改为tell/ask/order/advise/warn/beg sb. (not) to do sth.句型 He said，“Be seated, please.” He asked us to be seated. “Look out for that dog.” He said.He told me to look out for that dogDont make any noise, The teacher said to the students.The teacher told (ordered) the students not to make any noise.Bring me a cup of tea, please, said she. She