Drive of Desire in Sister Carrie 英语专业毕业论文.doc

Drive of Desire in Sister CarrieChapter I Introduction Since ancient China, people have never been encouraged to relieve their desire, as the old saying goes: get rid of desire is the common moral in China. Nevertheless, in recent years, with the globalization and Chinas wider opening to the outside world, Chinese people begin两个动词时态有问题 to look at themselves deeply and they realized that desires are basic elements of life. They begin to release themselves from the shackles piled up over these years. The liberation of the attitude of desires has greatly enriched peoples lives. On the other hand, 前面没有on one hand, 突然来个这，很奇怪desires also give rise to numerous problems of indulging, such as corruption, boast, robbing and so on. These also arouse many negative social influences. In fact, desires are physiological driving power and their functions are depending on the way one apply them. From this point of view, we should explore and analysis further about desire and find out the reasonable and appropriate way for desire applying to bring genuine happiness to people. It is clearly that desire is the real subject of Theodore Dreisers Sister Carrie. What is more, Dreiser creates this topic new and original by describing Desire as Hero”. Undoubtedly, his viewpoint touched off a terrible argument. 空行太多了。One of the opposition leaders, Randolph Bourne, thinks insistent theme of Mr. Dreisers work is desire, perennial, unquenchable and that desires within us that pounds in manifold guise against the iron walls of experience. 这句话我搞不清楚语法，是我引用。所以也不好改。“引用的就原封不动的转过来。不要改动和删减。 Under the affection of the worlds opinion, His attitude is too radical to comment this essay objectively. Both of these fanatical supporters and of opponents see desire as isolated, static and one-sided. Compare to them, the temperate opinions win more recognition. As one of the intermediate sections, Irving Howe observes that desire is personal affirmation and they can neither articulate nor suppress, harried by a desire for personal affirmation, a desire they can neither articulate nor suppress.引用的原话是这样的“删去they 语法就对了。“and the attitude represents the objective existence of desires. Through the analysis of the key characters in Sister Carrie, this paper defines desire from three aspects: emotion, Philosophy and psychoanalysis. Then the author gets the conclusion that desire is an objective drive and peoples consciously behavior is driven by desires hanging from用的特别膈应？ 你看看吧“+ing” as easy as eating to as complicated as finishing a great project. Overall, the society is always closely connected to desire, so it would not emphasize the importance of desire too much. In order to be successful in boundless prospects and glorious life, it is necessary for us to face the desire in an objective and candid way and to know the reasonable and appropriate way to handle and apply desires. From the essay, the author draws a natural conclusion that the drive of desire is so great that it can direct and even change an individuals life. 又空多了。Then it could help people face the desire in an objective and candid way, thus handle and apply it in a reasonable way.Chapter II Concepts of DesireThis chapter makes an analysis of definitions of desire from three aspects: emotion, philosophy and psychoanalysis. It concludes that desire exists in subject. Desire can also be controlled and used of by volition of human beings下空一行。. 2.1 The Definition of Desire in Emotion Desire is an emotion yearning for something or somebody that expresses the same sense as craving and eagerness. 又空多了。所有的自己再在检查一遍。Someone can become exciting, enjoyment in the process of wanting something or someone. As the same times, they will make a great effort to reach their goals. In brief, Desire is a sense as defined by the philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) of that human desire is the fundamental driving force of all human activities. Recommended as the indispensable elements, desire is also required in some realigns such as in Buddhism. For getting the highest possible stage in Buddhism, monks must cut the flow of desire completely. Therefore, the most useful way to train monks is by working with motivational process based on skillful desire applying. Buddha assert that under the early Buddhist scriptures, Monks should create a desire to promote the skills in desire abandoning. The desires are identical with emotional in non-professionals mind. In fact, they are different from emotions because desires arise from persons physical state and emotions always arise from external environment. However, desire and emotion have a lot of common and emotions are familiar to most people, so desire can be understood through emotion. Likened to emotions, desire also can be utilized in our daily life. Marketing and advertising companies apply psychological research of desire on how to discover effective ways to stimulate the desire of attracting consumes in purchasing products or services. There are two means used extensively: first, to make a sense of lack or wanting. Second, to create desire connecting with desirable attributes in products. From this social phenomenon, it is easy to see that, desire could be affected just like the emotion.Desires are not only used in the substance field but also used in the article world. Many romance novels were creating on the theme of desire. These novels often show the story about human desire impeded by social conventions, class or cultural barriers. The most famous novel among them is Romeo and Juliet. Besides, desire also is portrayed as the topic in other literary genres. For instance, desire is blended with scary and anxiety in some gothic novel such as Dracula written by Bram Stoker. Whats more, from W.B.Yeats to T.S.Eliot, these poets have written the themes of desire in their work. As the central in the written fiction genre of romance, desire is also the central theme of melodrama films only in these showing “crises of human emotion, failed romance of friendship” to heighten audience emotions这段也是引用的，反正我觉得语法很奇怪。 .Though desires act thwarted and darkness, they are required. 2.2 The Definition of Desire in Philosophy and PsychoanalysisSince ancient times, desires are philosophical problems in philosophy. Plato stated the point in his work, Aristotles De Anima, that desire is a drive of animals communication and movement. In The Public, he states that individual desires should be used for realizing the higher ideal. At last, he recognizes that reasoning also has relevance to desire. Hobbes defines psychological hedonism with the concept of fundamental motivation of all human action is the desire for pleasure.” Spinoza had contrary opinion with Hobbes, holding the opinion of he saw natural desires as a form of bondage. Hume asserts desires and passions are non-cognitive, automatic bodily responses. In short, he thinks that reasoning is capable only of devising means to ends set by desire.” (Freuds Papers on Technique, 1953-1954)The famous psychologist Kant has said: called any action based on desires a hypothetical imperative,” meaning by this that it is a command of reason that applies only if one desires the goal in question.这句也是引用的 语法也奇怪。“引用的就不要管，但是不要抄的时候抄多或抄少了。 Kant also established a relation between the beautiful and pleasure in Critique of Judgment. Hegel claimed, Self-consciousness is desire.Desire is one of the main causes of woe for humans because it can cause humans to become obsessed and embittered. 到处啊，都空多了，小心打家伙啊！During the teachings of Buddhism, all suffering that one experiences in human existence causes desire. The eradication of desire leads one to terminal happiness, or Nirvana. Desire for salutary things, though, is liberating and enhancing. While the stream of desire for sense-pleasures must be cut eventually, a practitioner on the path to liberation is encouraged by the Buddha to generate desire for the fostering of skillful qualities and the abandoning of unskillful ones.Chapter Drive of Desire in Major Characters of Sister CarrieAccording to the analysis of each character in the novel Sister Carrie, it reflects that the drive of desire plays a crucial role in humans actions, which emphasizes the importance of the ability of controlling desire下面每节中空一行。.3.1 Desire for Position Position is the standard that used to separate common people from the noble. It is a symbol of supervisor rights. It is also called as the upper stage basing on the stronger rights and wealth. It includes army noble, lords temporal and religious aristocracy. According the record, prime nobility is spring of warrior class in the feudal age. At that time, knights and nobles were allowed to wear warriors after they finished the ceremony in which they swore allegiance to their sovereign and promised to fight for him in exchange for allocation of land and usually lived there together with serfs. The invention of the Musket slowly removed the privately owned and manipulated armies of nobles in feudal societies during the period of the Military Revolution. Gradually, nobility only keep the function as the symbol of high position. The nobility of a person could be inherited and earned. The most general and strict sense of nobility is an acknowledged preeminence which is hereditary, That is, all male and legitimate descendants of nobles are nobles, unless exactly stripped of the privilege. Latterly, one person only could inherit the noble. Except for that, with the coming of the capitalism, the number of noble began to decline and become footy. In modern times, money and rights have the place of noble, becoming the symbol of upper class. Moreover, the money and right are easier to get than the noble titles. Therefore, the instability of the high position attracts more crazy desire for position.The story of Sister Carrie happened in the period of monopolization capitalism when people begin to get rid of the rule in religious and start to chase the position based on other instability elements. At that time, the desire for position has reached the top. 3.1.1 Carrie Meebers Desire for Position At the beginning of the novel, Carrie, the village girl, Soon after her entry into Chicago, is attracted by the varieties merchants and occurs the strong desire of belonging these objects. Even before she entrances the downtown, she notices the charming fashion clothe of Charles H. Drouet. “From his coat sleeves protruded a pair of linen cuffs of the same pattern, fastened with large, gold plate buttons, set with the common yellow agates known as cats-eyes. His fingers bore several rings-one, the ever-enduring heavy seal-and from his vest dangled a neat gold watch chain, from which was suspended the secret insignia of the Order of Elks. The whole suit was rather tight fitting, and was finished off with heavy-soled tan shoes, highly polished, and the grey fedora hat. He was, for the order of intellect represented, attractive, and whatever he had to recommend him, you may be sure was not lost upon Carrie, in this, her first glance.” (Sister Carrie, 1975) In the first sight on Drouet, she draw attention on his clothe and these clothe left a good impression. Therefore, we could say that the favorable impression on Drouet of Carrie is basic on the position. What is more, the favorable impression is the origin of the story. As arrived in Chicago, she immediately fell ashamed about her old clothes and a small suitcase that showing her humble status. Surrounded by a huge variety of beautiful and seductive advertising and articles, she recognized that she was just a peasantry outside the city because of her low position. Subsequently, she tried her best to pass through a series of adventures in the city. It indicated that she wanted to be a city people to get a higher position. By this position, she finally got rid of her virtue.Driven by the desire for high position, Carrie wants to occupy luxury goods especially those new clothes and beautiful car, imaging those things could improve her value and social position. Latter, Carrie was driven by the desire for getting a higher position to become Drouets lover while escaping from her sisters home.3.1.2 Charles H. Drouets Desire for Position “to him，this situation is represented of a kind of high class life-a fair sample of holy life should be. Drouet was not only a drinker at all. He want only to get the same point of the first class people although that is means drinking in the same bar. He was not a moneyed man. Only try his best and as his mind conceived it. such doings seemed to him is a part of the best”.(Sister Carrie, 1975) Rectors is the luxury restaurant, with a profusion of lights reflected in its polished marble wall and floor. What is more, it is a show of china and silverware. In a word, Rectors is a high-class restaurant. To Charles H. Drouet, the most important element is that Rectors is reputation as a resort for actors and professional men and it is the proper place for successful men to go. He loves good clothes that the high position people wear and eating with successful men. He is content when he recognizes that Joseph Jefferson has been in this same place, or that Henry E. Dixie who is a well-known performer of these days was in only a few tables off. At Rectors he always eager for this satisfaction of high position , for there one could encounter politicians, brokers, actors and some rich childe of the town. To him, all eating and drinking in the restaurant is an honor and symbol of high position. Thats So-and-so over there,” that was an outstanding symbol of these gentlemen among themselves, especially among those who had not yet be one of them , but hoped to do so, that behavior tickle their vanity. There is no doubt that Drouet is one of them. You dont say so, would be the reply. This sentence will show his surprising. Moreover, the most significant is it can satisfy the talkers vanity at all. Why, yes, didnt you know that? Why, hes manager of the Grand Opera House. Among these nobodies, Drouet is pleased for that. He has been deceived by his longing for pleasure of his desire for the higher positions. In his opinions, it is the easiest way to get higher position. He and his friends met in this place. All of them share the common character, which are in the middle class of this society with great ambitions but little ability. They craved to be somebody, but they have no ability or the chance. Therefore, the eager chasing higher position drives them to find any common with rich men. “One might take it, after all, as an augur of the better social order, for the things which they satisfied here, though sensory, were not evil. No evil could come out of the contemplation of an expensively decorated chamber.” (Sister Carrie, 1975) This phrase reflect that the worst effect to these people, perhaps the material mind will be set up to provoke the minds of ambition to get the same luxury living. When these talks about some famous people sitting in the restaurant fall upon Drouets ears, he would straighten himself more stiffly and eat with solid comfort. If he had any vanity, these words augment it, and if he had any ambition, this stirred it. He would be able to flash a roll of greenbacks some day. As it was, he could eat where these high position people did. From the describing and analysis of the fancy to Rectors, it is not difficult to see that Drouet is also the slave of the desire for position. In his mind, it could improve his position to eat with the popular people. Because he just a salesperson, and have no opportunity to join the party or activity of one class. So, he can only to find the common thing with the upper class people to satisfy his lose. What is more, he likes to talk with the people in higher position. Eating in the same restaurant also gives him the peacockery. Moreover, he goes to Fitzgerald and Moys Adams Street place for the same reason then he meets the other hero, George W. Hurstwood.3.2 Desire for SexFreud believed that the desire decides the destiny, and has emphasized that the nature of sexuality in human plays an important role. In his eyes, sexuality has a broad term and refers to every person no matter men or women. As the origin of human beings, it is the most important desire in the world. Freud has a famous saying that is “Sexual impulse is a human instinct of all mental activity of inherent dynamism.”The other psychologist, Plato, believed that there are hidden barbaric, beast-like factors in each persons mind. After satisfy their basic need, the shame and ethics will be set up then they will begin to satisfy the mental desire. Even those who seem quite rational and pious people are also hid terrible, illegal and brutal passions. Here, the Reverend Dimmesdale in The Scarlet Letter” have to be mention, whose pent-up passions attribute the success to The Scarlet Letter, and result his moral anxiety. When anxiety and long-term commitment could not take out, the person would collapse.3.2.1George W. Hurstwoods Desire for Sex It has a paragraph to describe Hurstwood in following “Passion in a man of Hurstwoods nature takes a vigorous form.” It is no musing, dreamy thing. There is none of the tendency to sing outside of womans window-to languish and repine in the face of difficulties. At the night, he fall asleep quickly because of too much thinking, and in the morning, he woke up early, seizing with alacrity upon the same dear subject and pursuing it with vigor. He was out of sorts physically, as well as disordered mentally, for did he not delight in a new manner in his Carrie, and was not Drouet in the way. “Never was man more harassed than he by the thoughts of his l