怎么写科技论文.ppt

1 EGU2011ShortCourseHowtowrite andpublish ascientificpaperinhydrologyG nterBl schlTUWienmeetingorganizer copernicus org EGU2011 session 6622Room395Apr 201117 30 19 00 2 Targetgroupofthispresentation Earlystageresearchers doingtheirPhD Doingresearchinhydrologyisanart seeSavenije 2009 Butwritingapaperisaskill i e simplebutneedssomepractice Alsoseeexcellenttalksfrompreviousyears DemetrisKoutsoyiannisandJeffMcDonnellhs egu eu Iusedsomeoftheirideas Savenije H H G 2009 Theartofhydrology HydrologyandEarthSystemSciences 3 Myownexperiencescomefrom PaperwritingHelpingmyPhDstudents PostDocstowritetheirpapersReviewingpapersEditor AssociateEditorof10 HydrologyJournals 4 Somebackgroundofmyself1985DiplomainCivilEngineeringatTUWien1990DoctorateinHydrology1992 1994VisitingfellowinCanberra Australia1997Assoc Prof ofHydrology2007ChairofHydrologyandWaterResourcesManagementImportantinmycareer ProfessionalfriendswithsharedvisionExamples RodgerGrayson Sharedvision DynamicspatialpatternsSivaSivapalanSharedvision Scaleasaframework 5 1 HowtowriteapaperWhywouldyouliketowriteapaper Formalgoal InfulfilmentofdoingaPhD Note APhDthesistypicallyconsistsof4journalpapers introductionIdealisticgoal Tocontributetotheinternationalbodyofknowledge toassistotherssotheycanbuildonyourworkCareergoal Getajob succeedinacademia becomeinfluential Myrecommendation Tellthereadersomethingthatisusefultohim herThiswilladdressall3goals Recommendedapproach Takethereaders perspective 6 Whoisthereadership Mostly HydrologistslikeyourselfOr Practitioners requiredifferentmessage style Or Generalpublic again differentmessage style Reader sperspectivemeans MakepaperusefultothetypeofreaderyourareenvisagingExample FocusonTakeHomeMessage THM seelater Makethepaperclear andconcise forthetypeofreaderyourareenvisagingExample Readerislikelyfamiliarwithhydrology sononeedtorepeathydrology101inthepaper butisnotfamiliarwithyourdata method dosayexactlywhatyouhavebeendoing AdjustthestyletothereadershipExample Usetechnicallanguageforfellowhydrologists useeverydaylanguageforgeneralpublic 7 AstepwiseguidetowritingapaperStep1 Startwiththe takehomemessage THM TrytothinkwhatcouldbethethingsyouhavelearnedinyourresearchthatcouldbeusefultohydrologistsoutsideyourgroupThisisaniterativeprocess asoftenyouwillhavetodoextraresearchtoidentifyniceTakeHomeMessages Example forapaperonregionalfloodfrequency THM1 Spatialdistanceisabettersimilaritymeasurethancatchmentattributes THM2 Auxiliaryinformationimprovesspatial distancebasedregionalisation 8 Do sanddon tsofTHMTrytobequantitativeExample Thenormalisedjack knifevalidationerroris0 15in37Austriancatchmentsfortheperiod1980 2010 Andagain trytobeusefultoothers bybeingquantitativeandbygeneralisablemessages Example Inthewetcatchments regionalisationperformancewassignificantlybetterthaninthedrycatchments normalisederrorsof0 12and0 23 respectively AvoidmessagesthatareonlyrelevanttoyourselfExample Themodelprovidedanexcellentfittothedata Note Youarehappythatyoumadethemodelfitthedata butthisisonlyrelevanttoothersifitsupportsothermodelresults Example Theprojectwassuccessful Note Ratherpresentyourresultsthatimplyyouhavedoneagoodjob don tpraiseyourself 9 Do sanddon tsofTHM cont d TheTHMshouldbe new Focusonthenewthing whatsetsitapartfromtheliterature Example Whilemostofpreviousregionalisationstudieshaveuseddailymodels thispapersanalysesthemodelperformanceatanhourlytimestep Specialproblem Yourresearchwaspartofanappliedprojectanditisdifficultforyoutofindwhatisnew Additionalanalysesareprobablyneeded Example Applyingmodelforfloodforecasting Additionalanalyses Modelperformanceasafunctionofcatchmentcharacteristics 10 Step2 FormulatesciencequestionThisissimpleoncetheTHMisidentified FortheaboveTHMthesciencequestions SQs are SQ1 Isspatialdistanceabettersimilaritymeasurethancatchmentattributes SQ2 Whatisthevalueofauxiliaryinformationinfloodregionalisation Note Theeasiestwayforareviewertokillyourpaperistosaythereisnosciencequestion Somakeitexplicit intheintroduction seelater 11 Step3 Writeapreliminarytitleandselectjournal selectauthorsTitle ShouldaddressthesciencequestionSpecifictitlesshouldbepreferredovergeneraltitlesJournal Seelater howtopublishapaper Authorship Firstauthor Whoactuallydidthework usuallythedoctoralstudentLastauthor Seniorauthor supervisorWhodeservestobeaco author Thosecontributingtopaper includingideas whenindoubtbeinclusive 12 Sothisiswhatyourdocumentshouldnowlooklike 13 Step3 WriteapreliminaryabstractPart1 Context nomorethan1sentence canbeomitted Estimatingfloodfrequenciesisimportantfor Part2 Methodsanddata i e whatyoudid shouldbenomorethan1 3ofabstract Weexaminethepredictiveperformanceofvariousfloodregionalisationmethodsfortheungaugedcatchmentcase basedonajack knifingcomparisonoflocallyestimatedandregionalisedfloodquantilesfor575Austriancatchments 122ofwhichhavearecordlengthof40yearsormore 14 Part3 Results shouldbeatleast1 3ofabstract bequantitative Themainresultisthatspatialproximityisasignificantlybetterpredictorofregionalfloodfrequenciesthanarecatchmentattributes normalisederrorsof0 11and0 23 respectively Astratifiedanalysissuggeststhatinwetcatchmentsallregionalisationmethodsperformbetterthantheydoindrycatchments Note TheresultsincludetheTHM Theyareofmostusetothereader soshouldrepresentthemainpartoftheabstract Part4 Discussion outlook nomorethan1sentence canbeomitted Implicationsforhydrologicalmodellingarediscussed or Furtherworkwillfocuson 15 Step4 MakeanoutlineofthepaperincludingthefiguresOutline IntroductionDataModel dataandmodelcanbecombinedintomethods ResultsDiscussionConclusions last2canbecombined 16 Example DraftpaperbyMagdalenaRogger seehertalkWednesday9 15room36 thenassignthefigurestothesectionsofthepaper 17 Step5 WriteIntroductionPart1 Context Thisisthe wallwheretohangthepicture thepictureisyourpaper Example Analysingfloodresponseisimportantfrombothpracticalandtheoreticalperspectives Fromapractical Part2 Statetheissue thismustrelatetoyourTHM Example However itisunclearwhatisthebestmethodforestimatingfloodflowinungaugedcatchments Part3 StatewhatothersintheliteraturehavefoundonthisissueExample ResultsofPfaundler 2001 suggestthatfloodregionalisationerrorsusingtheROImethodarelessthan0 20forthe50Swisscatchmentsheexamined However thisisatvariancewithTasker 18 Part3 cont d Important Donotwriteaboutyourtopicingeneral butsummarisefindingsintheliteratureonthesciencequestion Thereislittlevalueinwriting Tasker 1987 Pfaundler 2001 Stedinger 1995 appliedregionalfloodestimationmethods becausereaderlearnslittlefromit Muchbettertowritewhattheyfound SummarisetheirTakeHomeMessagesinthecontextofyoursciencequestion Thispartshouldbeorganisedbysciencequestions orsub sciencequestions sciencequestionssplitintoparts inasimilarwayasthediscussionsection seelater Thispartcanbe2 3pages 19 Part4 StatethepurposeofthepaperThisisidenticalwiththesciencequestionyouidentifiedearlier Example Theaimofthepaperistoassestherelativeperformanceofmethodsbasedonspatialdistanceandmethodsbasedoncatchmentattributes Note Theeasiestwayforareviewertokillyourpaperistosaythereisnosciencequestion Somakeitexplicit Startthesentencewith Theaimofthispaperis Theobjectiveofthepaperis orsomethingsimilar soitiscleartothereaderwhatyouaretryingtoachieveinthispaper 20 Part5 usuallyomitted Readers guidePerhapssummarisestructureofpapertoguidethereaderbutavoidwritingasummary includingmethods findings ofthepaper Example Section2presentsthedatausedinthestudy section3summarisesthemodel 21 Step6 WritedatasectionStrikeabalanceofwhatwouldbeofinteresttothereaderandwhatwouldnot Avoidgeneralstatements thatcanbefoundinatextbook Example Araingaugeconsistsofacylindricalcontainer Butgivethelocaldetailsofyourdata includingstudyarea geographicallocation numberofstations recordlength experimentalsetupetc Example WeusedaHellmannXXraingaugeTypeYY 22 Step7 WritemodelsectionThesameprinciplesapplyasforthedatasection i e avoidgeneralstatementsbutgivethedetailsofwhatyouactuallydid Readerwillhaveknowledgeofhydrologybutisnotfamiliarwiththeparticularitiesofyourstudy Again saywhatyoudid Examples Avoid canbecalculated maybeanalysed Rathersay Wecalculated Inthisstudyweanalysed Ifthemodeldescriptionislongitcangointoanappendix 23 Step8 WriteresultssectionSummarisethefindingsofyourresearch Thissectionscontainsmostofthefigures withtheresults Statethefacts nospeculationisallowedhere Theresultssectionfollowstheorderofthefigures Example Fig 3showstheerrorstatisticsofregionalisingthe100yearfloodsusingtheROImethod Ascanbeseenfromthefigure theerrorstendtodecreasewith 24 Step9 WritediscussionsectionHereyouinterpretyourfindingsinthelightoftheliterature Needtoconnectpartialfindingsofyourpapertoeachother Alsoneedtoconnectyourfindingstotheliterature Areyourresultsconsistentwiththeliterature Why Whynot Givethereasons Juststatingthattheyaredifferentisnotenough Youneedtosaywhy Example UnlikePfaundler 2001 theresultsinthisstudyindicatethatthegeostatisticalmethodoutperformstheROImethod Thedifferenceinthetwostudiesarelikelydueto Somespeculationisallowedhere providedyouareexplicitaboutit 25 Discussionsectionoftenorganiseddifferentlyfromresultssection butnotalways Resultssection organisebyfigures thewayyoudidtheanalysis Discussionsection organisebysub sciencequestions Example Theresultsinthispaperindicatedthatspatialdistanceisabettersimilaritymeasurethancatchmentattributes ThisrelatestoTHM1 Theninthenextparagraphyoucanwrite Wealsofoundthatauxiliaryinformationimprovesspatialdistancebasedregionalisation ThiswouldbeexpectedasMerzetal 2004 ThisrelatestoTHM2 26 Paperissymmetric applecore Introduction literaturewithinterpretationData modelandresults hardfacts whatyoudidandwhatyoufound Discussion literaturewithinterpretationandconnectedtoyourresultsNote Asanindicationofthesymmetry theintroductionanddiscussionsectionsshouldrelatetosimilarreferences Introduction discussionsectionscorrespond Data model resultssectionscorrespond 27 Step10 WriteconclusionsThesearetheTHMs Youcanaddanoutlookattheendofthepaper notmorethan2 3sentences Example Futureworkwillfocuson Mostpeoplestateherewhattheyareplanningfortheirnextpaper Note Papersthathavebeenwrittenwiththisframeworkinmindcanbedownloadedfrom www hydro tuwien ac at forschung publikationen download journal publications htmlStep11 Gothroughtheentiremanuscript acoupleoftimesuntilyouarehappywithit 28 Step12 Askyourco authors colleagues supervisortoreadthroughthemanuscriptTheywilllikelycomebackwithquestions 2types 1 Clarification Theydidnotunderstandpartofwhatyouarewriting Nowtheballisinyourcourt Youneedtowritethemanuscriptinthewaytheyunderstandit Iftheydonotunderstandit changethepaperratherthanarguewiththem 2 Methodologicalproblems Somediscussionisneeded andpossiblycorrections additionalanalyses Note Thesamethingsapplytothereviewprocess Nowthepaperisreadyforsubmission 29 2 HowtopublishapaperWhyispublishingimportantforyou InacademiayouaremainlyjudgedbythequalityandquantityofyourjournalpapersNote Donotbotherwithconferenceproceedings Mainbibliometriccriteria Numberofpapers notveryuseful butoftenused Qualityofthejournalsyourarepublishing ISIImpactfactor Numberofcitationsyougetforyourpapers Choiceofjournal Howtogetcited 30 Tophydrologyjournals byISIimpactfactor JournalImpactfactorHydrolEarthSystSc2 46WaterResourRes2 45JHydrol2 43AdvWaterResour2 35JContamHydrol2 01VadoseZoneJ1 99HydrolProcess1 87GroundWater1 83HydrologSciJ1 42HydrolRes0 65Note Theseareallverygoodjournals Note Impactfactorisameasureofhowoftenpapersinthatjournalarecited 31 ChoiceofjournalOtherconsiderationsthanISIimpactfactoroftenmoreimportantforjournalchoiceExamplesofhowIamchoosingjournals HydrolEarthSystSc fast transparentreviewsWaterResourRes methodsJHydrol casestudiesAdvWaterResour methodsHydrolProcess fieldstudiesHydrologSciJ developingcountriesHydrolRes coldregions 32 Howtogetcited Tellreadersomethingthatisusefultohim her seeTHM Example NewmethodthatislikelytobeusedsuchasvanGenuchteninfiltrationequationChosetopicthatisofmuchinterest ifyoucan Example EstimatingrunoffmodelparametersinungaugedcatchmentrelatedtoGIS browseScopusorISIWebforcitations Choseappealingtitle SciencequestionisoftengoodtitleExample Isspatialdistanceabettersimilaritymeasurethancatchmentattributes Perhapsconsidertowriteareviewpaper Theseareverywellcitedbutalotofwork 33 Example CitationsofpublicationsoftwonewlyappointedhydrologyprofessorsinEurope ProfessorX ProfessorY 34 Theeditorial reviewprocessSubmitpapertojournal 2 Paperissentoutbyeditorto2 3reviewers 3 Editorgetsbacktoyouwiththe anonymous reviewcomments 4a Respondtoreviewcommentsandrevisepaper 4b Paperwasrejected 5a Paperwillpossiblybere reviewedwithre revision 6a Paperaccepted 7a Typesetting youneedtocheckproofs 8a PaperpublishedinjournalNote Entireprocessmaytake0 5 2years 35 HowtodealwithreviewsDecisionofEditorisusuallyeither Minorchanges requiringtextchanges Majorchanges requiringadditionalanalyses Reject F 36 Howtodealwithreviews cont d Possibleconcernsofreviewers Clarification languageMethodologicalproblemsSciencequestion relevanceisunclear Strong recommendation Youneedtowritemanuscriptinthewayreviewersunderstandit Iftheydonotunderstandit changethepaperratherthanarguewiththem Note Thereareexceptionsofpoorreviews Also reviewsareoftennotwellcorrelated 37 Howtodealwithreviews cont d Recommendation Takethereviewers concernsseriously Theirtaskis a screeningand b improvingyourpaper Paperscanalwaysbeimproved Prepareadetailedlistofhowyourespondtoeachreviewcomment andsendittoEditoralongwithrevision Example reviewercommentsinitalics responseinplainfont However itseemsunclearhowthesplitsampletestwasperformedgiventhatonly3yrsofdatawereavailable Thisissuewasindeedunclearintheoriginalpaper Wehaveclarifieditbystatingthatthesplitsampletestwasperformedondatafromneighbouringcatchments 38 Howtodealwithreviews cont d Ifyoudisagreewithareviewcommentyoumaysaysoandnotchangethisaspectofyourpaperbutexplainwhy Donotarguebutstateyourview Example reviewerco