毕业论文规范2011.doc

昆明理工大学应用技术学院外语系英语专业本科毕业论文工作条例与规范（2011）毕业论文是高等院校毕业生提交的一份有一定学术价值的文章。它是大学生完成学业的标志性作业，是对学习成果的综合性总结和检阅，是大学生从事科学研究的最初尝试，是在教师指导下所取得的科研成果的文字记录，也是检验学生掌握知识的程度、分析问题和解决问题基本能力的一份综合答卷。毕业论文的撰写不仅有助于毕业生巩固已学的基本理论和基本知识，而且也是培养毕业生科学态度和信念，学术规范和科研创新能力的重要环节，也是对毕业生综合能力和本专业全程教学工作的检验。为提高我系英语专业教学水平，加大学科教学的学术含量，特制定本条例。为保证我系英语专业本科毕业论文有关工作顺利进行，依据昆明理工大学关于毕业设计（论文）工作管理手册（非理工类专业），针对英语专业的特点和教学计划，特制定本专业毕业论文具体工作的相关规范。一、毕业论文过程及其主要项目时间安排毕业论文过程主要包括选题、开题报告、资料准备、调查研究、论文撰写、论文答辩六项程序。开题报告：第七学期的第十八周至第八学期的第二周第一稿： 第八学期的第三周至第七周第二稿： 第八学期的第八周至第十周第三稿： 第八学期的第十一周至第十二周论文答辩：第八学期的第十四周二、毕业论文的选题方式及其要求1. 外语系于第七学期期中向学生提供毕业论文参考选题。参考选题一般由本专业学术骨干教师主持拟定，并应根据学校发展状况每年修订一次。参考选题应有一定的学术先进性和社会应用价值，最好能与本系的学术研究方向和办学特色有机结合起来。学生可以根据指导教师所提供的研究方向和学术兴趣选择自己的论文选题，也可以在确定大体方向后与选定的指导教师商定具体的论文选题。拟定题目时，学生应首先依据规定范围确定论文的方向，在确定指导教师后与指导教师协商确定论文标题。也可采取指导教师规定命题或学生自选命题的方式，但学生自选命题必须得到指导教师的认可。2. 毕业论文的选题一般以本专业所涉及学科领域和知识内容为基本范围，包括语言学（包括语言学理论与实践、语言教学法与实践、语言应用等）、文学（包括英国文学、美国文学、中美或中英文学比较研究等）、文化（包括英美文化研究、欧洲文化研究、中西方文化比较研究、中西方文化交流、跨文化交际等）等方向以及以上各领域的交叉和边缘学科研究。3. 毕业论文题目应尽可能与学科发展的前沿和工作、学习以及社会实际相结 合。鼓励进行跨学科的探索和研究。4. 毕业论文原则上一人一题。三、开题报告的要求与规范 每个学生必须完成开题报告。 开题报告应包括：论文题目、主要内容、写作目的、写作意义、课题进度计划、论文提纲、参考文献及资料等内容（见附件六）。 开题报告中除论文提纲用英文撰写外，其余部分用汉语撰写。（论文提纲的撰写规范见附件六：1.5倍行距，字体为Times New Roman，标题为Outline, 小三号，加粗，Purpose, Thesis statement为小四号，加粗，其他项目，小四号，不加粗。）。课题进度计划应按照系里的统一日程安排来写。参考文献不得少于15种，书写格式见学术规范中的参考文献部分及中文参考文献格式（第9-13页）。四、毕业论文的总体要求毕业论文为学术性论文。论文的文体为议论文体。调查报告、工作总结或单纯的案例分析或其他体裁文章不能作为毕业论文。论文写作应当由学生本人在指导教师指导下独立进行，并在规定的时间内完成各阶段任务。发现抄袭或剽窃，论文按不及格处理。论文应该观点明确，资料翔实，结构完整，层次清楚，语言通畅，格式规范。应当具有与本科毕业论文相当的学术含量和内容容量，命题有新意、有创见，观点要正确，分析要深入、全面，论据要充分、有说服力。五、毕业论文的要求与规范1. 基本要求：论文必须用英文撰写，要求语言表达正确、得体、流畅。论文篇幅为4,0006,000英文单词。参考文献包括写论文时引用过和参考过的正式出版的书籍和文章。所列数量不得少于15种。除开题报告外，论文部分全部用英文撰写，如果涉及汉语字词，则应使用汉语拼音并使用斜体，然后加括号注出汉字，如The English term relation is far from being an exact equivalent of the Chinese term guanxi(关系)。（翻译类的论文除外）2.学术规范：格式要求统一采用 APA（American Psychological Association）文献标注规范，具体详见以下说明。A） 引文：文章引用别人的观点或材料必须标明出处；全篇论文的引文总量不得超过论文总长度的10%。引文要求如下：APA In-Text Citation Guidelines APA文内引用格式When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the authors last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, E.g., (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.Short QuotationsIf you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by p.). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the authors last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.According to Jones (1998), Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time (p.199).Jones (1998) found students often had difficulty using APA style (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the authors last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.She stated, Students often had difficulty using APA style, (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why. Note: APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to describe earlier research. E.g., Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found.Long QuotationsPlace direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after closing punctuation mark.Joness (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)Note: Use the abbreviations p. for page and pp. for pages. E.g., (pp.199-200)Summary or ParaphraseIf you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not required.)According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).In-Text-Citations: Author/AuthorsAPA style has a series of important rules on using author names as part of the author-date system. There are additional rules for citing indirect sources, electronic sources, and sources without page numbers.A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word and between the authors names within the text and use & in the parentheses.Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) showed.(Wegener & Petty, 1994)A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source.(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)In subsequent citations, only use the first authors last name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses.(Kernis et al., 1993)Note: In et al., et should not be followed by a period.Six or More Authors: Use the first authors name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses.Harris et al. (2001) argued.(Harris et al., 2001)Unknown Author: If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized or underlined; titles of articles and chapters are in quotation marks. A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers (Using APA, 2001).Note: In the rare case the Anonymous is used for the author, treat it as the authors name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author.Organization as an Author: If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.According to the American Psychological Association (2000),.If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations.First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving MADD, 2000)Second citation: (MADD, 2000)Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses: When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list, separated by a semi-colon.(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)Authors with the Same Last Name: To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last names.(E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year: If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation.Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated that.Personal Communication: For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite the communicators name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication. Do not include personal communication in the reference list.(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002). Citing Indirect SourcesIf you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses.Johnson argued that. ( as cited in Smith, 2003, p.102).Note: When citing material in parentheses, set off the citation with a comma, as above.Electronic SourcesIf possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style.Kenneth (2000) explained.Unknown Author and Unknown Date: If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation n.d. ( for no date).Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students succeeded with tutoring (Tutoring and APA, n.d.). Sources without Page NumbersWhen an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that will help readers find the passage being cited. When an electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use the symbol, or the abbreviation para. followed by the paragraph number (Hall, 2001, 5) or (Hall, 2001, para. 5). If the paragraphs are not numbered and the document includes headings, provide the appropriate heading and specify the paragraph under that heading. Note that in some electronic sources, like Web pages, people can use the Find function in their browser to locate any passages you cite.According to Smith (1997), . (Mind over Matter section, para. 6).Note: Never use the page numbers of Web pages you print out; different computers print Web pages with different pagination.EndnotesBecause long explanatory notes can be distracting to readers, APA style guidelines recommend the use of endnotes. In the text, place a superscript numeral immediately after the text about which you would like to include more information, e.g.:Scientists examined the fossilized remains of the wooly-wooly yak.1Number the notes consecutively in the order they appear in your paper. At the end of the paper, create a separate page labeled Notes (with the title centered at the top of the page). Below are examples of two kinds of notes. Your notes go after the list of references. Evaluative bibliographic comments1 See Blackmur (1995), especially chapters three and four, for an insightful analysis of this extraordinary animal.2 On the problems related to yaks, see Wollens (1989, pp. 120-135); for a contrasting view, see Pyle (1992).Explanatory or additional information considered too digressive for the main text3 In a recent interview, Weller (1998) reiterated this point even more strongly: I am an artist, not a yak! (p. 124).B) 参考文献：凡是论文写作过程中引用或参考过的正式出版物都必须列在参考文献中。具体要求如下：每个条目从第二行起缩进五个空格，并在每个条目的第一行加数字标号：1.如：1. Merriam-Websters collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam Webster.2. Baddeley, A. D. (1999). Essentials of human memory. Hove, England: Psychology Press.3. Beck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Family mediation: Facts, myths, and future prospects. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. References APA 参考文献目录格式The APA has special formatting standards for the use of indentation and italics in manuscripts or papers that will be typeset or submitted for official publication. Examples:BooksReferences to an entire book must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.No Author or Editor 1. Merriam-Websters collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam Webster.One Author 2. Baddeley, A. D. (1999). Essentials of human memory. Hove, England: Psychology Press.Two Authors 3. Beck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Family mediation: Facts, myths, and future prospects. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Corporate Author, Author as Publisher Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1991). Estimated resident population by age and sex in statistical local areas, New South Wales, June 1990 (no. 3209.1). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author.Edited book Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color: Psychological interventions with minority youth. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Essays or Chapters in Edited BooksReferences to an essay or chapter in an edited book must include the following elements: essay or chapter authors, date of publication, essay or chapter title, book editor(s), book title, essay or chapter page numbers, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.One Author Massaro, D. (1992). Broadening the domain of the fuzzy logical model of perception. In H. L. Pick Jr., P. van den Broek, D. C. Knill (Eds.), Cognition: Conceptual and methodological issues (pp. 51-84). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Two Editors Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H. L. Roediger III & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory & consciousness (pp. 309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Encyclopedias or Dictionaries and Entries in an EncyclopediaReferences for encyclopedias must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.Encyclopedia set or dictionary Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillan.Encyclopedia article Bergman, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501- 508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.Journals, Magazines, and NewspapersReferences to periodical articles must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, article title, journal title, volume number, issue number (if applicable), and page numbers.Journal Article, one author Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 910-924.Journal Article, two authors Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.Journal Article, more than two authors Saywitz, K. J., Mannarion, A. P., Berliner, L., & Cohen, J. A. (2000). Treatment for sexually abused children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 55, 1040-1049. Magazine article Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science, 290, 1113-1120.Newspaper article, no author New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.Newspaper article, one author, discontinuous pages Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4. Technical and Research ReportsReferences to a report must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and name of publisher. If the issuing organization assigned a number (e.g., report number, contract number, or monograph number) to the report, give that number in parentheses immediately after the title. Additional information is included when a report is published by the Government Printing Office (GPO) or when it is available from a document deposit service such as NTIS or ERIC.Electronic Media and Online SourcesAPAs recommendations for citing electronic media call for consistent observation of at least two important guidelines: 1) Direct readers as closely as possible to the information being cited - whenever possible, reference specific documents rather than home or menu pages; 2) Provide addresses that work. At a minimum, a reference of an Internet source should provide a document or title description, a date (either the date of publication, update, or date of retrieval), and an address (in Internet terms, a URL). Whenever possible, identify the authors of the document as well.Listed below are examples of citation styles for several types of electronic sources.Internet articles based on a print source (exists in print and online) VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates Electronic version. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.Article in an Internet-only journal Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from /prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html Article from an online encyclopedia Bergman, P. G. & Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica Online. (1994-1999). Relativity. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved August 4, 1999 from Encyclopedia Britannica Online on the World Wide Web: /bol/topic?eu=117376&sctn=1中文参考文献格式每个条目的第二行对齐第一行的第一个汉字，并在第一行前加数字标号：1.专著1. 作者姓名. 书名文献标识. 出版地: 出版社, 年代. 如: 周训芳. 环境权论M. 北京: 法律出版社, 2005. 平洪, 张国扬. 英语习语与英美文化M. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 2000.期刊论文2. 作者名. 论文标题文献标识.期刊名称,年代,(期号).吴一安. 外语教师研究:成果与启示J.外语教学理论与实践,2008,(3).论文集中的文章：3. 文章作者名.文章标题文献标识.论文集编者名.论文集标题文献标识.出版地:出版社,出版年代.如:王振亚. 社会文化测试分析A.胡文仲.文化与交际C. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社,1994.译著:4. 原著作者国籍原著作者姓氏.书名文献标识.xxx译.出版地:出版社,年代.如:美罗尔斯. 正义论M.何怀宏译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988.注：如果参考文献中含有中、英文文献，先列英文文献，后列中文文献，英文书目按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。 文献标识对应:M专著C论文集J期刊文章N报刊文章D学位论文R研究报告A论文集中的文章3.毕业论文打印的要求：论文各部分打印统一使用A4纸（210mm297mm）,页边距为上25.4mm，下25.4mm，左31.7mm，右25.4mm.页码：1、在页面底端正中放置，字体为Times