语境背景下的语用测试及教学启示.doc

语境背景下的语用测试及教学启示章玉芳 南京市第六十六十学2015.7.28语境言语语境：上下文(context)，即词组语境、句子语境、段落语境和篇章语境。情景语境：指语篇产生时的环境，事件的特征、性质和谈话的主题、时间、地点、方式等 文化语境：指作者所在的语言社会团体的历史文化和风俗人情。语用能力运用语言进行得体交际的能力语境中使用与理解语言的各种能力语境中使用与理解非字面语言形式的能力语境意识的增强对提升学生的语用能力具有积极的促进作用。 语用测试交际用语词汇语法语篇文化 语篇定义语篇是语言的基本单位，存在于特定的语境中，结构完整，表达意义或信息。口头的、书面的、多模态形式的语篇正式语体、非正式语体文体：记叙文、议论文、说明文、应用文体多模态：文字、图示、音频、视频等语篇能力能运用各种连贯手段将表达某一主题的句子逻辑地 连贯起来的能力，以及能在理解和表达语篇主题的 同时理解和芫成相应的言外行为的能力。语篇为语言的使用提供了有效的环境。语言使用环 境既包括语言方面的知识,也包括文化背景方面的知 识、语用方面的知识、认知方面的知识等。语言学习的整体意识和动态性，语境中的学习。 语篇类型记叙文应用文说明文广告议论文操作说明报刊文章公告、启示故事、小说须知、准则评论书信语篇功能语篇功能指用语言来达到的有步骤的、有目的的活动类型。表情类语篇：表达情感，包括：抒情诗、小说、 戏剧、政治演讲、自传、散文、私人信函。信息类语篇:传递信息，其中有教材、科技报告 、报刊文章、科研论文等。劝说类语篇：提供信息，劝说（购买）或接受服 务。劝说包括通知、说明书、广告、宣传册、劝 导性文章及通俗小说等。 语篇文体风格和语言特点以广告文体为例广告语境四要素：products ,media，audience和aims。交际功能：大量采用祈使句，旨在劝说和敦促读者或 听众采取行动经验功能：频用某些动词，既达到简明，传达信息的 效果，又增加语言表现力，促使消费者做出反馈语篇功能：句子简短，吸引视线或听觉，激发兴趣 语篇功能商业广告和公益广告商业广告以推销产品或服务为目的，而公益广告不以赢利为目的而为公众利益服务。公益广告以维护社会公众利益为目的，推广有利 于社会进步的道德观念、行为规范和思想意识。公益语篇数的增加说明高考卷更加重视对学生的道德行为规范的正面引导。 56. The leaflet is to inform visitors of the Parks _.A.advanced managementB.thrill performancesC.entertainment facilitiesD.thoughtful servicesleaflet ：散叶印刷品、传单、宣传手册、广告手册，主要是提供广告、信息、服务。 56. According to the Code, visitors should act_A.with care and respectB.with relief and pleasureC.with caution and calmnessD.with attention and observationcode: a set of rules that tell people how to behave in their life or in certain situations.维护社会公众利益为目的，推广有利于社会进步的道 德观念、行为规范和思想意识。 语篇文体特点说明文说明文通过介绍人物或事物、解释事理而向读者 传授知识，或者提示某个主题。具有知识性、客观性、说明性等特点。告诉人们的不是某种思想观点、感情，而是着重 告诉人们以某种知识。所使用的表达方式主要是用说明手段解释或介绍事物。_ of the two classes 语篇文体特点议论文议论文：剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张表明作者的见解、主张、态度、立场等的文章，通过摆事实讲道理以及逻辑推理，试图证明作者的观点正 确，从而说服或感染读者。议论文一般很少用“或者”、“大概”、“可能”、 等削弱文章说服力的词语。 69. Why does the author refer to Aristotle and Madison? A. The author is hopeful about freedom.B. The author is cautious about self-government.C. The author is skeptical of Greek civilization.D. The author is proud of mans capacity. 语篇模式问题-解决模式 主张-反主张模式 叙事模式提问-回答模式 概括-具体模式 语篇模式问题-解决模式背景（situation )、问题（problem )、反应（ response )、评价（evaluation )或结果（result )组成。般来说，问题-解决模式结束的标志是对问题”提出肯定的解决办法。语篇模式问题解决模式举例60. What does the passage mainly talk about?A.The increase in e-waste.B.The creation of e-waste.C.The seriousness of e-waste.D.The management of e-waste.P1第一句：背景，最后一句： The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole. 提出问题语篇段落组织议论文议论文的语篇的整体结构中区分主题句、次主题句、细节等等。大约80%到95%的议论文的段落都含有表达中心 思想的主题句，它通常出现在段落中的第一句， 有时也出现在最后一句。对整篇文章来说，第一段和最后一段至关重要。语篇段落组织段落通常由概括与详述组成，即由一两句反映主 要信息的概括句和更多的说明句组成。概括句提 出段落中心，详述部分通过举例、引用等方法对 主要信息进行解释、澄清、例证。段落主题句概括段落中心58. By mentioning the Swiss study, the author intends to tell us that.A. the weight of e-goods is rather smallB. e-waste deserves to be made good use ofC. natural minerals contain more precious metalsD. the percentage of precious metals is heavy in e- waste段落主题句 Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver. 语篇段落组织Illustration68. What does the sentence “There could be only one result.” in Paragraph 5 mean?A.Athens would continue to be free.B.Athens would cease to have freedom.C.Freedom would come from responsibility.D.Freedom would stop Athens from self-dependence.There could be only one result. If men insisted on being free from the burden of self-dependence and responsibility for the common good, they would cease to be free.通过例证，解释说明63. What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work?A.Individual differences in role identity.B.Publicly identifiable volunteer T-shirts.C.Role identity as a volunteer.D.Practical advice from researchers.Once an individual begins volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity (结论）Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity (例证）.语篇段落组织Definition65. What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.Countries where their people need help.B.Powerful states with higher civilization.C.Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.D.Governments ruled with absolute power.Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies, one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses. 同位语，定义、解释、说明 语篇标题概括写作意图70. What is the authors understanding of freedom?A.Freedom can be more popular in the digital age.B.Freedom may come to an end in the digital age.C.Freedom should have priority over responsibility.D.Freedom needs to be guaranteed by responsibility.Freedom and responsibility语篇的标题是语篇内容的高度概化和作者写作意旨 的相关体现。语篇衔接过渡词语过渡词语是作者用以组织语言文字的连接 成份，若能了解并较好地利用这一语言现 象，就能提高对语篇的主旨、层次结构甚 至语篇思维模式的理解的精确度，从而提 高阅读速度。 过渡词语举例69. Why does the author refer to Aristotle and Madison?A.The author is hopeful about freedom.B.The author is cautious about self-government.C.The author is skeptical of Greek civilization.D.The author is proud of mans capacity. 语篇语用能力教学启示语篇功能 语篇文体特点 语篇模式 语篇段落组织 语篇衔接、连贯 常见语料库工具Readability